Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively.

A primary, 191 Ablepharon, differential diagnosis, 51 Anemia, 261. See also Sickle cell anemia Abscess Anesthetics, topical, and neurotropic differential diagnosis, 47 keratopathy, 155 orbital, 72f, 95f Angioedema, 69, 72 subperiosteal, 71–73 Angioid streaks, 270–271, 271f presentation, 71 causes, 270 Acanthamoeba keratitis, 147–149, 148f differential diagnosis, 21, 271, 272, 276, differential diagnosis, 146, 149, 192 281, 282 Accommodative esotropia, 341–342, 341f management, 271 high, 341f, 342 presentation, 270–271 partially, 342 Angioma, facial, 130 Acetamide, for central retinal artery occlusion, Angle kappa, 339, 339f, 340 268 Aniridia, 135 Acetic acid burn, 5–7 and lens subluxation, 13 Acid burns, 5–7 Ankylosing spondylitis, ocular involvement Acne rosacea, 100–101 in, 194 differential diagnosis, 192 Anterior basement membrane dystrophy, and episcleritis in, 123 recurrent corneal erosion, 156 Acrochordon, 52 Anterior chamber cleavage syndrome, 192, 258 Actinic keratosis, 52–53, 53f Anterior chamber dysgenesis syndromes, 157 differential diagnosis, 52, 54, 62 Anterior corneal dystrophy(ies), 158–161 Actinomyces canaliculitis, 65 Anterior embryotoxon, 157, 158 Acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment Anterior scleritis, 124 epitheliopathy, 204–205, 205f Anterior segment transplantation, for anterior Acute myeloid leukemia, orbital involvement staphyloma, 189–191, 190f in, 94 Anterior uveitis, 10 Acute retinal necrosis syndrome, 209 Aphakia, and retinal detachment, 296–297 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, lacrimal gland, Apocrine hydrocystoma, 57, 58f 98, 99f Aponeurosis repair, for ptosis, 38 Adenoma “Apple peeling” technique, for removal of ciliary body, 325 internal limiting membrane, 318, pleomorphic, lacrimal gland, 97–98, 97f 319f Adenoviral conjunctivitis, 101–103, 102f Arcus juvenilis, 173 Age-related macular degeneration, 276–278, Arcus senilis, 173, 174f 277f differential diagnosis, 157, 158 differential diagnosis, 269, 272, 274, 276, ARM. See Age-related maculopathy 279 ARMD. See Age-related macular degeneration exudative, 276, 277f Arteriosclerosis, and macroaneurysm, 269 and vitreous hemorrhage, 270 Arteriovenous malformation, 90 management, 276–278 cavernous sinus, 128 nonexudative, 276, 277f retinal, 337, 337f presentation, 276 Arteriovenous nicking, 260 risk factors for, 276 Artificial tears, 114–115 Age-related maculopathy, 276 Aspergillus keratitis, 149, 150 Albinism, 285 Astrocytoma, retinal, 335, 336, 337 Alkali burns, 5–7 Atherosclerosis, and ocular ischemic differential diagnosis, 112 syndromes, 268–269 and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 45, 110, 112, 153 Alkaptonuria, blue sclera in, 134 Atopy Allergic conjunctivitis, 45 episcleritis in, 123 Allergy, 47 and filamentary keratitis, 154 and eyelid edema, 47, 69, 72 and keratoconus, 171 Alpha-Cor, 188 Atrial septal defect, 353 Amaurosis fugax, 267, 268 Atrofia bulbi, 136 Amblyopia, vitreous hemorrhage and, 19 Atrophic retinal holes, 297, 297f Amiodarone, corneal verticillata caused by, Autoimmune disorders, 110. See also specific 180, 181f disorder Ammonium hydroxide burns, 5–7 Avellino dystrophy, 161 AMPPPE. See Acute multifocal posterior AVM. See Arteriovenous malformation placoid pigment epitheliopathy Axenfeld anomaly syndrome, 135 Amyloid degeneration Axenfeld Reiger syndrome, 157, 158 conjunctival, 120 corneal, polymorphic, 178, 179f B Amyloidosis Bacillus differential diagnosis, 57, 128, 191, 192 corneal ulcer caused by, 146 orbital, 128 traumatic endophthalmitis caused by, 213

539 540 Index

