Evidence for an Affricated Ṣād in Sibawayh?

FOLIA ORIENTALIA VOL. 51 2014

Ahmad Al-Jallad Leiden University

ʾAṢ-ṢĀDU LLATĪ KA-S-SĪN – EVIDENCE FOR AN AFFRICATED ṢĀD IN SIBAWAYH?

Abstract: This paper argues that the Ṣād of the early Islamic period was still an affricate. Evidence for this comes from a close reading of Sibawayh’s description of the phoneme in light of early Greek transcriptions.

Keywords: Affricated Ṣād; historical Arabic phonology; Sibawayh

1. Introduction Since Steiner’s (1982) monumental study of the Ṣade, it has been widely accepted that this sound was originally affricated in Proto-Semitic and in many early Semitic languages. His investigation of the Arabic data did not lead to any conclusive position on its status in the earliest attested periods of the language (81). Most scholars are of the opinion that the early Arabic Ṣād was a voiceless pharyngealized sibilant, [sˁ]; however, a few anomalies exist and should motivate us to re-examine the evidence. One of these was already pointed out by Steiner, Nessana in the 1st Islamic نصان namely, the spellings of the name of the town century papyri, e.g.:

P.Ness 3.60 11 Νεστάνων κλίμ(ατος) Ἐλούση(ς) χώρα(ς) Γάζης. (674 CE)

Interestingly, before the conquests, the town appears in Greek only as Νεσσαν-, suggesting that the new pronunciation was the result of the invasion. This spelling is reminiscent of Greek transcriptions of Punic words containing an affricated Ṣade in which the sound is rendered as σ, στ, and τ, e.g. Steiner (1982:61ff). To this example, we should add a transcription of the Ṣād in a fragmentary Greek translation of Surat al-ʿAṣr (Q 103) from the 9th c. CE.1 The

