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PANONSKÉ STEPNÍ TRÁVNÍKY NA Moravù Obalka 6.12.2006 16:22 Stránka 2

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PANONSKÉ STEPNÍ TRÁVNÍKY NA Moravù Obalka 6.12.2006 16:22 Stránka 2 obalka 6.12.2006 16:22 Stránka 1 âASOPIS PRO OCHRANU P¤ÍRODY A KRAJINY XX. roãník 2006 17. zvlá‰tní vydání PANONSKÉ STEPNÍ TRÁVNÍKY NA MORAVù obalka 6.12.2006 16:22 Stránka 2 PANONSKÉ STEPNÍ TRÁVNÍKY NA MORAVù Uspofiádali Antonín Buãek, Jan Lacina a Zdenûk La‰tÛvka Pannonic Steppes and Dry Grasslands The Pannonic Steppes and Dry Grasslands exhibit extreme habitat conditions, which result from the arid climate, the low development of the soil and the locations barren settings. They offer many highly specialized animal and plant species a valuable habitat and are characterised by high biodiversity. The Pannonic Steppes and Dry Grasslands endangerment is a result of the change in traditional uses, especially in the fall in numbers of grazing sheep, goats and cattle. The intensifying of agricultural and forestry uses has also led to large scale losses. The area of the steppes and dry grasslands that at one time marked the landscape decreased during the last decades. With the drop in numbers of open land locations and the change in habitats' features, many characteristic steppe and dry grassland animal and plant species have become rare and are VERONICA – ãasopis pro ochranu pfiírody a krajiny highly endangered. Vydává: Regionální sdruÏení âSOP Brno Adresa redakce: VERONICA, Panská 9, 602 00 Brno For this reason the EU has put the Pannonic Steppes and Dry Grasslands on the list of “priority habitats”. The tel.: 542 422 756 • e-mail: [email protected] • www.veronica.cz member states of the EU have committed themselves to preserve such habitats and are supported by specific ·éfredaktor: Mgr. Dalibor Zachoval programs. Within the framework of the program, LIFE-Nature supports measures, which serve the preservation Korektury: Ing. Jifií Turek and restoration of natural habitats for animals and plants. This program should contribute to the improved Pfieklady: Ing. Dana Kumprechtová, Ph.D., Ing. Daniel Mikula application of the EU Fauna-Flora-Habitat Guideline and the Bird Protection Guideline and to the support of the Autofii této publikace: organization, Natura 2000, the European Nature Reserve Network. doc. Ing. Antonín Buãek, CSc. – LDF MZLU v Brnû doc. RNDr. Vít Grulich – PfiF MU v Brnû At present a LIFE-Nature Project is being carried out in Lower Austria, which should develop and permanently RNDr. Michal Horsák, Ph.D. – PfiF MU v Brnû secure the last remains of the Pannonic Steppes and Dry Grasslands and was also able to support the drawing doc. RNDr. Karel Hudec, DrSc. – Brno up of the publication at hand. Similar studies in Hungary and Slovakia will follow. The goal of which is to RNDr. Karel Kirchner – AVâR, Brno cooperate more closely in the future in the area of nature protection and to intensify the exchange of information Mgr. Petr Kment – Národní muzeum Praha since nature protection does not obey any national borders, but is a general matter of concern for all nations. doc. Ing. Jan Lacina, CSc. – LDF MZLU v Brnû Prof. RNDr. Zdenûk La‰tÛvka, CSc. – AF MZLU v Brnû Further information: www.steppe.at Ing. Antonín Pfiidal, Ph.D. – AF MZLU v Brnû Prof. RNDr. Rudolf Rozko‰n˘, DrSc. – PfiF MU v Brnû Mgr. Petr