Frenemies: George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
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Richatd Henry Lee 0Az-1Ts4l Although He Is Not Considered the Father of Our Country, Richard Henry Lee in Many Respects Was a Chief Architect of It
rl Name Class Date , BTocRAPHY Acrtvrry 2 Richatd Henry Lee 0az-1ts4l Although he is not considered the father of our country, Richard Henry Lee in many respects was a chief architect of it. As a member of the Continental Congress, Lee introduced a resolution stating that "These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." Lee's resolution led the Congress to commission the Declaration of Independence and forever shaped U.S. history. Lee was born to a wealthy family in Virginia and educated at one of the finest schools in England. Following his return to America, Lee served as a justice of the peace for Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1757. The following year, he entered Virginia's House of Burgesses. Richard Henry Lee For much of that time, however, Lee was a quiet and almost indifferent member of political connections with Britain be Virginia's state legislature. That changed "totaIIy dissolved." The second called in 1765, when Lee joined Patrick Henry for creating ties with foreign countries. in a spirited debate opposing the Stamp The third resolution called for forming a c Act. Lee also spoke out against the confederation of American colonies. John .o c Townshend Acts and worked establish o to Adams, a deiegate from Massachusetts, o- E committees of correspondence that seconded Lee's resolution. A Declaration o U supported cooperation between American of Independence was quickly drafted. =3 colonies. 6 Loyalty to Uirginia An Active Patriot Despite his support for the o colonies' F When tensions with Britain increased, separation from Britain, Lee cautioned ! o the colonies organized the Continental against a strong national government. -
Patrick Henry
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY PATRICK HENRY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HARMONIZED RELIGIOUS TENSIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE HISTORY DEPARTMENT IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY BY KATIE MARGUERITE KITCHENS LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA APRIL 1, 2010 Patrick Henry: The Significance of Harmonized Religious Tensions By Katie Marguerite Kitchens, MA Liberty University, 2010 SUPERVISOR: Samuel Smith This study explores the complex religious influences shaping Patrick Henry’s belief system. It is common knowledge that he was an Anglican, yet friendly and cooperative with Virginia Presbyterians. However, historians have yet to go beyond those general categories to the specific strains of Presbyterianism and Anglicanism which Henry uniquely harmonized into a unified belief system. Henry displayed a moderate, Latitudinarian, type of Anglicanism. Unlike many other Founders, his experiences with a specific strain of Presbyterianism confirmed and cooperated with these Anglican commitments. His Presbyterian influences could also be described as moderate, and latitudinarian in a more general sense. These religious strains worked to build a distinct religious outlook characterized by a respect for legitimate authority, whether civil, social, or religious. This study goes further to show the relevance of this distinct religious outlook for understanding Henry’s political stances. Henry’s sometimes seemingly erratic political principles cannot be understood in isolation from the wider context of his religious background. Uniquely harmonized -
Patrick Henry's Integrity Patrick Henry Was Born in Virginia in 1736 When Virginia Was Still a British Colony
Patrick Henry's Integrity Patrick Henry was born in Virginia in 1736 when Virginia was still a British colony. He became a lawyer when he was 24 years old and quickly became well known for his eloquent work in the legal case known as the Parsons' Cause. This case was significant because it argued whether the colonial government or the British crown should make financial decisions for the colonies. About five years before, the Two Penny Act restricted the pay of ministers of the Anglican church (parsons) during a drought year in which the price of tobacco jumped higher (high demand, low supply). Parsons were paid in those days with tobacco, which had a value of about 2 cents a pound. The Two Penny Act of Virginia, enacted by the colonial government [that is, Virginia's government, not England's], maintained that parsons continue to earn 2 cents despite the higher price of tobacco. The parsons protested this because they believed they should benefit from the increased value of tobacco. The parsons appealed to authorities in England, who overruled [set aside, didn't enforce] the Two Penny Act. This judgment by England angered colonialists who believed England had no right to interfere in the colony's financial decision making. Although the Two Penny Act lasted only a year, some parsons sued for back wages. Patrick Henry argued in the case against one parson for the state's right to make its own laws. Although the parson won the case, he was awarded only a penny in back pay. Henry’s success launched a new recognition of his skills. -
Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death!”
“Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” These words first rang out in Richmond’s St. John’s Church on March 23, 1775. Approximately 120 delegates were meeting to discuss Virginia’s position regarding King George III. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were both attending this Second Virginia Convention. The United States was not yet an independent nation. The coLonies were under British rule, which meant King George III governed them. What exactLy was happening in the coLonies at this time? There was a great deal of unrest and there was talk of revolution. The British government thought they had the right to tax the colonies and control their trade. OnLy six months earLier deLegates from 12 of the 13 colonies (Georgia could not attend) met in PhiLadeLphia for the First ContinentaL Congress. They were meeting to decide what to do. Some wanted to stop trade with the British and some were talking of fighting the British. On March 23, 1775 Patrick Henry made his speech to a group of Virginia legislators to convince them that Virginia shouLd support the Revolutionary War effort. BeLow is the closing paragraph of Patrick Henry’s famous speech. The Last 7 words are renown. “It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace-- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” Henry’s speech is credited for inspiring the Virginia deLegates to take up arms. -
Saint Louis Mercantile Library Special Collections - Letters M-002 – Harrison, Benjamin
Saint Louis Mercantile Library Special Collections - Letters M-002 – Harrison, Benjamin Extended History of Collection M-042 – Harrison, Benjamin Benjamin Harrison (V) (1726-1801) was born on April 5, 1726 at Berkeley Plantation, the eldest son of Benjamin Harrison IV. Berkeley Plantation is still situated on the James River. Benjamin's mother, Ann Carter, was the daughter of Robert “King” Carter whose family like the Harrison’s was a force in Virginia and American politics. In 1748, at the age of 22, Benjamin married his second cousin Elizabeth Bassett, the daughter of William Bassett, from neighboring New Kent County, and a niece of George Washington’s wife Martha. Benjamin attended William and Mary College where he met Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. His classical studies education was cut short after a lightning strike killed his father and two of his sisters at Berkeley on July 12, 1745. At age 19 he returned home and took over managing Berkeley’s 1,000 acre operations including ship building and horse breeding. Eight of the Harrison’s children survived to adulthood. Their most famous son was William Henry Harrison, the American general in the victory over the Indians at Tippecanoe, and who was elected President of the United States in 1840. Their great- grandson, Benjamin Harrison, a Civil War general, was also elected President, in 1888. Harrison’s public service began in the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1749 and continued there for 25 years, sometimes as Speaker. He vehemently opposed the Stamp Act and helped pen the Colony’s protest. By 1772 he was urging that the importation of slaves be curbed and heavily taxed. -
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Patrick Henry
Social Studies Grade 4 Week 4 (September 7-11, 2020) Wednesday Step 1: Students will view the American Revolution chart below for visual images and key facts about three of the key players of the American Revolution. Note to parent: Students will likely not know who any of the people pictured in the chart are, but they should familiarize themselves with who they are as they will learn more about key players and groups of the American Revolution over the next two weeks. Key Players of the American Revolution A scientist, writer, and One of the nation’s founding A politician and lawyer. He inventor. He helped edit the fathers. H serves as the first was famous for his “give me Declaration of Independence vice president and second liberty or give me death” president of the nation speech Step 2: Students will review additional information on Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Patrick Henry. They will use the information to complete the reflection question. Who was Benjamin Franklin? Benjamin Franklin was one of the most important and influential Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Franklin spent the next several years working at various jobs in London and Philadelphia. In 1729, Franklin became the publisher of a newspaper called the Pennsylvania Gazette. As a newspaper publisher, Franklin became a prominent voice in Pennsylvania politics and his reputation began to grow throughout the American colonies. In the 1750s and 1760s, Franklin spent much of his time in London, England. Later, he represented all of the American colonies when he spoke out against the much hated Stamp Act of 1765. -
Virginia State Capitol and Capitol Square