1 See Høgel (2010:116).

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Sibawayh states Ṣ7RādLQD WKLVthe IUDJPHQWDU\followingH[DPSOH about ZH*UHHNWUDQVODWLRQRI VKRXOG the Ṣād DGG of theD first6XUDWDO categoryʿA –ṣ U 4 IURPWKH ZLWKWKHJORWWLVDQGPRYLQJIRUZDUGWRWKHODELDOVSibawayh’s GHVFULSWLRQAhmad RI $UDELF Al-Jallad SKRQRORJ\ LQFOXGHV6LEDZD\KWKHQJURXSVWKHFRQVRQDQWDO SRLQWV RI DUWLFXODWLRQ EHJLQQLQJ WK ,WR EH D SURSHU QRXQ RU العصر 4 WKHIURPWKH $UDELF F &(*UHHNWUDQVODWLRQRI 7KH WUDQVODWRU6XUDWDO HLWKHUʿA MXGJHGṣUWUDQVFULSWLRQRIWKHṢādLQDIUDJPHQWDU\ ش6LEDZD\KWKHQJURXSVWKHFRQVRQDQWDO الصاد التى تكون كالزاىWKHVRXQGVVLJQLILHGE\WKHJO\SKVZLWKWKHJORWWLVDQGPRYLQJIRUZDUGWRWKHODELDOVSKRQHPHVRI$UDELFDFFRUGLQJWRHDFKRIWKHVHSRLQWV WK ,شtoWR be EHa proper D SURSHU noun or QRXQ untranslatableZDPLQED\QD RU as ZDṣDṭLOlisāni baynahu wa العصر judgedDUHJURXSHGWRJHWKHUXQGHUWKHFDWHJRU\ WKH the $UDELF Arabic ي eitherDQG MXGJHG ,جF &( 7KH WUDQVODWRUtranslator HLWKHUXQWUDQVODWDEOHDVKHVLPSO\WUDQVFULEHGWKHZRUGLQ*UHHNSURGXFLQJWKHIROORZLQJ he simplySKRQHPHVRI$UDELFDFFRUGLQJWRHDFKRIWKHVHSRLQWVWKHVRXQGVVLJQLILHGE\WKHJO\SKV transcribed the word in Greek, producing the following: XQWUDQVODWDEOHDVKHVLPSO\WUDQVFULEHGWKHZRUGLQ*UHHNSURGXFLQJWKHIROORZLQJ‘the Ṣād which would resemble the Zāy’ ṣDDUHJURXSHGWRJHWKHUXQGHUWKHFDWHJRU\ṭLOḥDQDNLOʾaʿlā ‘between the middle of theZDPLQED\QD tongue andZD theṣDṭ LO middlelisāni baynahuSDUW RIWKH waي DQG,جED\QDZDوالعصر ΜὰThishardED\QDZD τὸν descriptionpalate’ ἀλέξαρṣDṭLO ,,WḥDQDNLOPXVWEHHPSKDVL]HG clearly probablyʾaʿlā refers ‘between */al-ʿeṣar/to a voiced WKDWWKLVIDFWRQO\SURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWthe middle variant of ofthe the tongue Ṣād, whateverand the middle its pronunciation SDUWWKH RIWKHSODFH والعصر The use of ksi clearly points towards a stop onset for this sound, suggesting Μὰτὸνἀλέξαρ DOH[DU!8 SUREDEO\ DOʿeṣDU an affricatemightRIDUWLFXODWLRQhard realization, palate’ have been.DQGQRWWKHPDQQHU,W perhapsPXVWEHHPSKDVL]HG Instances [ts].2 of a voiced6LEDZDWKDWWKLVIDFWRQO\SURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW z are\KGLVFXVVHVPDQQHULQDQRWKHUVHFWLRQZKLFK, found across the Arabic-speaking world,WKHSODFH and Μὰτὸνἀλέξαρ DOH[DU!SUREDEO\ DOThese ʿe observationsṣDU are complemented by several peripheral Arabic 9 ص RIDUWLFXODWLRQDQGQRWWKHPDQQHU:LWKWKLVLQPLQGOHWXVWXUQRXUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHGHVFULSWLRQRI6LEDZD\KGLVFXVVHVPDQQHULQDQRWKHUVHFWLRQZKLFK,ġ ġ ZLOOGHDOZLWKLQ dialects7KHare in theusually XVH southwestern RI a NVL result FOHDUO\ Arabianof assimilation, SRLQWV Peninsula. WRZDUGV e.g., There, DLevantine VWRS the RQVHWreflex Arabic IRUof *ṣ WKLVzˁ isīr often VRXQG< *ṣa īr. VXJJHVWLQJ DQ DIIULFDWH ͡ ص seems D VWRS to RQVHW be a metathesized IRU WKLV:LWKWKLVLQPLQGOHWXVWXUQRXUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHGHVFULSWLRQRI VRXQG version VXJJHVWLQJ of an original DQ DIIULFDWH [ts] (Behnstedt LJKWO\DERYH 7KH XVH RI NVL FOHDUO\ SRLQWV[st], WRZDUGV whichUHDOL]DWLRQSHUKDSV>WV@6LEDZD\KFODVVLILHVWKLVVRXQGZLWK>V@DQG>]@DVRULJLQDWLQJIURPWKHDUHDVOZLOOGHDOZLWKLQ 1987). TheWhile second such a pronunciation, realization is possibly which the is unsuitable result of substrate, for formal it is purposes,equally is - UHDOL]DWLRQSHUKDSV>WV@ possibleWKHLQFLVRUVLH6LEDZD\KFODVVLILHVWKLVVRXQGZLWK>V@DQG>]@DVRULJLQDWLQJIURPWKHDUHDVO that such a form pointsDQDOYHRODUSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQ towards an affricated realization ofThus, this phoneme from Sibawayh’s description,LJKWO\DERYH the 7KHVH REVHUYDWLRQV DUH FRPSOLPHQWHG E\ VHYHUDO SHULSKHUDO $UDELF GLDOHFWV LQ WKH history DQDOYHRODUSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQ of Arabic.QDOYHRODUVLELODQW>V@RUDQDIIULFDWH Thus, from>ts @,QRUGHUWRGHFLGHEHWZHHQ Sibawayh’s description, the الصاد in the التى FRXOGEHHLWKHUDكالṢWKHLQFLVRUVLH ādpointسينat some 7KHVH REVHUYDWLRQV DUH FRPSOLPHQWHGVRXWKZHVWHUQ$UDELDQ3HQLQVXOD7KHUHWKHUHIOH[RI E\ VHYHUDO SHULSKHUDO $UDELF GLDOHFWV LQ WKHṣLVRIWHQ>VW@ZKLFKVHHPVWREHD WKH WZR , WKLQN3 ZH PXVW ORRN WR ZKDW 6LEDZD\K VD\V DERXW KRZ WKH Ṣād VKRXOG QRW EH 2. Sibawayh’s‘theṢād FRXOGEHHLWKHUDṢād whichṢād is like theQDOYHRODUVLELODQW>V@RUDQDIIULFDWH Sīn’ >ts @,QRUGHUWRGHFLGHEHWZHHQ VRXWKZHVWHUQ$UDELDQ3HQLQVXOD7KHUHWKHUHIOH[RI PHWDWKHVL]HGYHUVLRQRIWKH>ṣLVRIWHQ>VW@ZKLFKVHHPVWREHDts @ %HKQVWHGW):KLOHVXFKDUHDOL]DWLRQLVSRVVLEO\WKH Sibawayh’sSURQRXQFHGWKH WZR , description WKLQN ZH PXVW of Arabic ORRN WRphonology ZKDW 6LEDZD\K includes VD\V 16 points DERXW of KRZ WKH Ṣād VKRXOG QRW EH articulation, beginning ) with the glottis and moving forward to the labials.4 PHWDWKHVL]HGYHUVLRQRIWKH>ts @ %HKQVWHGW Carter (2004:124) :KLOHVXFKDUHDOL]DWLRQLVSRVVLEO\WKH interpreted this to be a description of a “de-emphasized [ṣ] realized as [s]”. SibawayhSURQRXQFHG then groups the consonantal phonemes of Arabic according to each of 6LEDZD\KKDVWZRFDWHJRULHVRIYDULDQWSURQXQFLDWLRQV–WKRVHZKLFKDUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKH are grouped as to whytogether Sibawayh did not simply say ي and question ,جthe ,ش signified possible, by the glyphs it begsthis sounds is certainly these points;While6HH+ the¡ JHO under therecitation category waof minQurʾān bayna and waṣa SRHWU\ṭi l-lisāniDQGWKRVHZKLFKDUHQRW baynahū wa bayna waṣaṭi l-ḥanakiDYDULDWLRQRIWKH ṢādLVLQFOXGHG 6HH+¡JHO 6LEDZD\KKDVWZRFDWHJRULHVRIYDULDQWSURQXQFLDWLRQV–WKRVHZKLFKDUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKH l-ʾaʿlā ‘between‘the Ṣād thewhich middle is notof the emphatic’ tongue and or the something middle part alongof the hard those palate’. lines . Sibawayh later uses the 1RWHDOVRWKHGLIIHUHQWYRFDOL]DWLRQ ʿLVUYV ʿDVUDQGWKHHSHQWKHWLFYRZHOEHWZHHQWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUG It must LQERWK6LEDZD\KVWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJDERXWWKrecitationbe emphasized of Qurʾān that this and fact SRHWU\only providesDQGWKRVHZKLFKDUHQRW informationH ṢādaboutRIWKHILUVWFDWHJRU\ the placeDYDULDWLRQRIWKH of – ṢādLVLQFOXGHG FRQVRQDQWVterm ʾiṭbāq to refer to the emphatic feature of the Ṣād, and so the lack of precision here is 1RWHDOVRWKHGLIIHUHQWYRFDOL]DWLRQ articulationʿLVUYV , andʿDVUDQGWKHHSHQWKHWLFYRZHOEHWZHHQWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUG not the manner. Sibawayh discusses manner in another section, LQERWK6LEDZD\KVWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJDERXWWKHṢādRIWKHILUVWFDWHJRU\– With the this Ṣ ādin mind,which let is us pronounced turn our attention without to the emphasis is not like the Sīn .(3§) الصادMoreover,in التى with تكون will dealكالزاى .FRQVRQDQWV which Iunexpected Sibawayh classifies this sound with [s] and [z] as originating .ص description of ,Sīn the, as incisors,Sibawayh i.e., states an alveolar later inpoint unambiguous of articulation. terms5 (see below). Of course الصاد theabove التى slightly factتكونarea is in كالزاىfrom thebut Thus, from‘the Sibawayh’sṢādZKLFKZRXOGUHVHPEOHWKH description, the Ṣād couldZāy’ be either an emphatic alveolar without any evidence͡ to the contrary, this particular statement can only be considered a sibilant ‘the[s] or Ṣād an affricateZKLFKZRXOGUHVHPEOHWKH [ts]. In order to decideZāy’ between the two, I think we must look to curiosity.what Sibawayh However, says about returning how the Ṣādto the should Greek not betranscriptions pronounced. mentioned at the beginning of Sibawayh has two categories of variant pronunciations – those which are suitablethis paper,for the recitation there may of Qurʾān be more and to poetry say.6 and It isthose hard which to imagineare not;7 why writers would have a variationrendered$OOTXRWDWLRQVRI6LEDZD\K of the ArabicṢād is included Ṣād with’ VFKDSWHURQWKHSKRQRORJ\RI$UDELFFRPHIURPWKH6LEDZLNLSURMHFWin Greek both. στSibawayh and ξ if states it were the followingin fact pronounced about as [sˁ]. Instead, these the Ṣād of the first category – KWWSV\GQH\HGXDXDUWVUHVHDUFKBSURMHFWVVLEDZLNLGHPREDVW[WKWP transcriptions $OOTXRWDWLRQVRI6LEDZD\K strongly ’VFKDSWHURQWKHSKRQRORJ\RI$UDELFFRPHIURPWKH6LEDZLNLSURMHFWpoint towards an affricate of some sort. If we consider Sibawayh’s 2 description KWWSV\GQH\HGXDXDUWVUHVHDUFKBSURMHFWVVLEDZLNLGHPREDVW[WKWP Note,For a also,succint the summarydifferentof the vocalization,sound of Sibawayh’s in *thisʿisr treatment vs. light, *ʿasr, anda of new phonologthe epenthetic interpretation\VHH&DUWHU vowel between is possible – what Sibawayh the second and third consonants. 3 meantAllFor quotations a succint by the ofsummary Sibawayh’s Ṣād which of Sibawayh’s 595 chapteris like treatmenton thethe phonologySīn of wasphonolog of aArabic deaffricated\VHH&DUWHU come from thevariant of the sound, most َّومما بين َط َرف اللسان وفُ َو.(http://sydney.edu.au/arts/research_projects/sibawiki/demo/bas565.txt.htm) ْي َقَ َالثنايَاSibawiki project 4 For a su ccinct summary of Sibawayh’s treatment of phonology, see Carter (2004:120-131). 5 6 ﻭ ﻩ ﻱ ﻙﺙﻱ ﺭ ﺓ ﺏ ﺅ َﺥ ﺫ ﺏ ﻩ ﺍ ُﻭﺕ ﺱﺕ َّومماﺡ َﺱﻥبين َطﻑﻯ َر ف ﻕﺭﺍءﺓ اللسان وفُﺍﻝﻕﺭﺁﻥ َو ْيﻭﺍ َقَ أل َالثﺵﻉ ﺍ نايَاﺭ 6 وهي كثيرة بؤ َخذ بها وتُستح َسن فى قراءة القرآن واألشعار 6 76 وال كثيرةَ فى لغة من تُ ﻭ ْرﻩ تَﻱ َ ضىﻙﺙﻱ ﺭ ﺓ ﺏ عربيّﺅ تهَﺥ ﺫ ﺏ والﻩ ﺍ تُ ُﻭﺕ ﺱﺕ ﺡ ستحسن َﺱﻥفى ﻑﻯ قراءة ﻕﺭﺍءﺓ القرآن ﺍﻝﻕﺭﺁﻥوال ﻭﺍفى ألﺵﻉ ﺍ ﺭالشعر 7 7 وال كثيرةَ فى لغة من تُ ْرتَ َضى عربيّته وال تُستحسن فى قراءة القرآن وال فى الشعر ُ ُ 7 وال كثيرةَ فى لغة من ت ْرتَ َضى عربيّته وال تستحسن فى قراءة القرآن وال فى الشعر 52 8 Sibawayh provides several examples in his chapter on assimilation of this process and ibn Jinnī states that the Ṣād experiences voicing assimilation when it precedes a voiced consonant (see Al-Nassir 1993:19).