Slavík – AOPK Brno PhDr. Václav ·tûpánek, Ph.D. – FF MU v Brnû Vy‰lo: prosinec 2006 Tisk a litografie: Goli s. r. o., Brno Evidenãní ãíslo MK âR: 5622 © ZO âSOP Veronica 2006 ISSN 1213-0699 Foto na titulní stranû P. Halas, zadní strana I. Míchal Vydáno za podpory LIFE finanãních instrumentÛ Evropského spoleãenství. Tato publikace byla finanãnû podpofiena LIFE projektem „Panonské stepi a suché trávy“. Obsah 1. Úvod (A. Buãek, J. Lacina) 2 2. Biom stepí (A. Buãek, J. Lacina) 3 3. Severopanonské stepi (A. Buãek, J. Lacina) 5 4. Krajina moravsk˘ch stepních trávníkÛ (K. Kirchner, A. Buãek) 7 5. Historie vyuÏívání moravsk˘ch stepních lokalit (V. ·tûpánek) 11 6. Vegetace a flóra (V. Grulich) 14 7. V˘znamné druhy rostlin (V. Grulich, J. Lacina) 18 8. Fauna (Z. La‰tÛvka, M. Horsák, K. Hudec, P. Kment, R. Rozko‰n˘, A. Pfiidal) 24 9. V˘znamné lokality (V. Grulich, A. Buãek, J. Lacina) 37 10. ZaslouÏilí badatelé a ochránci (V. Grulich, A. Buãek, J. Lacina) 46 11. Péãe o stepní trávníky (P. Slavík) 48 12. Doporuãená literatura 53 13. Summary 54 Panonské stepi 1 1. ÚVOD zÛstaly zachovány i ve 3. tisíciletí, nestaãí jen pasivní ochrana. Tyto památné ostrovy pfiírodních pokladÛ âasopis Veronica tímto, jiÏ 17. zvlá‰tním ãíslem pokra- v souãasné kulturní krajinû vyÏadují soustavnou aktivní ãuje v dlouhodobé tradici vydávání monotematick˘ch péãi. Takováto péãe se neobejde bez zaji‰tûní finanã- publikací, vûnovan˘ch rÛzn˘m problémÛm ochrany pfií- ních prostfiedkÛ. Proto si na‰e publikace neskromnû rody a krajiny. Toto ãíslo, vûnované jednomu z v˘jimeã- klade velik˘ cíl – ovlivnit postoje vefiejnosti a pfiedev‰ím n˘ch klenotÛ krajiny âeské republiky – panonsk˘m ste- tûch, kdoÏ rozhodují o rozdûlování vefiejn˘ch zdrojÛ, tak pím na Moravû – vychází jako mal˘ dárek ãtenáfiÛm pfii aby prostfiedky na zaji‰tûní péãe byly dostateãné. pfiíleÏitosti oslav dvacátého v˘roãí vydávání na‰eho ãasopisu. Kolektiv autorÛ se pokusil – pokud moÏno Vydání 17. zvlá‰tního ãísla ãasopisu Veronica umoÏnily populární formou – shrnout poznatky o vzniku, v˘voji prostfiedky poskytnuté zemskou vládou Dolního a souãasném stavu moravsk˘ch stepí a jejich v˘znamu Rakouska v rámci projektu zamûfieného na ochranu, v evropském kontextu. propagaci a trvale udrÏiteln˘ v˘voj panonsk˘ch stepí a such˘ch trávníkÛ, kter˘ je souãástí programu Evrop- Na rozdíl od ãetn˘ch podobn˘ch publikací, zamûfien˘ch ské unie LIFE-Nature. V souãasnosti je projekt LIFE- pfiedev‰ím na území jiÏní Moravy, pokou‰í se tato publi- Nature aplikován v Dolním Rakousku, kde by mûl rozvi- kace zaujmout ‰ir‰í prostor Moravy, tedy i lokality roz- nout a trvale zajistit poslední zbytky panonsk˘ch stepí. manit˘ch stepních spoleãenstev v jejich mezních v˘sky- Publikace o tûchto ojedinûl˘ch lokalitách budou rovnûÏ tech. Samozfiejmû, Ïe rozsah zvlá‰tního ãísla Veroniky vydány v Maìarsku a na Slovensku. Cílem je bliωí spo- umoÏÀuje pouze omezen˘ v˘bûr jak v˘znamn˘ch loka- lupráce v oblasti ochrany pfiírody a také zintenzivnûní lit, tak i jejich v˘znamn˘ch druhÛ. Za milou povinnost v˘mûny informací, jelikoÏ ochrana pfiírody nezná hranic pfiitom povaÏujeme zmínit alespoÀ nûkteré pfiírodovûd- a je obecnou vûcí zájmu v‰ech národÛ. ce, ktefií spoleãenstva stepí nejen zkoumali, ale v˘znamnû se zaslouÏili i o jejich ochranu. MilovníkÛm pfiírody by toto ãíslo Veroniky mûlo slouÏit jako zdroj informací o jedineãn˘ch stepních spoleãen- stvech, která mÛÏeme oprávnûnû fiadit k nejcennûj‰ím pfiírodním a kulturnû-historick˘m pamûtihodnostem na‰í vlasti. K tomu, aby panonské stepní trávníky na Moravû Jako Ïezla králÛ trãí ze stepních trávníkÛ PR Malhotky nád- herná kvûtenství teplomilného vstavaãe nachového (Orchis purpurea) – foto P. Halas 2 Panonské stepi 2. BIOM STEPÍ k˘m pÛdotvorn˘m substrátem jsou spra‰e, které pfiekr˘- vají rozmanité geologické podloÏí. Spra‰ (v nûkter˘ch „Ech vy stepi, jak jste krásné!