Bacterial corneal ulcer, 146–147, 146f chemical, 5–7, 6f, 64, 110, 112, 113, 136, Bacterial infection 155, 192 differential diagnosis, 192 and symblepharon, 116 endogenous endophthalmitis caused by, 215 thermal, 6, 112, 192 traumatic endophthalmitis caused by, 213 Bacterial keratitis, 9, 143, 147, 149 C Ballet sign, 76t Calcific band keratopathy, 176–177, 177f Band keratopathy, 176–177, 177f Calcium hydroxide burns, 5–7 Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and retinitis Canalicular lacerations, 2, 3f pigmentosa, 285 Canaliculitis, 65, 66f, 68 Basal cell carcinoma, 59–61, 60f Candida albicans, neonatal endogenous differential diagnosis, 51, 53, 54, 56, 62, 64 endophthalmitis caused by, 215 Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, and retinitis Candida keratitis, 149, 149f pigmentosa, 285 Candidiasis, ocular involvement in, 201 Bear-track lesions, 332 Candlewax drippings, 199 Behçet syndrome, ocular involvement in, Capillary hemangioma, 81–84, 84f, 85t 212–213, 212f differential diagnosis, 59, 86 Berlin edema, 275 optic disk, 334, 335f Best disease, 280–281 retinal, 334–335, 335f Biett crystalline retinopathy, 280 differential diagnosis, 329, 335, 336, 337 Birdshot chorioretinitis, 280 exophytic, 329 Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, 206–207.207f presentation, 334 Birth trauma, corneal involvement in, 166, Capsular tension ring, 220 170, 192 Carbogen therapy, for central retinal artery Bleeding disorders, and hyphema, 15 occlusion, 268 Blepharitis, 100–101 Cardiac failure, high-output, 84 differential diagnosis, 46, 63, 64 Carotid cavernous fistula, 90–93, 92f, infectious, 100, 100f 127–129, 128f pemphigoid and, 112 differential diagnosis, 30, 72 seborrheic, 100 high-flow, 90, 93 staphylococcal, 100, 106 low-flow, 90, 92f, 93 and trichiasis, 64 posttraumatic, 31–32, 31f, 90, 93 Blepharophimosis syndrome, 33, 38, 48, 48f, traumatic, 31–32, 31f, 90, 93 49 Castroviejo square graft, 186f Blepharoptosis, 48 Cataract Blepharospasm and degenerative myopia, 272 in congenital glaucoma, 134–135 hypermature, and lens subluxation, 13 differential diagnosis, 35 mature, 222–223, 223f–226f Blood vessels, dilated, 125–126, 126f miotic , 220–221, 221f in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 126–127, 127f posterior polar, 218–219, 218f Blow-out fractures, orbital, 26–28, 27f posterior subcapsular, and retinitis Blue sclera pigmentosa, 285 causes, 134 senile, 226–227, 226f–229f in osteogenesis imperfecta, 133–134, 134f differential diagnosis, 13 Bone marrow transplantation, and subluxated, 219–220, 219f conjunctivalization of , 136 traumatic, 11–13, 12f Boston sign, 76t Cataract surgery. See also Intraocular lens Brain tumor surgery, and neurotropic corneal edema after, 236–237 keratopathy, 155 and cystoid macular edema, 238–239, 239f, Branch retinal artery occlusion, 265–266 274, 275f differential diagnosis, 19, 266 elevated intraocular pressure after, 238 Branch retinal vein occlusion, 265f endophthalmitis after, 240–242, 241f differential diagnosis, 261, 263, 269 hypotony after, 237–238 BRAO. See Branch retinal artery occlusion intraoperative complications, 234–236 Breast cancer, orbital metastases, 94 iridodialysis in, 235, 235f Bronchial carcinoma posterior capsular rupture in, 234–235, orbital metastases, 94 235f retinopathy secondary to, 217 postoperative complications, 236–243 Brown-McLean syndrome, 236 retinal detachment after, 239–240, 240f Brown syndrome, 353–354, 353f sphincter-involving technique, 221, 221f Brucellosis, 101 sphincter-sparing technique, 221 Bruch membrane, defects, 20 sub 1 mm 700-micrometer , 325 (Microphakonit), 218f, 219 BRVO. See Branch retinal vein occlusion wound leak after, 237–238 Bullae, subepithelial, Fuchs endothelial Cavernous hemangioma, 85t, 90, 91f dystrophy and, 168f differential diagnosis, 81, 335, 336, 337 Bullous keratopathy , and hyphema, 15 aphakic, 167, 169, 192 retinal, 335, 336, 336f, 337 differential diagnosis, 167, 169, 192 Cavernous sinus pseudophakic, 167, 169, 192 arteriovenous malformation, 128 Buphthalmos thrombosis, 71–73 in congenital glaucoma, 134–135, 135f differential diagnosis, 69, 76, 78, 93, 128 differential diagnosis, 157, 158 presentation, 71 Burn(s) Cavernous sinus syndrome, 128 acid, 5–7 CCF. See Carotid cavernous fistula alkali, 5–7, 112, 156 Cellulitis Index 541