9 Some have explained this form as an example of substrate influence from Aramaic zʿīr, but it is difficult to explain the presence of the ġ if that were the case. UHVXOW RI VXEVWUDWH LW LV HTXDOO\ SRVVLEOH WKDW VXFK D IRUP SRLQWV WRZDUGV DQ DIIULFDWHG UHDOL]DWLRQRIWKLVSKRQHPHDWVRPHSRLQWLQWKHKLVWRU\RI$UDELF

Sibawayh’s Ṣād

Sibawayh’s GHVFULSWLRQ RI $UDELF SKRQRORJ\ LQFOXGHV SRLQWV RI DUWLFXODWLRQ EHJLQQLQJ ZLWKWKHJORWWLVDQGPRYLQJIRUZDUGWRWKHODELDOV6LEDZD\KWKHQJURXSVWKHFRQVRQDQWDO ,شWKHVRXQGVVLJQLILHGE\WKHJO\SKVSKRQHPHVRI$UDELFDFFRUGLQJWRHDFKRIWKHVHSRLQWV DUHJURXSHGWRJHWKHUXQGHUWKHFDWHJRU\ ZDPLQED\QDZDṣDṭLOlisāni baynahu waي DQG,ج ED\QDZDṣDṭLOḥDQDNLOʾaʿlā ‘between the middle of the tongue and the middle SDUW RIWKH hard palate’,WPXVWEHHPSKDVL]HGWKDWWKLVIDFWRQO\SURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSODFH RIDUWLFXODWLRQDQGQRWWKHPDQQHU6LEDZD\KGLVFXVVHVPDQQHULQDQRWKHUVHFWLRQZKLFK, ص :LWKWKLVLQPLQGOHWXVWXUQRXUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHGHVFULSWLRQRI ZLOOGHDOZLWKLQ 6LEDZD\KFODVVLILHVWKLVVRXQGZLWK>V@DQG>]@DVRULJLQDWLQJIURPWKHDUHDVOLJKWO\DERYH WKHLQFLVRUVLHDQDOYHRODUSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQThus, from Sibawayh’s description, the ṢādFRXOGEHHLWKHUDQDOYHRODUVLELODQW>V@RUDQDIIULFDWH>ts @,QRUGHUWRGHFLGHEHWZHHQ WKH WZR , WKLQN ZH PXVW ORRN WR ZKDW 6LEDZD\K VD\V DERXW KRZ WKH Ṣād VKRXOG QRW EH SURQRXQFHG

6LEDZD\KKDVWZRFDWHJRULHVRIYDULDQWSURQXQFLDWLRQV–WKRVHZKLFKDUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKH recitation of Qurʾān and SRHWU\DQGWKRVHZKLFKDUHQRWDYDULDWLRQRIWKHṢādLVLQFOXGHG ʾAṣ-ṣādu llatī ka-s-sīn – evidence for an affricated Ṣād in Sibawayh? LQERWK6LEDZD\KVWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJDERXWWKHṢādRIWKHILUVWFDWHJRU\– 7KLV GHVFULSWLRQ FOHDUO\ UHIHUV WR D YRLFHG YDULDQW RI WKH Ṣād ZKDWHYHU LWV SURQXQFLDWLRQ الصاد التى تكون كالزاى ‘thePLJKWKDYHEHHQ Ṣād which would resemble,QVWDQFHVRIDYRLFHG the Zāy’ ]DUHIRXQGDFURVVWKH$UDELFVSHDNLQJZRUOGEXW ‘theThis ṢāddescriptionZKLFKZRXOGUHVHPEOHWKH clearly refers to a voicedZāy’ variant of the Ṣād, whateverġ ġ its pronunciationXVXDOO\DVDUHVXOWRIDVVLPLODWLRQHJ/HYDQWLQH$UDELF might have been.8 Instances of a voiced z are found acrossīr theṣD īr. Arabic-speaking world, and are usually a result of assimilation, e.g., Levantine Arabic 7KHVHFRQGSURQXQFLDWLRQZKLFKLVXQVXLWDEOHIRUIRUPDOSXUSRVHVLVzġīr < *ṣaġīr.9 The second pronunciation, which is unsuitable for formal purposes, is -

الصاد التى كالسين $OOTXRWDWLRQVRI6LEDZD\K’VFKDSWHURQWKHSKRQRORJ\RI$UDELFFRPHIURPWKH6LEDZLNLSURMHFW ‘the Ṣād which is like the Sīn’ KWWSV\GQH\HGXDXDUWVUHVHDUFKBSURMHFWVVLEDZLNLGHPREDVW[WKWP Carter‘the Ṣād (2004:124) which is interpreted like the Sīn’ this to be a description of a “de-emphasized [ṣ] realized as [s]”. While this is certainly possible, it begs the question as to why SibawayhFor a succint did not summary simply of say Sibawayh’s ‘the Ṣād treatment which is ofnot phonolog emphatic’\VHH&DUWHU or something along those&DUWHU LQWHUSUHWHGWKLVWREHDGHVFULSWLRQRID lines. Sibawayh later uses the term ʾiṭbāq to refer to the emphatic“deHPSKDVL]HG> ṣ@UHDOL]HGDV>V@ ,lack of precision here is unexpected. Moreover َّومما the بين َطso َرف and ,اللسان Ṣādوفُ َو ْي َقَ the َالثنايofَا\feature :KLOHWKLVLVFHUWDLQO\SRVVLEOHLWEHJVWKHTXHVWLRQDVWRZK\6LEDZD\KGLGQRWVLPSO\VD the Ṣād which is pronounced without emphasis is not like the Sīn but is in fact 6 something terms (see alongbelow). those Of course, OLQHV 6LEDZD\K ODWHU XVHV WKH ﻭ ﻩ ﻱ or ﻙﺙﻱ ﺭ ﺓ ﺏ ﺅ َﺥ ﺫ unambiguousﺏ ﻩ ﺍ emphatic’ in ُﻭﺕ ﺱﺕ ﺡ laterَﺱnot ﻥ isﻑﻯ states ﻕﺭﺍءﺓ which ﺍﻝﻕﺭﺁﻥ ﻭﺍṢād ألSibawayh ﺵﻉ ﺍ as ﺭthe Sīn, ‘the without any evidence to the contrary, this particular statement can only be 7WHUPʾLṭbāqWRUHIHUWRWKHHPSKDWLFIHDWXUHRIWKHṢādDQGVRWKHODFNRISUHFLVLRQKHUHLV mentioned وال كثيرةَ transcriptions فى لغة من Greekتُ ْرتtheََض ى to عربيّته وال تreturningُ ستحسن فى ,Howeverقراءة القرآن وال .curiosity فى a الشعر considered at the beginningXQH[SHFWHG of this0RUHRYHUWKH paper, there mayṢād beZKLFKLVSURQRXQFHGZLWKRXWHPSKDVLVLVQRW more to say. It is hard to imagine OLNHWKe Sīn why writers would have rendered Arabic Ṣād with Greek στ and ξ if it were in probably fact [sˁ]. pronounced EXWLVLQIDFWWKH This would as [sˁ]., in Instead, Sīnturn,DV6LEDZD\KVWDWHVODWHU suggestthese transcriptions that the stronglyoriginalLQXQDPELJXRXVWHUPV VHHEHORZ 2IFRXUVH point affricated towards pronunc an iation affricate of some sort. If we consider Sibawayh’s description of the sound in obtained in someZLWKRXWDQ\HYLGHQFHWRWKHFRQWUDU\WKLV varieties of Arabic of Sibawayh’s time, probably SDUWLFXODUVWDWHPHQWFDQRQO\EHFRQVLGHUHGD [t͡sˁ], and that this must be this light, a new interpretation is possible – what Sibawayh meant by the Ṣād the soundwhich behind isFXULRVLW\+RZHYHUUHWXUQLQJWRWKH*UHHNWUDQVFULSWLRQVPHQWLRQHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRI likethe theaforementioned Sīn was a deaffricated Greek transcriptions.variant of the sound, most probably [sˁ]. This would, in turn, suggest that the original affricated pronunciation obtained in some varietiesWKLV SDSHU of Arabic WKHUH in Sibawayh’s PD\ EH PRUH time, probably WR VD\ [t͡ ,Wsˁ], LV and KDUG that WRthis LPDJLQH must be ZK\ ZULWHUV ZRXOG KDYH 3. Challenges to the affricate hypothesis the soundUHQGHUHG$UDELF behind the aforementionedṢādZLWK*UHHN Greekστ transcriptions.DQGξLILWZHUHLQIDF WSURQRXQFHGDV>Vˁ@,QVWHDGWKHVH Sibawayh’s3. Challenges descriptionWUDQVFULSWLRQVVWURQJO\SRLQWWRZDUGVDQDIIULFDWHRIVRPHVRUW,IZH to of the the affricate Ṣād in twohypothesis other places raises some questions regardingFRQVLGHU Sibawayh’s whether or notSibawayh’sGHVFULSWLRQ it had an descriptionaffricate RI WKH VRXQG property. of the LQ Ṣād WKLV The in OLJKW first two D otheris QHZ found places LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ in his raises description some LV SRVVLEOH of the– ZKDW 6LEDZD\K questions regarding whether or not it had an affricate property. The first is found relationshipin his between descriptionPHDQWE\WKH emphatic of theṢ ādrelationship andZKLFKLVOLNHWKH plain consonants. between emphaticSīQ LVDGHDIIULFDWHGYDULDQWRIWKHVRXQG and plain consonants. PRVWSUREDEO\ [sˁ]. This ZRXOG LQ WXUQ VXJJHVW WKDW WKH RULJLQDO DIIULFDWHG SURQXQFLDWLRQ REWDLQHG LQ فهذهَاألربعةَُ...َلوالَاإلطباقَلصارتَالطا ُءَداالَوالصادَُسينًاَوالظاءَذاالَولخرج ِتَالضادَُمنَ PXVWEHEHKLQGWKH الWKDWWKLVكالمَألنDQG@هˁَل sيtسَشى ٌءَمنَم<\SUREDEOوضع َهاtime َغي ُرهاsome varieties of Arabic of Sibawayh’s

