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Lexkhoj Publications Volume I Issue Ii LEXKHOJ RESEARCH JOURNAL OF LAW & SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES ISSN: 2456-4524 VOLUME I ISSUE II Website:www.lexkhoj.com E-mail:[email protected] LEXKHOJ PUBLICATIONS EDITORIAL NOTE LEXKHOJ is delighted to announce its Second edition of the Lexkhoj Research Journal of Law and Socio-Economic Issues which is an international journal, publishing critical approaches to socio-legal study and multi-disciplinary analysis of issues related to law and socio-economic. The journal will strive to combine academic excellence with professional relevance and a practical focus by publishing wide varieties of research papers, insightful reviews, essays and articles by students, established scholars and professionals as well as by both domestic and international authors. Authors should confirm that the manuscript has not been, and will not be, submitted elsewhere at the same time. The Journal provides a forum for in-depth analysis of problems of legal, social, economic, cultural and environmental transformation taking place in the country and word-wide. It welcomes articles with rigorous reasoning, supported by proper documentation. The Journal would particularly encourage inter-disciplinary articles that are accessible to a wider group of Social activist, economist, Researcher, policy makers, Professionals and students. This quarterly issue of the journal would like to encourage and welcome more and more writers to get their work published. The papers will be selected by our editorial board that would rely upon the vibrant skills and knowledge immersed in the paper. Needless to say, any papers that you wish to submit, either individually or collaboratively, are much appreciated and will make a substantial contribution to the early development and success of the journal. Best wishes and thank you in advance for your contribution to the Lexkhoj Research Journal of Law and Socio-Economic Issues. 2 EDITORIAL BOARD Founder Editors Vishnu Tandi Sukriti Ghai Yogita Lohia Editor-in-Chief Parikshet Sirohi Student Editors Riya Attri Kumar Deepraj Urvashi Agrawal 3 SPACE AS NEW TOURIST DESTINATION – CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS * Raj Krishna, Chanakya National Law University, Patna ABSTRACT Space tourism, which our forefathers could not have even fathomed, is very much in vogue today. The enterprising skill of human being has made this a reality in the present times. Today the mankind stands at a significant juncture between the early successes of the orbital space tourism industry, and the very near promise of the start of sub-orbital space tourism operations. Spaceports stand ready to embrace the new sub-orbital space tourism markets and their attendant economic and employment opportunities. However, there are various challenges which need to be tackled before making strides in the field of space tourism. To regulate and streamline Space tourism and address related issues international laws and treaties have been enacted and implemented. As the popularity of Space tourism increases there may be a need to enact additional laws and guidelines in future to address those new initiatives. Space tourism has nonetheless made a promising start and it poses challenge not only to scientists but to also the law makers whose intellect may always be called for to make it for popular and adoptable. 4 INTRODUCTION Human being by nature loves to travel. From time immemorial the mankind has been exploring new places touring to unknown destination to understand the world in which he lives. Often he travels to unknown destinations for purpose of recreation and leisure. Earlier only the affluent class afforded to travel. Later on even the middle class took to touring with vigour and jest. Globally tourism has come to acquire the status of an industry. Every nation strives to develop tourist destinations to earn higher revenue through greater influx of tourists to these destinations. They also incur huge expenditure in advertisement to attract tourists. With the advancement of science and technology the borders of tourist destinations have widened to include hitherto unexplored destinations such as space and outer space. Today moon and space have become the new tourist destination. The terms used for this kind of tourism are space and lunar tourism. Space tourism can be defined as space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes1whereas lunar tourism can be defined as a kind of space tourism made on or around the Moon.2 A large number of startup companies have sprung up in the recent years with an aim to create orbital and sub-orbital space tourism industry. Some of the companies involved in the industry of space tourism are Virgin Galactic and XCOR Aerospace. Russia and many more countries have shown interest in space tourism. Opportunities in orbital space tourism are still limited and it is also quite expensive. This precisely is the reason that till date only Russian Space Agency has provided transportation to space.3 The publicized price