acute streptococcal, 69 precipitating factors, 273 orbital, 69, 71–73, 73t presentation, 273 adjacent infection and, 71 differential diagnosis, 30, 47, 66, 69, 73t, atrophy, age-related, 272 76, 78, 87, 128 cavernous hemangioma, 330–331, 330f management, 73 dystrophies, 285 posttraumatic, 71 hemangioma, 327, 328, 329 presentation, 71 melanocytoma, 332 sinus-related, 71 melanoma, 132, 327–329, 328f warning signs with, 73 amelanotic, differential diagnosis, 329 preseptal, 69–71 differential diagnosis, 216, 327, 328, with allergic reaction, 70f 330–333, 338 with bacterial infection, 70f management, 329 with dacryocystitis, 67f presentation, 327–329, 328f differential diagnosis, 47 vitreous hemorrhage in, 18 with fungal infection, 70f metastatic tumor, 329–330, 329f Central cloudy dystrophy of François differential diagnosis, 327–331 (corneal), 165, 165f, 175 neovascularization Central crystalline dystrophy of Schnyder, and cystoid macular edema, 274 164, 164f, 175 differential diagnosis, 21, 275 Central retinal artery occlusion, 266–268, nevus, 326–327, 327f 267f differential diagnosis, 328, 330, 331, 332 differential diagnosis, 19, 266 osteoma, 327, 331–332, 331f with duration of onset less than 24 hours, differential diagnosis, 327–331 268 rupture management, 268 differential diagnosis, 276 Central retinal vein occlusion, 264, 265f traumatic, 20–21, 20f differential diagnosis, 261, 263, 264, 269 tumors, 326–332 management, 264 Choroidal detachment, 316–317 presentation, 264, 265f expulsive, 317 Central serous chorioretinopathy, 273–274, hemorrhagic, 317 273f serous, 316 differential diagnosis, 274 intraoperative, 316 epidemiology, 273 postoperative, 316 management, 274 traumatic, 316 precipitating factors, 273 Choroideremia, 285 presentation, 273 differential diagnosis, 286 Central serous retinopathy, 263 Choroiditis CFEOM. See Extraocular muscle(s), congenital multifocal, 203 fibrosis serpiginous, 205–206, 206f Chalazion, 45–46, 45f Chromic acid burn, 5–7 blepharitis and, 100 Chromosomal deletion/duplication, 135 differential diagnosis, 46, 51, 62, 63, 69, 72 Cicatrizing disorders, 111–116 Chalcosis, 24 Ciliary body Chandler syndrome, 167, 258 adenoma, 325 Chemical burns, 5–7, 6f cyst, 325 and conjunctivalization of cornea, 136 melanoma, 325–326 differential diagnosis, 110, 112, 113, 136, differential diagnosis, 322 192 vitreous hemorrhage in, 18 and distichiasis, 64 metastatic lesions, 325 and neurotropic keratopathy, 155 tumor, 323, 325–326 Chemosis, 138–140 CIN. See Corneal intraepithelial neoplasia in acute bacterial conjunctivitis, 105 Cleft palate, 353 causes, 138t Cleidocranial dysplasia, blue sclera in, 134 massive, 139f CME. See Cystoid macular edema mild, 139f CNV, 283 Cheney syndrome, blue sclera in, 134 CNV membranes, 276–278 Cherry-red spot, 267 Coats disease, 286, 335, 336, 337 Chickenpox, 143 Cobblestone degeneration, 290–291, 291f Child abuse, traumatic vitreous hemorrhage Cockayne syndrome, and recurrent corneal in, 18 erosion, 156 Chlamydia trachoma, 106–109 Cogan microcystic edema, 158–159, 159f Chlamydia trachomatis, 106, 150 Cogan-Reese syndrome, 258, 322 Chloroquine, corneal verticillata caused by, Cogan syndrome, 150 180 Collagen vascular disease Chorioretinal scarring, 332 differential diagnosis, 143, 172, 261 Chorioretinitis peripheral ulcerative keratitis in, 182 syphilitic, 198 Coloboma(s), 50–51, 50f, 219, 219f Toxoplasma, 200–202, 201f congenital, 201 tuberculous, 201 syndromes associated with, 51 vitiliginous, 206–207.207f Commotio retinae, 19–20, 19f Chorioretinopathy, central serous, 273–274, Cone dystrophies, 281–282 273f differential diagnosis, 282 differential diagnosis, 274 genetics, 281 epidemiology, 273 management, 282 management, 274 presentation, 282 542 Index