8 DIRUHPHQWLRQHG*UHHNWUDQVFULSWLRQVSibawayh provides several examples in his chapter on assimilation of this process and ‘Asibn regards Jinnī states these that the four Ṣād …experiences were it voicing not for assimilation ʾiṭbāq, the when Ṭ āʾit precedes would a become voiced consonant a Dāl, (see Al-Nassir 1993:19). the Ṣād would9 Some&KD haveObecomeOHQ explainedJHVW aR SīnW KthisH, DandformIIUL asFtheD anWH ḎexampleḲāʾ\ SwouldRW KofH substrateV LbecomeV influence a Ḏāl ;from and Aramaicthe Ḍ zʿīrād, wouldbut it ishave difficult disappeared to explain the presencefrom speechof the ġ if thatbecause were the nothingcase. else shares its Sibawayh’s description of the Ṣād LQ WZR RWKHU SODFHV UDLVHV VRPH TXHVWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ point of articulation’. 53 ZKHWKHU RU QRW LW KDG DQ DIIULFDWH SURSHUW\ 7KH ILUVW LV IRXQG LQ KLV GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH This statement givesUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQHPSKDWLFDQGSODLQFRQVRQDQWV the impression that Ṣād was only distinguished from Sīn by the feature of ʾiṭbāq, which Carter (2004:127) translates as ‘emphasis’, and so Sibawayh’s Ṣād could not have been affricated. Such a conclusion, however, would be too hasty. Two issues require further discussion – the first is what exactly the term ʾitbāq meant and second whether or Sibawayh provides several examples in his chapter on assimilation of this process and ibn Jinnī states that not there were other affricates in Arabic in Sibawayh’s period. WKHṢādH[SHULHQFHVYRLFLQJDVVLPLODWLRQZKHQLWSUHFHGHVDYRLFHGFRQVRQDQW VHH$O1DVVLU ʾIṭbāq literally means ‘covered with a lid’ (ibid.) and refers to raising of the tongue 6RPHKDYHH[SODLQHGWKLVIRUPDVDQH[DPSOHRIVXEVWUDWHLQIOXHQFHIURP$UDPDLFzʿīrEXWLWLVGLIILFXOWWR during the articulation of these sounds. The non-emphatic counterpart of each of these explain the presence of the ġ LIWKDWZHUHWKHFDVH phonemes involves contact between the teeth and the tongue, with the exception of Sīn. Since the Ṣād and Sīn shared an identical point of articulation, this may have motivated Sibawayh to interpret affrication as a symptom of ʾiṭbāq. Affricates begin as stops and then are released as fricatives. The initial contact between the tongue and the alveolar ridge of an affricated Ṣād [t͡sˁ] could have been included as part of the ‘covering’ process. Thus, the removal of ʾitbāq would not only result in the loss of velarization/pharyngealization but also affrication, resulting in [s]. Thus, the Ṣād which is like the Sīn is not one without emphasis, but rather one without affrication.