“ – povzdychl si nejednou ãástech Moravy v˘stiÏnû naz˘vaná „Ïlutice“) je eolická v Gogolovû románu kozáck˘ ataman Taras Bulba. Ter- hornina bohatá vápníkem. RÛznû mocné vrstvy spra‰í mín step se dostal do mezinárodní botanické terminolo- ukládal vítr v ledov˘ch dobách. Na spra‰ích se ve step- gie právû z ru‰tiny a ukrajin‰tiny, kde se zaãal pouÏívat ních oblastech vyvinuly ãernozemní pÛdy. Jsou nazvány v 18. století. Pfiedtím v˘chodní Slované naz˘vali step podle charakteristického tmavû zbarveného humusové- „divoké pole“. ho horizontu. Tento tmav˘ horizont s vysok˘m obsahem humusu vznikal po tisíciletí z kofienov˘ch zbytkÛ trav Stepi jsou svébytná travinná spoleãenstva mírného pás- a bylin pfii nedostatku vody. K akumulaci organick˘ch ma. Vyskytují se v oblastech kontinentálního klimatu, látek a k jejich pfiemisÈování do hlub‰ích vrstev pÛdy tedy tam, kde jsou teplá a suchá léta a chladné zimy. v˘znamnû pfiispívaly zejména ÏíÏaly. V jejich zaÏívacím Nedostatek sráÏek zde omezuje rÛst dfievin a zabraÀuje traktu se organické zbytky mísily s pÛdními ãásticemi. rozvoji souvisl˘ch lesních porostÛ. Typické euroasijské âernozemû se vyznaãují dostatkem Ïivin, a proto byly stepi se rozkládají mezi 45° aÏ 55° severní ‰ífiky od a jsou nejhodnotnûj‰ími zemûdûlsk˘mi pÛdami. Právû jihoukrajinsk˘ch a jihorusk˘ch rovin aÏ po Mongolsko proto jsou zbytky stepního biomu celosvûtovû vzácné. a severov˘chodní âínu. Obdobná spoleãenstva najde- Vût‰ina stepí byla rozorána a stala se z nich intenzivnû me i na jin˘ch kontinentech. V Severní Americe to jsou vyuÏívaná pole. JiÏ v roce 1895 shrnul v˘znamn˘ rusk˘ známé prérie, v JiÏní Americe pampy. Ke stepnímu bio- pfiírodovûdec V. V. Dokuãajev v˘sledky expedice zkou- mu patfiila v minulosti pravdûpodobnû i Mezopotámie, mající jihoruské a jihoukrajinské stepi tûmito slovy: „sku- kde vzniklo neolitické zemûdûlství a kde se díky tomu teãné ãernozemní stepi s pfiekvapující rychlostí mizí vyvíjely i první starovûké civilizace. z tváfie ruské zemû“. Rozsáhlej‰í zbytky stepí zÛstaly zachovány jen v nemnoha chránûn˘ch územích. Eurosibifiské stepní krajiny se vyznaãují dalek˘mi hori- zonty, pfievaÏují roviny a mírnû zvlnûné pahorkatiny, vût- K nejznámûj‰ím, nejlépe prozkouman˘m a nejrozsáhlej- ‰inou v nízk˘ch nadmofisk˘ch v˘‰kách. Charakteristic- ‰ím chránûn˘m územím, kde jsou stepní a lesostepní Na skalnat˘ch stráních v NPR Mohelenská hadcová step se na vrcholu jara vlní stfiíbfiité kavyly (foto P. Halas) Panonské stepi 3 biomy zachovány v pfiirozeném stavu, patfií Centrální ãernozemní zapovûdnik V. V. Aljechina v Kurské a Bel- gorodské oblasti v Rusku. Pût ãástí tohoto zapovûdniku zaujímá plochu 4 847 ha. Toto svûtovû v˘znamné chrá- nûné území nese jméno proslulého ruského geobotani- ka Vasilije Vasiljeviãe Aljechina (1852–1946), rodáka z Kurska, kter˘ se vûnoval v˘zkumu zdej‰í stepní a lesostepní krajiny jiÏ od poãátku 20.
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