Congenital anomaly(ies), corneal, 157–158 differential diagnosis, 175 Congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy, 192 chemical burn. See Chemical burns Conjunctiva congenital anomalies, 157–158 amyloid degeneration, 120 conjunctivalization, 136, 136f edema, 138. See also Chemosis degeneration, 173–180 foreign body, 5f polymorphic amyloid, 178, 179f laceration, 4–5, 5f Salzmann nodular, 177–178, 177f lipoid/lipid degeneration, 120–121, 121f spheroidal, 178 melanoma, 132–133, 132f dendrite metaplasia, in ectropion, 137, 137f in EBV infection, 145 metastases to, 133 in HSV keratitis, 141f neoplasms in HZV infection, 144f differential diagnosis, 118, 120 deposits in, 173–180 with secondary hemorrhage, 3 dystrophy. See Corneal dystrophy(ies) pigmented lesions, 129–133 ectatic disorders, 170–173 retention cyst, 121–122, 121f edema differential diagnosis, 118 after cataract extraction, 236–237 salmon patch in, 79, 79f in congenital hereditary endothelial Conjunctivitis, 101–111 dystrophy, 170, 170f acute bacterial, 105–106, 106f Fuchs endothelial dystrophy and, 167, acute hemorrhagic, 101, 103–104, 103f 168f adenoviral, 101–103, 102f in posterior polymorphous dystrophy, differential diagnosis, 112 169, 169f adult inclusion, 106, 107t–108t, 109 enlarged nerves in, 191 differential diagnosis, 112 differential diagnosis, 163 allergic, differential diagnosis, 45 enlargement, in congenital glaucoma, atopic, differential diagnosis, 111 134–135 bacterial, associated with eyelid edema, erosions, traumatic, differential diagnosis, 105, 106f 159, 160 chlamydial (inclusion), 106, 107t–108t, 109 farinata, differential diagnosis, 178 differential diagnosis, 112 Fleck dystrophy, 164–165 chronic, 109–110 differential diagnosis, 166 with blepharitis, 100 foreign body, 8–9, 8f differential diagnosis, 62, 63 differential diagnosis, 7 differential diagnosis, 3, 66, 101, 114, 124, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, 167, 168f 125 differential diagnosis, 167, 169, 191, 192 giant papillary, 110–111, 111f graft rejection, 188, 188f differential diagnosis, 45 guttae, 167, 168f gonococcal, 105–106 differential diagnosis, 160, 178 mucopurulent, in Stevens-Johnson hydrops syndrome, 113 in keratoconus, 171 neonatal, chlamydial, 106 in keratoglobus, 171, 172f pseudomembranous, in Stevens-Johnson infections, 141–150 syndrome, 113 inflammation, 150–153 recurrent, 109–110 differential diagnosis, 192 toxic, differential diagnosis, 192 injury, and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 vernal, 110–111, 111f keloid, 175–176, 176f differential diagnosis, 111, 192 laceration, 9–10, 9f viral, 101, 104 lipoid/lipid degeneration, 120–121, 121f associated with eyelid edema, 69, 72 neovascularization, in Stevens-Johnson Connective tissue disease (CTD), peripheral syndrome, 113 ulcerative keratitis in, 182 perforation Constant exotropia, 344, 344f differential diagnosis, 7 Contact dermatitis, differential diagnosis, in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 69, 72 recurrent erosion, 156 Contact lenses scarring cleaning solutions, and keratitis, 147, 149 central, 164 corneal scarring caused by, differential in HSV keratitis, 141f diagnosis, 171 interstitial