Dubna: from Soviet science flagship to the modern research center Elena A. Bazanova PhD, PFUR lecturer The beginning The history of the "big" of Soviet science begins after 1945 with the "atomic" project. Scale of the tasks associated with this project, and the funds involved in its implementation, was not comparable with the former Soviet Union on R&D (research and development) costs, and required a fundamentally different forms and instruments of territorial organization of science. In addition, L.P. Beria was appointed as an administrative manager of the nuclear industry and his specific personality also strongly affected the organization of a new type of Soviet cities . The beginning 1899-1953 - a Soviet politician of Georgian ethnicity, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and Deputy Premier in the postwar years (1946–53) Atomic project The first signal that the West began to expand work on the use of nuclear energy for military purposes was that the first of the 1940s cease publication for Nuclear Research in Western scientific journals. In Germany, England and the United States the scientists had already turned research on nuclear weapons , and the 1941 became the year of the beginning of practical implementation of nuclear projects in these countries . The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb was a top-secret research and development program begun during World War II in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the American, British, and Canadian nuclear project. The project was directed by Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov, while the military logistics and intelligence efforts were undertaken and managed by NKVD people's commissar Lavrentiy Beria. Atomic project The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb was a top-secret research and development program begun during World War II in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the American, British, and Canadian nuclear project. The project was directed by Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov, while the military logistics and intelligence efforts were undertaken and managed by NKVD people's commissar Lavrentiy Beria. Atomic project During World War II, the program was started by Joseph Stalin who received a letter from physicist Georgy Flyorov urging him to start the research, as Flyorov had long suspected that many of the Allied powers were already secretly working on a weapon after the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939. However, because of the bloody and intensified war with Nazi Germany, large-scale efforts were prevented. The Soviets accelerated the program after the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, the Soviet Union expanded its research facilities, military reactors, and employed many scientists. Atomic project At the end of 1941 the uranium problem in the USSR was researched by the young physicist , one of the pupils of Kurchatov , Flerov . G.N.Flerov without access to proven assumed that in Germany scientists are developing a nuclear bomb Considering the issue of resuming the USSR work on uranium is extremely important and brooked no delay , Flerov wrote a letter to Stalin personally . Then, in November 1941, Flerov paid his attention to the fact that "the state , the first to make a nuclear bomb, will be able to dictate its conditions all over the world ... ." Atomic project G.N. Flerov - 1913—1990 Soviet nuclear physicist, co-founder of the JINR in Dubna. He participated in the creation of the first Soviet atomic bomb RDS- 1 , in 1949 personally conducted a risky experiment to determine the plutonium critical mass. Designed technology used in the elimination of consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Prior to 1990, he headed the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions at JINR , where, under his leadership, the transuranic elements were synthesized in the periodic table of chemical elements with numbers from 102 to 110 . Atomic project the Soviet Union conducted its first weapon test of an implosion-type nuclear device, RDS-1, codenamed First Lightning, on 29 August 1949, at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR. With the success of this test, the Soviet Union became the second nation after the United States to detonate a nuclear device. Scientists 1903 – 1960 - a Soviet nuclear physicist who is widely known as the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project. Along with Georgy Flyorov and Andrei Sakharov, Kurchatov is widely remembered and dubbed as the "father of the Soviet atomic bomb" for his directorial role in the development of the Soviet nuclear program, in a clandestine program during World War II formed in the wake of the USSR's discovery of the Western Allied efforts to develop nuclear weapons. Scientists Other important figures included Yuli Khariton, Yakov Zeldovich, Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, Georgii Flyorov, and the future dissident and lead theoretical designer of the hydrogen bomb, Andrei Sakharov. Other main participants of Soviet nuclear project: Y. Khariton, Y. Zeldovich, A. Ioffe, A. Sakharov Naukograd – town of science – “town of future” The first naukograd was the town Obninsk, the construction of which in the framework of the Soviet atomic project began in 1946 ( with the exception of the earlier creation in 1943, the Laboratory №2 - now the Institute of Atomic Energy Kurchatov in Moscow ). In the second half of the 50s settlement form was widely established in the framework of " nuclear project ". Towns of science were created to solve different tasks in different fields of research and development - Biology ( and biological weapons ) , chemicals , aviation ... In 1957, it adopted a historic decision on the establishment of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences . Dubna -JINR JINR in Dubna (1956) was not the secret institute, it always had a status of international scientific center, it was like Swiss CERN in The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. This institute was a desired destination for many Soviet physicists - and one of the reasons was the diplomatic status , which had its employees the opportunity to travel abroad , even if by the Eastern bloc countries . JINR Director had a status , similar in status to the chairman of the Academy of Sciences in Akademgorodok . Dubna - JINR Dubna is considered to be one of the most successful naukograds till nowadays and here are the reasons why: The openness of Dubna and its participation in the international experiments; A stable " team management " , which was formed during the " municipal revolution" in the early 90s and continues to consistently implement the program and the City of Science , and - at present - program to create a special economic zone ; The uniqueness of Dubna It has always created special atmosphere - an atmosphere of continuous search, not held by any spatial and temporal framework. Famous soviet writers - Strugatsky brothers - wrote their book "Monday begins on Saturday" under the impression created back in the 60s by the first Soviet science cities, such as Zelenograd, Dubna, Novosibirsk Akademgorodok. There's "Monday begins on Saturday" in the sense that people, on the one hand, with a serious passion for his studies, and, on the other hand, being constantly in the company of the same researchers, did not interrupt the thought process. Even on the weekends while going on vacation they were often returning to the same research that they were interested in working hours. Here is an atmosphere of continuous search. I.A. Veksler Wang Gangchang Bruno Pontecorvo JINR Dubna - from USSR to Russia.