Virginia State Capitol and Capitol Square In 1779, the Virginia Legislature voted to move the capital from Williamsburg to Richmond. Until a permanent Capitol could be built, the Virginia General Assembly met in two wood-framed buildings at the corner of what is now 14th Street and Cary Street. With Richmond as the new capital, six squares of land were selected for the placement of permanent public buildings. In 1788, the Thomas Jefferson designed Capitol was considered finished enough to house the Virginia General Assembly. Jefferson’s Roman temple form building is the middle portion of the present-day Capitol. The original building was expanded in 1906 with the addition of two wings, and again in 2007 with an underground extension. The architecturally and historically important building is designated as a National Historic Landmark and tentatively listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The public area surrounding the Capitol was originally a weed-filled open square with informal lanes and footpaths. In 1816, the Virginia General Assembly hired French-born Maximilian Godefroy to lay out a formal park. Two years later, the newly landscaped grounds were enclosed by the cast- and wrought-iron fence still in place today, and this area eventually came to be called Capitol Square. While retaining aspects of Godefroy’s framework, Scottish-born John Notman developed an 1850 overlay plan of meandering walkways and native trees and shrubs that gave Capitol Square much of the character and appeal it retains today. This designed historic landscape is nationally significant. Broad Street 12th Street Patrick Henry Building General Assembly Building Old City Hall Originally the Virginia State Library and Originally the Life Insurance Company of Built: 1887-94 Archives and the Virginia Supreme Court Virginia Building Now State Owned Designed: 1912 Built: 1938-40 Additions: 1922, 1955, 1964 Ninth Street Public Safety Memorial Darden Garden Capitol Street Steps Morson’s St. -
09-22-17 Technical-Sheet-Generator | Palmbay
PHILIP COUNTRY Italy APPELLATION Toscana IGT REGION Tuscany NOTABLE Vegan Gluten Free GRAPES 100% Cabernet Sauvignon DESCRIPTION The history of the Mazzei family is closely woven into Tuscany's winemaking history, as well as the regions rich political and cultural past. Ser Lapo Mazzei (1350-1412) a winemaker from Carmignano is considered father of the Chianti name. The extraordinary Fonterutoli estate in Chianti has been owned by the Mazzei family since 1435 and has passed down through 24 generations. The Mazzei family's winemaking influence has extended far beyond the realm of Tuscany. In 1774, Filippo Mazzei (1730-1816) was asked by his friend Thomas Jefferson to plant a vineyard at the Jefferson estate in Monticello, Virginia. Jefferson was inspired not only by Filippo's (Philip's) viticultural knowledge but also by his ideas regarding equality. The great doctrine All men are created equal which was incorporated into the Declaration of Independence by Jefferson, was paraphrased from the writing of Philip Mazzei. Philip's highly significant contributions to Italian American culture and philosophy were commemorated on a U.S. postage stamp entitled Patriot Remembered. Philip is an extraordinary wine created to both honor the great ancestor Philip Mazzei - a passionate grape grower, forward thinker and citizen of the world and highlight the Mazzei family's special connection to the United States. Philip is blend of the finest Cabernet Sauvignon grapes selected from all the Mazzei's Tuscan estates. VINIFICATION Hand harvested grapes from the Mazzei Tuscan estates - Belguardo, in Maremma, and Castello di Fonterutoli, in Chianti Classico. The lots are fermented and aged separately for 24 months in small French and American oak barrels (30% new). -
The Circulating Medium of Exchange in Colonial Pennsylvania, 1729-1775
The Circulating Medium of Exchange in Colonial Pennsylvania, 1729-1775: * New Estimates of Monetary Composition and Economic Growth Farley Grubb Economics Dept. Univ. of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA July 3, 2001 Preliminary Draft Comments Welcome * The author is Professor of Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA. E-mail: [email protected]. The author thanks Peter Coclanis, Joseph Mason, Ronald Michener, and Richard Sylla for helpful suggestions. Anne Pfaelzer de Ortiz provided research and editorial assistance. The Circulating Medium of Exchange in Colonial Pennsylvania, 1729-1775: * New Estimates of Monetary Composition and Economic Growth Market transaction data are used to estimate the composition and quantity of specie in circulation. This estimate is used to provide the first comprehensive measure of the colony's money supply. This estimate, along with data on population and prices, is used to measure the growth in output using the quantity theory of money. Output growth is found to depend on periodization and the extent to which rising commercialization increased the velocity of circulation. Specie was scarce but becoming less so as the Revolution approached, and specie and paper currency were both substitutes and complements depending on the period of analysis. Nobody knows the amount of specie in circulation in colonial America. The absence of this one piece of information has left unanswered a number of important questions about how colonial economies worked. One such question is whether specie was scarce in colonial America. Some writers believe it was scarce (Brock 1975, pp. 86, 267, 386; Bouton 1996; Lester 1938; Walton and Shepard 1979, pp. -