keratitis and, 150, 151f for dry eye, 115 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 giant papillary conjunctivitis of, 110–111 surface disorders, 150–153 overwear, keratitis caused by, 154 thinning. See also Keratoconus; Pellucid differential diagnosis, 152 marginal degeneration (cornea) and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 peripheral, 180–185 use, differential diagnosis, 192 ulcer, 7 Contrecoup injury(ies), 11, 19 from Acanthamoeba, 147, 148f Convergence insufficiency, 343 bacterial, 146–147, 146f Cornea differential diagnosis, 7, 143 abrasions, 7–8, 7f fungal, 149, 149f differential diagnosis, 9, 10, 105 herpetic, differential diagnosis, 192 recurrent, 109–110 herpetic dendritic, 104f central cloudy dystrophy of François, 165, immune-mediated, 146, 147, 153 165f infectious, differential diagnosis, 153 differential diagnosis, 175 marginal central crystalline dystrophy of Schnyder, in HSV infection, 142 164, 164f staphylococcal, 177, 182 Index 543

sterile, 146 in parasitic infestation, 121, 122 neurotropic posttraumatic inclusion, 121 in HSV infection, 142, 143 dermoid. See Dermoid cyst(s) in HZV infection, 144f ductal, 57–59 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 foveal, 275 trachoma, 107f of iris, 323 viral, differential diagnosis, 146 of Moll, 57, 58f Cornea guttata, 167 pars plana, 290 Corneal dystrophy(ies), 158–170 sebaceous, 57, 58f anterior, 158–161 of Zeis, 57–59 central cloudy dystrophy of François, 165, Cystinosis, differential diagnosis, 160 165f Cystoid macular edema, 274–276, 275f differential diagnosis, 175 after cataract surgery, 238–239, 239f, 274, central crystalline dystrophy of Schnyder, 275f 164, 164f causes, 274 differential diagnosis, 175 differential diagnosis, 263, 274, 275 congenital hereditary, differential diagnosis, management, 275–276 192 pathogenesis, 274 congenital hereditary endothelial, 170, 170f postcataract surgery, 238–239, 239f, 274, differential diagnosis, 166, 169 275f Fleck, 164–165 presentation, 275 differential diagnosis, 166 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Fuchs endothelial, 167, 168f congenital infection, 208 differential diagnosis, 167, 169, 191, 192 in immunosuppressed patient, 208, 209f granular, 161, 162f inclusion chorioretinitis, differential differential diagnosis, 161, 163 diagnosis, 201 lattice, 162–163, 162f retinitis caused by, 208, 208f differential diagnosis, 178 posterior, 167–170 D posterior polymorphous, 169, 169f Dacryoadenitis, 78, 97 differential diagnosis, 166, 170, 191, 258 Dacryocystitis, 66–67, 67f pre-Descemet, 165–166 chronic, differential diagnosis, 65 stromal, 161–166 differential diagnosis, 47, 68, 110 congenital hereditary, 166 Dalyrymple sign, 76t differential diagnosis, 170 Degenerative myopia, 272, 272f differential diagnosis, 164 Dermatobullous disorders, differential posterior amorphous, 166 diagnosis, 112 Corneal elastosis, 178 Dermatochalasis, 42–43, 42f Corneal intraepithelial neoplasia, differential differential diagnosis, 45, 47 diagnosis, 159 Dermoid cyst(s), 50, 80–81, 82f–83f Corneal surgery, 185–191 deep, 80–81, 82f–83f Corneal verticillata, 180, 181f differential diagnosis, 84, 90, 93, 94, 118, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, conjunctivitis 192 caused by, 105 ruptured, differential diagnosis, 87 differential diagnosis, 112 superficial, 80–81, 82f Coup injury(ies), 11 Descemet membrane Cowen sign, 76t breaks, keratoconus and, 171 Coxsackievirus A24, conjunctivitis caused by, rupture, 134 102, 103 tears, differential diagnosis, 192 Cranial nerve(s) Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty, III. See Third-nerve palsy 187, 187f IV. See Fourth-nerve palsy Diabetes mellitus. See also Maculopathy, VI. See