This interpretation could have been especially possible if there were no other (unemphatic) affricates in Arabic. This point brings us to the status of Ǧīm and Sibawayh’s remarks on the manner of articulation of the consonants. Sibawayh classifies the consonants of Arabic into two categories based on manner, šadīdah and riḫwah, ‘tight’ and ‘slack’ (Carter 2004:126). فهذهَاألربعةَُ...َ ُلوالَاإلطباقَلصارتَالطاء َُداالَوالصادَسينً ِاَوالظاءَذاالَولخرجت َُالضادَمنَ الكالمَألفهذهَاألربعةُهنهَليَ ...َ َىىءَمنَموععهَاَييرُاا ُلوالَاإلطباقَلصارتَالطاء َُداالَوالصادَسينً ِاَوالظاءَذاالَولخرجت َُالضادَمنَ الكالمَألهنهَلي َىىءَمنَموععهَاَييرُاا As regards these four …ZHUHLWQRWIRUʾLṭbāqWKHṬāʾZRXOGEHFRPHD'āl As regards these four …ZHUHLWQRWIRUʾLṭbāqWKHṬāʾZRXOGEHFRPHD'āl WKHṢādZRXOGEHFRPHDSīnDQGWKH āʾZRXOGEHFRPHD ālDQGWKHḌād ZRXOGWKHṢād KDYHZRXOGEHFRPHD GLVDSSHDUHGSīn IURPDQGWKH VSHHFK āʾZRXOGEHFRPHD EHFDXVH QRWKLQJ HOVHālDQGWKH VKDUHVḌād LWV SRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQZRXOG KDYH GLVDSSHDUHG IURP VSHHFK EHFDXVH QRWKLQJ HOVH VKDUHV LWV SRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQ 7KLVVWDWHPHQWJLYHVWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWAhmad Al-JalladṢādZDVRQO\GLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPSīnE\WKHIHDWXUH RI7KLVVWDWHPHQWJLYHVWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWʾLṭbāqZKLFK&DUWHU WUDQVODWHVDVṢādZDVRQO\GLVWLQJXLVKHGIURP‘HPSKDVLV’DQGVRSibawayh’sSīnE\WKHIHDWXUH ṢādFRXOGQRW KDYHEHHQDIIULFDWHGRIʾLṭbāq‘AsZKLFK&DUWHU WUDQVODWHVDV regards these6XFKDFRQFOXVLRQKRZHYHUZRXOGEHWRRKDVW\7ZRLVVXHVUHTXLUH four … were it not for ʾiṭbāq‘HPSKDVLV, the Ṭāʾ’DQGVR would becomeSibawayh’s ṢādFRXOGQRW a Dāl, the Ṣād would become a Sīn, and the Ḏ̣āʾ would become a Ḏāl; and the IXUWKHUGLVFXVVLRQKDYHEHHQDIIULFDWHGḌād would have disappeared–WKHILUVWLVZKDWH[DFWO\WKHWHUP6XFKDFRQFOXVLRQKRZHYHUZRXOGEHWRRKDVW\7ZRLVVXHVUHTXLUH from speech because nothingʾitbāq else PHDQWDQGZKHWKHURUQRWWKHUHshares its point wereIXUWKHUGLVFXVVLRQof articulation’. other affricates–WKHILUVWLVZKDWH[DFWO\WKHWHUP in Arabic in Sibawayh’s period. ʾitbāqʾ,ṭbāq PHDQWDQGZKHWKHURUQRWWKHUHliterally means ‘covered with a This statement gives the impression that Ṣād was only distinguished from lid’wereSīn LELG byother the DQGUHIHUVWR featureaffricates of ʾiinṭbāq UDLVLQJRIWKHWRQJXHGXULQJWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHVHVRXQGVArabic, which in CarterSibawayh’s (2004:127) period. translates ʾ,ṭbāq asliterally ‘emphasis’, means ‘covered with7KH a QRQlid’and HPSKDWLFFRXQWHUSDUWRIHDFKRIWKHVHLELG so Sibawayh’s DQGUHIHUVWR Ṣād UDLVLQJRIWKHWRQJXHGXULQJWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHVHVRXQGV could not have been affricated.SKRQHPHV SuchLQYROYHVFRQWDFWEHWZHHQWKHWHHWK a conclusion, 7KH QRQhowever,HPSKDWLFFRXQWHUSDUWRIHDFKRIWKHVH would be too hasty. Two issues requireSKRQHPHV further discussionLQYROYHVFRQWDFWEHWZHHQWKHWHHWK – the first is DQGWKHWRQJXHZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIwhat exactly the term ʾitbāq meant and secondSīn6LQFH whetherWKH orṢād notDQG thereSīn wereVKDUHGDQLGHQWLFDOSRLQWRI other DUWLFXODWLRQDQGWKHWRQJXHZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIaffricates in Arabic WKLV PD\ in Sibawayh’s KDYH PRWLYDWHG period.Sīn 6LEDZD\K6LQFHWKH WRṢLQWHUSUHWādDQGSīn DIIULFDWLRQVKDUHGDQLGHQWLFDOSRLQWRI DV D V\PSWRP RI ʾDUWLFXODWLRQLṭbāqʾI$IIULFDWHVṭbāq WKLVliterally PD\ EHJLQ means KDYH DV ‘covered VWRSV PRWLYDWHG DQG with WKHQ6LEDZD\K a lid’ DUH (ibid.) UHOHDVHG WR and LQWHUSUHW refers DV IULFDWLYHV to DIIULFDWLRQ raising of 7KH DVLQLWLDO D V\PSWRP FRQWDFW RI the tongue during the articulation of these sounds. The non-emphatic counterpart EHWZHHQʾLṭofbāq each$IIULFDWHV of WKH these WRQJXH phonemes EHJLQ DQG DV involves WKH VWRSV DOYHRODU DQG contact WKHQ ULGJH between DUH RI UHOHDVHG DQthe DIIULFDWHGteeth DV and IULFDWLYHV theṢād tongue, [ts ˁ @ 7KH FRXOGLQLWLDO KDYH FRQWDFW EHHQ includedEHWZHHQwith the as WKHexception part WRQJXH of theof Sīn. DQG ‘covering’ Since WKH DOYHRODU the proc ṢādHVV7KXVWKHUHPRYDORI and ULGJH Sīn RIshared DQ DIIULFDWHGan identicalʾṢitbāq pointād [ZRXOGQRWRQO\UHVXOWt s ofˁ@ FRXOG KDYH EHHQ articulation, this may have motivated Sibawayh to interpret affrication as LQWKHORVVRIincludeda symptom as partofYHODUL]DWLRQSKDU\QJHDOL]DWLRQ ʾiṭ bāqof the. Affricates ‘covering’ begin proc as stopsHVV7KXVWKHUHPRYDORI andEXWDOVRDIIULFDWLRQUHVXOWLQJLQ>V@ then are released as fricatives.ʾitbāqZRXOGQRWRQO\UHVXOW 7KXVWKH ṢLQWKHORVVRIādThe ZKLFKLV initial contactOLNHYHODUL]DWLRQSKDU\QJHDOL]DWLRQWKH betweenSīnLVQRWRQHZLWKRXWHPSKDVLVEXWUDWKHURQHZLWKRXWDIIULFDWLRQ the tongue and the alveolarEXWDOVRDIIULFDWLRQUHVXOWLQJLQ>V@ ridge of an affricated Ṣād 7KXVWKH ͡ Ṣād[tsˁ] ZKLFKLV could haveOLNH beenWKH SīnincludedLVQRWRQHZLWKRXWHPSKDVLVEXWUDWKHURQHZLWKRXWDIIULFDWLRQ as part of the ‘covering’ process. Thus, the removal 7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQFRXOGKDYHEHHQHVSHFLDOO\SRVVLEOHLIWKHUHZHUHQRRWKHU XQHPSKDWLF of ʾitbāq would not only result in the loss of velarization/pharyngealization but also affrication, resulting in [s]. Thus, The Ṣād which is like the Sīn is, therefore, DIIULFDWHVLQ$UDELF7KLVSRLQWEULQJVXVWRWKHVWDWXVRI7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQFRXOGKDYHEHHQHVSHFLDOO\SRVVLEOHLIWKHUHZHUHQRRWKHU XQHPSKDWLF not one without emphasis, but rather one without affrication. Ǧīmand Sibawayh’s remarks on WKHPDQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHFRQVRQDQWV6LEDZD\KFODVVLILHVWKHFRQVRQDQWVRI$UDELFDIIULFDWHVLQ$UDELF7KLVSRLQWEULQJVXVWRWKHVWDWXVRIThis interpretation could have been especially possible ifǦ thereīmand were Sibawayh’s no remarks on other (unemphatic) affricates in Arabic. This point brings us to the status of LQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVEDVHGRQPDQQHUWKHPDQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHFRQVRQDQWV6LEDZD\KFODVVLILHVWKHFRQVRQDQWVRI$UDELFǦīm and Sibawayh’s remarks on the manneršadīdah of DQGarticulationULḫZDK ,of ‘tight’ the consonants. and ‘slack’ (Carter 2004:126). LQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVEDVHGRQPDQQHUSibawayh classifies the consonants šadīdah of ArabicDQG ULintoḫZDK ,two ‘tight’ categories and ‘slack’ based on (Carter 2004:126). .(and riḫwah, ‘tight’ and ‘slack’ (Carter 2004:126 ء،ﻕ،ﻙ،ﺝ،ﻁ،ﺕ،ﺩ،ﺏ manner,šadīdah: šadīdah ء،ﻕ،ﻙ،ﺝ،ﻁ،ﺕ،ﺩ،ﺏ :šadīdah:šadīdah ﻩ،ﺡ،ﻍ،ﺥ،ﺵ،ﺹ،ﺽ،ﺯ،ﺱ،ﻅ،ﺙ،ﺫ،ﻑ ULriḫwah:ḫZDK If Ǧīm was an affricate, then the classification of Ṣād in a different ﻩ،ﺡ،ﻍ،ﺥ،ﺵ،ﺹ،ﺽ،ﺯ،ﺱ،ﻅ،ﺙ،ﺫ،ﻑULḫZDK ,IcategoryǦīmZDVDQDIIULFDWHWKHQWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQRI of manner would constitute evidence againstṢād anLQDGLIIHUHQWFDWHJRU\RIPDQQHUZRXOG affricated realization. But what evidence is there for an affricated Ǧīm in Sibawayh? As is well known, FRQVWLWXWH,ItheǦīm originalZDVDQDIIULFDWHWKHQWKHFODVVLILFDWLRQRI HYLGHQFH realization DJDLQVW of this DQphoneme DIIULFDWHG in Proto-Semitic, UHDOL]DWLRQṢādLQDGLIIHUHQWFDWHJRU\RIPDQQHUZRXOG and %XW indeed ZKDW inHYLGHQFH Proto- LV WKHUH IRU DQ FRQVWLWXWHArabic, was HYLGHQFH a voiced DJDLQVW velar stop, DQ DIIULFDWHG [g]. Sibawayh’s UHDOL]DWLRQ description %XW ZKDWof the HYLGHQFH sound LV WKHUH IRU DQ DIIULFDWHGsuggests thatǦīm LQ6LEDZD\K"$VLVZHOONQRZQWKHRULJLQDOUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKLVSKRQHPHLQit no longer had this value in the pronunciation he endorsed. Its LQGHHG[j] suggests LQ that 3URWR$UDELF it was fronted ZDV to a D palatal YRLFHG position. YHODU What VWRS >J@Sibawayh’s ي 3URWR6HPLWLFDIIULFDWHGclassificationǦīmLQ6LEDZD\K"$VLVZHOONQRZQWKHRULJLQDOUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKLVSKRQHPHLQ DQGwith is interesting about this fact is that palatal affricates are incredibly rare cross- GHVFULSWLRQ3URWR6HPLWLFlinguistically. RI10 WKH DQGWhile VRXQG LQGHHG possible, VXJJHVWV LQ Sibawayh 3URWR$UDELF WKDW was LW QRmore ZDV ORQJHU likely D YRLFHG KDGreferring WKLV YHODU to YDOXH a voiced VWRS LQ SURQXQFLDWLRQ >J@Sibawayh’s KH WKDW>M@ VXJJHVWV LW QR ORQJHU WKDW LW KDG ZDV WKLV IURQWHG YDOXH WR LQ D SURQXQFLDWLRQ SDODWDO SRVLWLRQ KH ﻱ HQGRUVHGGHVFULSWLRQ ,WV RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ WKH VRXQG VXJJHVWV ZLWK palatal affricate occurs in only 1.77% of its ﻱAccording to UPSID database, a voiced 10 :KDWHQGRUVHGlanguages LV LQWHUHVWLQJ(http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0409.html ,WV FODVVLILFDWLRQ DERXW WKLV ZLWK IDFW >M@ LV VXJJHVWV WKDW SDODWDO). I WKDW thank DIIULFDWHV LWmy ZDV friend IURQWHG and DUH colleague LQFUHGLEO\ WR D SDODWDO UDUH SRVLWLRQ FURVV :KDWMarijn LVvan LQWHUHVWLQJ Putten for this reference. DERXW WKLV IDFW LV WKDW SDODWDO DIIULFDWHV DUH LQFUHGLEO\ UDUH FURVV