Classical Rhetoric in America During the Colonial and Early National Periods
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Communication Scholarship Communication 9-2011 “Above all Greek, above all Roman Fame”: Classical Rhetoric in America during the Colonial and Early National Periods James M. Farrell University of New Hampshire, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/comm_facpub Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons, Cultural History Commons, Liberal Studies Commons, Rhetoric Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation James M. Farrell, "'Above all Greek, above all Roman fame': Classical Rhetoric in America during the Colonial and Early National Periods," International Journal of the Classical Tradition 18:3, 415-436. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Scholarship by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Above all Greek, above all Roman Fame”: Classical Rhetoric in America during the Colonial and Early National Periods James M. Farrell University of New Hampshire The broad and profound influence of classical rhetoric in early America can be observed in both the academic study of that ancient discipline, and in the practical approaches to persuasion adopted by orators and writers in the colonial period, and during the early republic. Classical theoretical treatises on rhetoric enjoyed wide authority both in college curricula and in popular treatments of the art. Classical orators were imitated as models of republican virtue and oratorical style. Indeed, virtually every dimension of the political life of early America bears the imprint of a classical conception of public discourse. -
How Cesare Beccaria Shaped American Law
INCONTRO –DIBATTITO Dei delitti e delle pene: giustizia ed economia politica Roma, 26 novembre 2014 How Cesare Beccaria Shaped American Law By John D. Bessler How Cesare Beccaria Shaped American Law By John D. Bessler The year 2014 marks the 250th anniversary of the publication of Cesare Beccaria’s Dei delitti e delle pene (1764), the first Enlightenment text to make a comprehensive case against the death penalty. The ideas in the book famously led Leopold II—the Grand Duke of Tuscany—to abolish the death penalty in that dominion in 1786, just a year before the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia that produced the U.S. Constitution. What is less well known is that Beccaria’s book, translated into English as On Crimes and Punishments in 1767, had a profound impact on early American leaders and laws. Beccaria never traveled to America, but his ideas for law reform reached American soil as part of the transatlantic book trade. He called for clear and precise written laws, proportionality between crimes and punishments, and an end to torture and capital punishment. Those ideas inspired American revolutionaries and the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights—written documents protecting individual rights. George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison—the first four U.S. Presidents—all admired On Crimes and Punishments, as did signers of the Declaration of Independence such as Dr. Benjamin Rush, the Philadelphia physician and anti-gallows activist. George Washington, America’s first commander- in-chief, bought Beccaria’s book in 1769; during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), he said executions were too frequent and called the law of retaliation—torture and capital punishment—“abhorrent and disagreeable to our natures.” Thomas Jefferson and John Adams read Beccaria’s book in the original Italian, and Adams gave a copy of the book to his son. -
Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr. and August Meier SLAVERY IN ANTE-BELLUM SOUTHERN INDUSTRIES Series C: Selections from the Virginia Historical Society Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries Editorial Adviser Charles B. Dew Associate Editor and Guide compiled by Martin Schipper A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Slavery in ante-bellum southern industries [microform]. (Black studies research sources.) Accompanied by printed reel guides, compiled by Martin P. Schipper. Contents: ser. A. Selections from the Duke University Library / editorial adviser, Charles B. Dew, associate editor, Randolph Boehm—ser. B. Selections from the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill—ser. C. Selections from the Virginia Historical Society / editorial adviser, Charles B. Dew, associate editor, Martin P. Schipper. 1. Slave labor—Southern States—History—Sources. 2. Southern States—Industries—Histories—Sources. I. Dew, Charles B. II. Boehm, Randolph. III. Duke University. Library. IV. University Publications of America (Firm). V. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Library. Southern Historical Collection. VI. Virginia Historical Society. HD4865 306.3′62′0975 91-33943 ISBN 1-55655-547-4 (ser. C : microfilm) CIP Compilation © 1996 by University Publications