Sixth-nerve palsy diabetic CRAO. See Central retinal artery occlusion and neurotropic keratopathy, 155 Crocodile shagreen, differential diagnosis, 175 Diabetic retinopathy, 261–264 Crocodile tears, 353 differential diagnosis, 261, 263, 264, 269, Crohn’s disease (CD), ocular involvement in, 286 195 management, 263–264, 263f Crouzon disease, and lens subluxation, 13 nonproliferative, 261, 262f CRVO. See Central retinal vein occlusion differential diagnosis, 263 Cryotherapy, for retinal detachment, 302 presentation, 261 Crystalline retinopathy, differential diagnosis, proliferative, 261, 262f 280 differential diagnosis, 263 CSCR. See Central serous chorioretinopathy with preretinal hemorrhage, 262f–263f CSR. See Central serous retinopathy and vitreous hemorrhage, 270 CTR. See Capsular tension ring Diathermy, for retinal detachment, 301 Cushing syndrome, and central serous Diffuse corneoscleral keratitis, 190 chorioretinopathy, 273 Dilated vessels, 125–126, 126f Cutaneous horn, differential diagnosis, 53, 54 in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 126–127, 127f Cutis laxa, blue sclera in, 134 Dimmer keratitis, 101 Cyclitis, chronic, 200 Dissociated strabismus complex, 346–347, Cylindroma, differential diagnosis, 58 347f Cyst(s) Distichiasis, 64, 65f ciliary body, 325 differential diagnosis, 35, 110 conjunctival pemphigoid and, 112 lymphatic, 121, 121f Distraction test, 33 544 Index

Divergence excess, 343 differential diagnosis, 283 Dohlman keratoprosthesis, 188, 189f orbital, 27 Down syndrome retinal, posttraumatic, 21–22 Brushfield spots in, 325 subconjunctival. See Chemosis corneal involvement in, differential Ehlers-Danlos syndrome diagnosis, 192 and angioid streaks, 270 and keratoconus, 171 blue sclera in, 134 Drug(s), and hyphema, 15 and degenerative myopia, 272 Drug abuse, differential diagnosis, 263 and lens subluxation, 13 Drug-induced degenerations, differential Eikenella canaliculitis, 66f diagnosis, 281 Elschnig spots, 260–261 Drug-induced retinopathy, differential Emboli, in branch retinal artery occlusion, diagnosis, 282 265–266 Drusen Encephalocele, 84 familial, differential diagnosis, 279, 280 Enclosed oral bay, 289, 289f optic nerve head, and retinitis pigmentosa, Endophthalmitis, 213–216 285 after cataract surgery, 240–242, 241f Dry eye Candida, 215 causes, 114 differential diagnosis, 326, 335, 336, 337 differential diagnosis, 101 endogenous, 215–216 Dry-eye syndrome, 114–116, 114f postoperative, 214–215, 214f, 240–242, and filamentary keratitis, 154 241f DSEK. See Descemet stripping endothelial posttraumatic, 12f keratoplasty sequelae, differential diagnosis, 136 Duane syndrome, 351–353, 352f traumatic, 213–214 bilateral, 352, 352f Endothelial keratoplasty, 187, 187f systemic associations, 353 Endotheliitis, in HSV infection, 142 types, 352f, 353 Enophthalmos, ruptured and, 16 Dural sinus arteriovenous fistula, differential Enterobacter, corneal ulcer caused by, 146 diagnosis, 128 Enterovirus group 70, conjunctivitis caused Dysthyroid orbitopathy, 74–77, 74f–75f by, 102, 103 differential diagnosis, 93, 128 Entropion, 35, 36f management, 76–77 cicatricial, 35, 36f congenital, 35 E differential diagnosis, 48, 49, 64 Eales disease involutional, 35, 36f differential diagnosis, 286 spasmodic, 109, 110f and vitreous hemorrhage, 270 EOB. See Enclosed oral bay EBMD. See Epithelial basement membrane Epiblepharon, 48–49, 49f dystrophy differential diagnosis, 35, 49, 64 Eccrine hydrocystoma, 57, 58f Epicanthal folds, syndromes associated with, differential diagnosis, 57 49 Eclipse retinopathy, 287 Epicanthus, 49–50, 50f Ectopia lentis, 251 Epicanthus inversus, 49 congenital, and lens subluxation, 13 in blepharophimosis syndrome, 48, 48f differential diagnosis, 