for flights brokered by Space Adventures to the International Space Station aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft have been US $20–40 million, during the period 2001–2009 when 7 space tourists made 8 space flights. There have been some space tourists who have signed contracts with third parties to conduct certain research activities while in orbit.4 Russia however has halted its orbital space tourism since 2010 due to increase in the International Space Station crew size, using the seats for expedition crews that would have 1Space Tourism, Wikipedia (Jan. 10, 2017, 9:40 a.m.), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tourism 2Tourism on the Moon, Wikipedia (Jan. 11, 2017, 9:50 a.m.), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon 3 Supra note 1. 4 Id. 5 been sold to paying spaceflight participants.5But, the services of orbital tourist flights are expected to resume very soon. Today we are standing at a significant juncture between the early successes of the orbital space tourism industry, and the very near promise of the start of sub-orbital space tourism operations. 2. HISTORY OF SPACE TOURISM The Soviet space program was the very first program launched by USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in order to broaden the pool of cosmonauts. The Soviet Inter-cosmos program included cosmonauts from the countries who were the members of Warsaw Pact (i.e., from Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania etc…). Later on cosmonauts were also selected from the countries who were the allies of USSR (Cuba, Mongolia, Vietnam etc…) and the non-aligned countries (India, Syria, Afghanistan etc…). Most of these cosmonauts received full training for their missions and were treated as equals. However with the beginning of the Mir program, they were given shorter flights than the Soviet cosmonauts.6 The U.S. too introduced a space shuttle program which included payload specialist positions that were usually filled by the representatives of companies or institutions managing a specific payload on that mission. However these payload specialists did not receive the same training as that of professional NASA astronauts and were not employed by NASA. In 1983, Ulf Merbold from ESA (European Space Agency) and Byron Lichtenberg from MIT (engineer and Air Force fighter pilot) were the first payload specialists to fly on the Space Shuttle, on mission STS-9.78 In 1984, Charles D. Walker, along with his employer McDonnell Douglas, became the first non-government astronaut to fly, after paying $40,000 to NASA for his flight. 9 NASA was 5 Dmitry Solovyov, Russia halts space tours as U.S. retires Shuttle, Reuters (Jan. 16, 2017, 9:50 a.m.), http://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-russia-idUSTRE6223VF20100303 6 Supra note 1. 7Biographical Data: Byron K. Lichtenberg, SC. D, NASA (Jan. 12, 2017, 10:40 a.m.), http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lichtenberg-bk.html 8Astronauts: Ulf Merbold, European Space Agency (Jan. 12, 2017, 10:45 a.m.), http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Ulf_Merbold 9 Chris Dubbs&EmelinePaat-Dahlstrom, Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight, 74-75 (1st ed. 2011). 6 also eager to prove its capability to the Congressional sponsors. Thus, Senator Jake Garn was flown on Shuttle in 1985.10 It was further followed by the Representative Bill Nelson in 1986.11 During 1970s, Shuttle prime contractor Rockwell International studied about a $200–300 million removable cabin that could fit into the Shuttle's cargo bay. The cabin could carry up to 74 passengers into orbit for up to three days. Space Habitation Design Associates proposed, in 1983, a cabin for 72 passengers in the bay. Passengers were to be located in six sections, each with windows and its own loading ramp, and with seats in different configurations for launch and landing. Another proposal was based on the Spacelab habitation modules, which provided 32 seats in the payload bay in addition to those in the cockpit area.12 A presentation given at the National Space Society in 1985 stated that although flying tourists in the cabin would cost $1 to 1.5 million per passenger without government subsidy, within the next 15 years 30,000 people a year would pay $25,000 each to fly in space on new spacecraft. The presentation also talked about flights to lunar orbit within 30 years and visits to the lunar surface within the next 50 years.13 As the shuttle program expanded in the early 1980s, NASA began a Space Flight Participant program to allow citizens without scientific or governmental roles to fly. Christa McAuliffe was chosen as the first Teacher travel in space in July 1985 out of the 11,400 applicants. 1,700 applied for the Journalist in Space program, including Walter Cronkite, Tom Brokaw, Tom Wolfe, and Sam Donaldson. An Artist in Space program was considered, and NASA expected that after McAuliffe's flight two to three civilians a year would fly on the shuttle.14 However the flight of Christa McAuliffe met with an accident.
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