54 OLQJXLVWLFDOO\:KLOHSRVVLEOH6LEDZD\KZDVPRUHOLNHO\UHIHUULQJWRDYRLFHGSDODWDOVWRS >ɟ@7RGHWHUPLQHLIWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVFRUUHFWZHVKRXOGILUVWH[DPLQHZKHWKHURUQRW LWSURGXFHVOLQJXLVWLFDOO\DQRPDORXV:KLOHSRVVLEOH6LEDZD\KZDVPRUHOLNHO\UHIHUULQJWRDYRLFHGSDODWDOVWRSGHVFULSWLRQVRISKRQHPHVZKLFKDUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHǦīm ʾAṣ-ṣādu llatī ka-s-sīn – evidence for an affricated Ṣād in Sibawayh? >OLQJXLVWLFDOO\ɟ@7RGHWHUPLQHLIWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVFRUUHFWZHVKRXOGILUVWH[DPLQHZKHWKHURUQRW:KLOHSRVVLEOH6LEDZD\KZDVPRUHOLNHO\UHIHUULQJWRDYRLFHGSDODWDOVWRS ُوالجيمَ التى ِكالكافَ 11 palatal TheLWSURGXFHV>stopɟ@ Ǧīm [ɟ].7RGHWHUPLQHLIWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVFRUUHFWZHVKRXOGILUVWH[DPLQHZKHWKHURUQRW which ToDQRPDORXV determine is like the GHVFULSWLRQVRISKRQHPHVZKLFKDUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHif thisKāf interpretation is correct, we should first Ǧīm examine whether or not it produces anomalous descriptions of phonemes which 7KLVVHHPVWRGHVFULEHWKHRULJLQDOYHODUVWRSSURQXQFLDWLRQ>J@LWSURGXFHVDQRPDORXVGHVFULSWLRQVRISKRQHPHVZKLFKDUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHǦīm . Ǧīm ُوالجيمَ to theالتى ِكالكافare comparedَ is like the Kāf ُوالجيمwhichَ التىǦīm ِكالكافTheَ والجيم التى ِّكالش ين The7KLVVHHPVWRGHVFULEHWKHRULJLQDOYHODUVWRSSURQXQFLDWLRQ>J@The Ǧīm Ǧīm which which is islike like the the Kāf Kāf ThisThe seemsǦīm which to describe is like the the original Šīn velar stop pronunciation [g]. 7KLV7KLVVHHPVWRGHVFULEHWKHRULJLQDOYHODUVWRSSURQXQFLDWLRQ>J@ FRXOG VLJQDO D YRLFHOHVV SDODWDO VWRS >F@ 0RVW VFKRODUV have interpreted Sibawayh’s والجيم التى ِّكالشين TheSODFHPHQWRIWKH Ǧīm which is likeŠīn theZLWKWKHSDODWDO>M@WRLQGLFDWHWKDWLWZDVUHDOL]HGDVDYRLFHOHVVSDODWDO Šīn is like the Šīn والجيم which التى Ǧīm ِّكالشينThe ThisIULFDWLYH> couldo@7KDWLWVRULJLQDOODWHUDOTXDOLW\ZDVORVWLVFOHDUE\WKHIDFWWKDW6LEDZD\KVWDWHV signal a voiceless palatal stop [c]. Most scholars have 7KLVThe Ǧīm FRXOG which VLJQDO is like D YRLFHOHVV the Šīn SDODWDO VWRS >F@ 0RVW VFKRODUV have interpreted Sibawayh’s interpretedWKDWWKH Sibawayh’sḌādVKDUHVLWVSODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQZLWKQRRWKHUVRXQG placement of the Šīn with the palatal [j] to indicate that 7KHǦīmZKLFKLVOLNHWKH it was realizedSODFHPHQWRIWKH7KLV FRXOG as a voiceless VLJQDOŠīn D palatalZLWKWKHSDODWDO>M@WRLQGLFDWHWKDWLWZDVUHDOL]HGDVDYRLFHOHVVSDODWDO YRLFHOHVV fricative SDODWDO [ç]. VWRSThat its >F@ original 0RVW lateral VFKRODUV qualityhave interpreted Sibawayh’s was lostŠīn is FRXOGWKHUHIRUHVLJQDOWKHYRLFHGFRXQWHUSDUWRIclear by the fact that Sibawayh states that the Ḍād sharesŠīn its place WKDWLVD of YRLFHGSDODWDO IULFDWLYH IULFDWLYH>SODFHPHQWRIWKHo@7KDWLWVRULJLQDOODWHUDOTXDOLW\ZDVORVWLVFOHDUE\WKHIDFWWKDW6LEDZD\KVWDWHVŠīnZLWKWKHSDODWDO>M@WRLQGLFDWHWKDWLWZDVUHDOL]HGDVDYRLFHOHVVSDODWDO articulation>ʝ@ with no other sound. The Ǧīm which is like the Šīn could therefore signal theWKDWWKHIULFDWLYH> voicedḌād counterparto@7KDWLWVRULJLQDOODWHUDOTXDOLW\ZDVORVWLVFOHDUE\WKHIDFWWKDW6LEDZD\KVWDWHVVKDUHVLWVSODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQZLWKQRRWKHUVRXQG of Šīn, that is, a voiced palatal fricative [ʝ].12 7KHǦīmZKLFKLVOLNHWKH ŠīnFRXOGWKHUHIRUHVLJQDOWKHYRLFHGFRXQWHUSDUWRI Šīn WKDWLVD YRLFHGSDODWDO IULFDWLYH VKDUHVLWVSODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQZLWKQRRWKHUVRXQG 7KHǦīmZKLFKLVOLNHWKH ِّوالشḌādين التى WKDWWKHكالجيم >ʝ@ TheTheŠīn ŠīnFRXOGWKHUHIRUHVLJQDOWKHYRLFHGFRXQWHUSDUWRIŠīn which which is is like like the the Ǧīm Ǧīm Šīn WKDWLVD YRLFHGSDODWDO IULFDWLYH Al-Nassir (1990:19) translates ibn Jinnī’s explanation of this sound as $O>ʝ@Nassir (1990:19) translates ibn Jinnī’s explanationRIWKLVVRXQGDVIROORZV–“it is the Shīn Shīn whose outlet occupies less “expanse” and retracts back ِّوالش ين is theالتى it“ – كالجيمfollows slightlywhose towards outlet the Jīm”. occupies If this less explanation “expanse” is correct, and retracts then it wouldback slightlyseem to towards the Jīm”. If this palatal is like stop the [c]. Ǧīm On the other hand, it can equally describe ِّوالشين which التى a voiceless Šīn كالجيمdescribeThe H[SODQDWLRQLVFRUUHFWWKHQLWZRXOGVHHPWRGHVFULEHDYRLFHOHVVSDODWDOVWRS>F@2QWKH the voiced$OTheNassir allophoneŠīn which (1990:19) Šīn is; like the translates thereference Ǧīm ibn to ǦīmJinnī’s would explanation then be theRIWKLVVRXQGDVIROORZV result of it –“it is the Shīn occupyingRWKHU the KDQG same point LW FDQ of HTXDOO\articulation. GHVFULEH WKH YRLFHG DOORSKRQH Šīn WKH UHIHUHQFH WR Ǧīm ZRXOG whose$ONassir outlet (1990:19) occupies translates less “expanse” ibn Jinnī’s and explanation retracts backRIWKLVVRXQGDVIROORZV slightly towards the– “itJīm”. is the If Shīn this WKHQEHWKHUHVXOWRILWRFFXS\LQJWKHVDPHSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQ ThereH[SODQDWLRQLVFRUUHFWWKHQLWZRXOGVHHPWRGHVFULEHDYRLFHOHVVSDODWDOVWRS>F@2QWKHwhose is outlet therefore occupies nothing less in Sibawayh’s“expanse” otherand retracts references back to theslightly Ǧīm towards the Jīm”. If this which contradict a palatal stop interpretation, but is there positive evidence for RWKHUH[SODQDWLRQLVFRUUHFWWKHQLWZRXOGVHHPWRGHVFULEHDYRLFHOHVVSDODWDOVWRS>F@2QWKH KDQG LW FDQ HTXDOO\ GHVFULEH WKH YRLFHG DOORSKRQH Šīn WKH UHIHUHQFH WR Ǧīm ZRXOG this pronunciationThere is therefore in the early nothing centuries in of Sibawayh’sthe Islamic era? other Several references disconnected to the Ǧīm ZKLFK FRQWUDGLFW D pieces WKHQEHWKHUHVXOWRILWRFFXS\LQJWKHVDPHSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQRWKHU of evidence KDQG suggest LW FDQ so.HTXDOO\ The first GHVFULEH was WKH already YRLFHG pointed DOORSKRQH out Šīn by WKHSteiner UHIHUHQFH WR Ǧīm ZRXOG .written as Hakak حجاج SDODWDOVWRSLQWHUSUHWDWLRQEXWLVWKHUHSRVLWLYHHYLGHQFHIRUWKLVSURQXQFLDWLRQLQWKHHDUO\ – several Arabo-Sassanian coins bear the name(1982:80) WKHQEHWKHUHVXOWRILWRFFXS\LQJWKHVDPHSRLQWRIDUWLFXODWLRQ While FHQWXULHVRIWKH,VODPLFHUD"Steiner develops a rather complicated6HYHUDOGLVFRQQHFWHGSLHFHVRIHYLGHQFHVXJJHVWVR7KHILUVW scenario to account for why [d͡ ʒ] was writtenThere with is thereforethe k sign, which nothing signified in Sibawayh’s Middle Persian other [g], references rather than tothe they Ǧīm ZKLFK FRQWUDGLFW D ZDVDOUHDG\SRLQWHGRXWE\6WHLQHU ͡ –VHYHUDO$UDER6DVVDQLDQFRLQVEHDUWKHQDPH sign (=SDODWDOVWRSLQWHUSUHWDWLRQEXWLVWKHUHSRVLWLYHHYLGHQFHIRUWKLVSURQXQFLDWLRQLQWKHHDUO\ ThereMiddle isPersian therefore [dʒ]), this nothing is motivated in Sibawayh’s by the belief other that referencesthe realization to of the Ǧīm ZKLFK FRQWUDGLFW D ,wasZULWWHQDV [d͡ ʒ]. In fact,+DNDN Middle:K PersianLOH6WHLQGHYHORSVDUDWKHUFRPSOLFDWHGVFHQDULRWRDFFRXQWIRU k [g] points towards a stop realization ج ﺡﺝﺍﺝArabic FHQWXULHVRIWKH,VODPLFHUD"SDODWDOVWRSLQWHUSUHWDWLRQEXWLVWKHUHSRVLWLYHHYLGHQFHIRUWKLVSURQXQFLDWLRQLQWKHHDUO\6HYHUDOGLVFRQQHFWHGSLHFHVRIHYLGHQFHVXJJHVWVR7KHILUVW either [g]ZK\ or >[ɟ].d ʒ@ZDVZULWWHQZLWKWKHNVLJQZKLFKVLJQLILHG0LGGOH3HUVLDQ>J@UDWKHUWKDQWKH\ ZDVDOUHDG\SRLQWHGRXWE\6WHLQHU FHQWXULHVRIWKH,VODPLFHUD"6HYHUDOGLVFRQQHFWHGSLHFHVRIHYLGHQFHVXJJHVWVR7KHILUVW–VHYHUDO$UDER6DVVDQLDQFRLQVEHDUWKHQDPH

ﺡﺝﺍﺝ11 ZDVDOUHDG\SRLQWHGRXWE\6WHLQHU This ZULWWHQDV sound is known +DNDN from :K several LOH6WHLQGHYHORSVDUDWKHUFRPSOLFDWHGVFHQDULRWRDFFRXQWIRU Arabic dialects today (see–VHYHUDO$UDER6DVVDQLDQFRLQVEHDUWKHQDPH Watson 2002:16); the palatal stop reconstruction of Sibawayh’s Ǧīm is also held by Gairdner 1925: 23; Fischer and \FFRUGLQJWR836,'GDWDEDVHDYRLFHGSDODWDODIIULFDWHRFFXUVLQRQO\RILWVODQJXDJHV 105;>ZULWWHQDVd ʒ @WatsonZDVZULWWHQZLWKWKH 1992:+DNDN 73. :KLOH6WHLQGHYHORSVDUDWKHUFRPSOLFDWHGVFHQDULRWRDFFRXQWIRUNVLJQZKLFKVLJQLILHG0LGGOH3HUVLDQ>J@UDWKHUWKDQWKH$ﺡﺝﺍﺝ\Jastrow 1980:ZK 12 ZK\KWWSZHESKRQHWLNXQLIUDQNIXUWGH66KWPO This sound>d ʒ@ ZDVZULWWHQZLWKWKH is the immediate predecessorN toVLJQZKLFKVLJQLILHG0LGGOH3HUVLDQ>J@UDWKHUWKDQWKH the modern palato-alveolar,WKDQNP\IULHQGDQGFROOHDJXH0DULMQYDQ3XWWHQIRU fricative [ʒ], \ typical of many Maghrebine and Levantine dialects. WKLVUHIHUHQFH $FFRUGLQJWR836,'GDWDEDVHDYRLFHGSDODWDODIIULFDWHRFFXUVLQRQO\RILWVODQJXDJHV 55 KWWSZHESKRQHWLNXQLIUDQNIXUWGH66KWPO7KLVVRXQGLVNQRZQIURPVHYHUDO$UDELFGLDOHFWVWRGD\ VHH:DWVRQ WKHSDODWDOVWRSUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWR836,'GDWDEDVHDYRLFHGSDODWDODIIULFDWHRFFXUVLQRQO\RILWVODQJXDJHV ,WKDQNP\IULHQGDQGFROOHDJXH0DULMQYDQ3XWWHQIRU ofWKLVUHIHUHQFH KWWSZHESKRQHWLNXQLIUDQNIXUWGH66KWPO Sibawayh’s ǦīmLVDOVRKHOGE\*DLUGQHU)LVFKHUDQG-DVWURZ:DWVRQ ,WKDQNP\IULHQGDQGFROOHDJXH0DULMQYDQ3XWWHQIRU WKLVUHIHUHQFH 7KLVVRXQGLVNQRZQIURPVHYHUDO$UDELFGLDOHFWVWRGD\ VHH:DWVRQ WKHSDODWDOVWRSUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ7KLV VRXQG LV WKH LPPHGLDWH SUHGHFHVVRU WR WKH PRGHUQ SDODWRDOYHRODU IULFDWLYH >ʒ@ W\SLFDO RI PDQ\ 0DJKUHELQHDQG/HYDQWLQHGLDOHFWVof7KLVVRXQGLVNQRZQIURPVHYHUDO$UDELFGLDOHFWVWRGD\ VHH:DWVRQ WKHSDODWDOVWRSUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ Sibawayh’s ǦīmLVDOVRKHOGE\*DLUGQHU)LVFKHUDQG-DVWURZ:DWVRQ of Sibawayh’s ǦīmLVDOVRKHOGE\*DLUGQHU)LVFKHUDQG-DVWURZ:DWVRQ 7KLV VRXQG LV WKH LPPHGLDWH SUHGHFHVVRU WR WKH PRGHUQ SDODWRDOYHRODU IULFDWLYH >ʒ@ W\SLFDO RI PDQ\ 0DJKUHELQHDQG/HYDQWLQHGLDOHFWV7KLV VRXQG LV WKH LPPHGLDWH SUHGHFHVVRU WR WKH PRGHUQ SDODWRDOYHRODU IULFDWLYH >ʒ@ W\SLFDO RI PDQ\ 0DJKUHELQHDQG/HYDQWLQHGLDOHFWV Al-Nassir (1990:19) translates ibn Jinnī’s explanation of this sound as follows – “it is the Shīn Al-Nassir (1990:19) translates ibn Jinnī’s explanation of this sound as followswhose – “it outletis the Shīnoccupies less “expanse” and retracts back slightly towards the Jīm”. If this whose outlet occupies less “expanse” and retracts back slightly towards the Jīm”. If this explanation is correct, then it would seem to describe a voiceless palatal stop [c]. The explanation is correct, then it would seem to describe a voiceless palataldescription stop [c]. also The agrees with a voiced allophone Šīn. description also agrees with a voiced allophone Šīn. There is therefore nothing in Sibawayh’s other references to the Ǧīm which contradict a There is therefore nothing in Sibawayh’s other references to the Ǧīm whichpalatal contradict stop interpretation. a The next question is whether or not there is positive evidence palatal stop interpretation. The next question is whether or not there is forpositive this pronunciation evidence in the early centuries of the Islamic era? Several disconnected pieces for this pronunciation in the early centuries of the Islamic era? Several disconnectedof evidence piecessuggest so. The first was already pointed out by Steiner (1982:80) – several written as Hakak. While Steiner develops a حجاج of evidence suggest so. The first was already pointed out by Steiner (1982:80)Arabo-Sassanian – several coins bear the name حجاج Arabo-Sassanian coins bear the name written as Hakak. While Steinratherer developscomplicated a scenario to account for why [d͡ʒ] was written with the k sign, which rather complicated scenario to account for why [d͡ʒ] was written with signifiedthe k sign, Middle which Persian [g], rather than the y sign (= Middle Persian [d͡ʒ]), this is motivated was [d͡ʒ]. In fact, Middle Persian k [g] points ج signified Middle Persian [g], rather than the y sign (= Middle Persian [d͡ʒ]),by this the is belief motivated that the realization of Arabic ج by the belief that the realization of Arabic was [d͡ʒ]. In fact, Middle Persiantowards k [g]a stop point realizations , either [g] or [ɟ]. Ahmad Al-Jallad towards a stop realization, either [g] or [ɟ].

In GreekIn Greek transcriptions transcriptions of Arabic of Arabicfrom Nessana from Nessana during the during first Islamicthe first Islamic century, attempts at In Greek transcriptions of Arabic from Nessana during the first Islamic century, attempts at .(Isserlin 1969:21) جمع > and Γιαμ جعفر >> century, attemptsindicating at indicating palatalization palatalization are arefound found,, e.g., e.g., Γιαφαρ Γιαφαρ Isserlin(Isserlin 1969:21). 1969:21 ).Early Arabic loanwords Berber and Neo-Aramaic) جمع > and ΓιαμΓιαμ جعفر > indicating palatalization are found, e.g., Γιαφαρ also point towardsEarly Arabic a stop pronunciation.loanwords Berber In particular, and Neo the-Aramaic word for also ‘Friday’ point in towards a stop pronunciation. Early Arabic loanwords Berber and Neo-Aramaic also point towardsthe Berber a stop ofIn the particular,pronunciation. Libyan Oasis the of word Awjila for precisely ‘Friday’ suggests in the Berberan original of palatalthe Libyan Oasis of Awjila precisely 13 In particular, the word for ‘Friday’ in the Berber of the Libyanstop Oasis pronunciation ofsuggest Awjila ins Arabic.anprecisely original palatal stop pronunciation in Arabic.13 suggests an original palatal stop pronunciation in Arabic.13 In light of this discussion, we can carefully conclude that Sibawayh’s Ǧīm was a palatalIn stop light [ɟ] of rather this discussion,than an affricate, we can which carefully eliminates conclude the problem that Sibawayh’s of Ǧīm was a palatal stop In light of this discussion, we can carefully conclude that Sibawayh’san affricate Ǧīm classifiedwas a palatal as a šadīdstop sound vis-a-vis the riḫwah classification of the Ṣād. This also[ɟ] rather means thanthat therean affricate were no, whichaffricates eliminates in the Arabic the problemof Sibawayh of an affricate classified as a šadīd [ɟ] rather than an affricate, which eliminates the problem of anto affricate which he classified could have as compareda šadīd the Ṣād. The absence of this feature in other phonemes couldsound have vis motivated-a-vis the Sibawayh riḫwah classification to view affrication of the as aṢ symptomād. This of also means that there were no sound vis-a-vis the riḫwah classification of the Ṣād. This also means that there were no emphasis andaffricates explains inwhy the Sibawayh Arabic of classified Sibawayh the to affricated which he Ṣād could as a riḫwahhave compared the Ṣād. The absence affricates in the Arabic of Sibawayh to which he could have comparedsound. Affricates the Ṣād. haveThe absenceproperties of stops and sibilants and could have in theory been classifiedof this in either feature of Sibawayh’sin other phonemes categories, coulddepending have on motivatedwhich aspect Sibawayh is to view affrication as a of this feature in other phonemes could have motivated Sibawayhemphasized. to view Since affrication Sibawayh as statesa that the removal of ʾitbāq would transform the Ṣād intosymptom a Sīn, it would of emphasis seem that and the explainssibilant quality why ofSibawayh the sound classified was felt the affricated Ṣād as a riḫwah symptom of emphasis and explains why Sibawayh classified the affricated Ṣād as a riḫwah essential, thussound tipping. A theffricates scale to have the riḫwah properties category. of stops and sibilants and could have in theory been sound. Affricates have properties of stops and sibilants and could have in theory been 5. Conclusionclassified in either of Sibawayh’s categories, depending on which aspect is emphasized. classified in either of Sibawayh’s categories, depending on which aspect is emphasized. To sumSince up Sibawayhour discussion states – the that transcription the removal of ofṢād ʾitbāq in Greek would from transform the the Ṣād into a Sīn, it would Since Sibawayh states that the removal of ʾitbāq would transformearly the centuries Ṣād into of a theSīn Islamic, it would era suggest that it was an affricate. A close reading seem that the sibilant quality of the sound was felt essential, thus tipping the scale to the seem that the sibilant quality of the sound was felt essential, thusof Sibawayh tipping seemsthe scale to corroborate to the this, while at the same time suggesting that had notriḫ wahyet becomecategory. an palato-alveolar affricate [d͡ʒ]. Sibawayh viewed ج the riḫwah category. affrication as symptomatic of ʾiṭbāq, which causes him to connect the sound with the Sīn [s]. 5. Conclusion 5. Conclusion Bibliography Al-Nassir, A. A. 1993. Sibawayh the Phonologist: A Critical Study of the Phonetic and Phonological Theory of Sibawayh as Presented in His Treatise Al-Kitab. London; New York: Kegan Paul International. 13 Van Putten and Benkato note that the word for Friday in Awjila ālégmət must derive from an Arabic form *al- 13 Behnstedt, P. 1987. Die Dialekte der Gegend von Ṣafdah (Nord-Jemen). Wiesbaden: .(van Putten and Benkato forthcoming, §4.5) ج Van Putten and Benkato note that the word for Friday in Awjila ālégmət must deriveHarrassowitz. fromǵum anʕat Arabic with aform palatal *al -stop reflex of .van Putten and Benkato forthcoming, §4.5).Carter, M. G. 2004. Sibawayhi. London; New York: I.B. Tauris) ج ǵumʕat with a palatal stop reflex of Fischer and O. Jastrow (eds.) (1980), Handbuch der Arabischen Dialekte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

13 Van Putten and Benkato note that the word for Friday in Awjila ālegmət must derive from ,van Putten and Benkato forthcoming) ج an Arabic form *al-ǵumʕat with a palatal stop reflex of §4.5).

56 ʾAṣ-ṣādu llatī ka-s-sīn – evidence for an affricated Ṣād in Sibawayh?

Gairdner, W. H. T. (1925), The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Høgel, C. 2010. “An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qur’ān. The fragments from Niketas Byzantios’ Refutatio and the anonymous Abjuratio.” Collectanea Christiana Orientalia 7: 67-120. Isserlin, B. 1969. “The Nessana Papyri. The Greek Transcriptions of Arabic”, The Annual of Leeds University 7, p. 17–31. van Putten, M. and A. Benkato. forthcoming. ‘The Arabic Strata in Awjila Berber’ in A. Al-Jallad (ed.) Arabic in Context. Leiden: Brill. Steiner, R. C. 1982. Affricated Ṣade in the Semitic Languages. New York: American Academy for Jewish Research. Watson, J.1992. ‘Kashkasha with reference to modern Yemeni dialects’, Zeitschrift fur Arabische Linguistik 24: 60–81. Watson, J. 2002. Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.