13 Epicanthus palpebralis, 49 Ectropion, 33–35, 34f Epicanthus superciliaris, 49 in blepharophimosis syndrome, 48, 48f Epicanthus tarsalis, 49, 50f cicatricial, 33–35, 34f Epidermolysis bullosa, 112 congenital, 33, 35 Epinephrine, topical, and cystoid macular conjunctival metaplasia in, 137, 137f edema, 274 differential diagnosis, 45 Epiphora, 2 involutional, 33, 34f in congenital glaucoma, 134–135 mechanical, 33 Epiretinal membrane paralytic, 33–35, 34f differential diagnosis, 23, 321 Eczema, differential diagnosis, 47 idiopathic, 320–321, 320f Edema. See also Angioedema; Cystoid macular primary, 320 edema secondary, 320 Cogan microcystic, 158–159, 159f Episcleral venous pressure, elevated, 252–253 conjunctival, 138. See also Chemosis Episcleritis, 123–124, 123f–124f corneal differential diagnosis, 3, 125 after cataract extraction, 236–237 nodular, 123, 124f in congenital hereditary endothelial in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 dystrophy, 170, 170f Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy and, 167, 158–159, 159f 168f differential diagnosis, 160, 161 in posterior polymorphous dystrophy, Epithelioma, 112 169, 169f Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), infection eyelid, 47, 47f corneal, 145, 145f, 150, 152 in acute bacterial conjunctivitis, 105, 106f differential diagnosis, 101, 152 allergy and, 47, 69, 72 ERM. See Epiretinal membrane in thyroid eye disease, 47, 47f Erysipelas, 69, 72 in viral conjunctivitis, 69, 72 Erythema multiforme macular differential diagnosis, 112, 136 clinically significant, 261, 262f and symblepharon, 116 diabetic, 283 Erythema multiforme major, 113 Index 545

Erythema multiforme minor, 113 isolated, 30 Erythroderma, congenital ichthyosiform, 112 Franceschetti syndrome, 51 Esotropia Frontalis-sling procedure, for ptosis, 38 accommodative, 341–342, 341f Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, 167, 168f refractive, 341f, 342 differential diagnosis, 167, 169, 191, 192 infantile, 340–341, 340f Fuchs heterochromatic iridocyclitis, 197 Ewing sarcoma, metastatic, 94 Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis, 197 Exophthalmos Fuchs spot, 272 posttraumatic, 31–32, 31f Fuchs superficial marginal keratitis, 184 pulsating, 127–128 Fundus albipunctatus, 280, 280f causes, 31 differential diagnosis, 279 posttraumatic, 31–32, 31f Fundus flavimaculatus, 278–279, 279f ruptured globe and, 16 differential diagnosis, 279 in thyroid eye disease, 73t management, 279 Exotropia presentation, 278, 279f consecutive, 344 Fungal infection constant, 344, 344f differential diagnosis, 192 infantile, 344 endogenous endophthalmitis caused by, intermittent, 342–343, 343f 215 secondary, 344 postoperative endophthalmitis caused by, sensory, 344 214 Exposure keratitis, 183 traumatic endophthalmitis caused by, 213 Exposure keratopathy, 153–154 Fungal keratitis, 149–150, 149f Extraocular muscle(s). See also specific muscle differential diagnosis, 9, 143, 146, 147 congenital fibrosis, 357–358, 357f Furrow degeneration, 185 Eyelid(s) differential diagnosis, 183, 184 bacterial infection, 69 Fusarium keratitis, 149, 150 coloboma, 50–51, 50f deformities, in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, G 113 Gardner syndrome, 332 distraction test, 33 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, and central edema, 47, 47f serous chorioretinopathy, 273 in acute bacterial conjunctivitis, 105, 106f Gastrointestinal malignancy, orbital allergic, 47, 69, 72 metastases, 94 in thyroid eye disease, 47, 47f Gentamicin, intraocular injection, 267 in viral conjunctivitis, 69, 72 Ghost vessels, 150, 151f inward rotation. See Entropion differential diagnosis, 163 laceration, 1–2, 1f, 3f Giant cell arteritis, 268–269 outward rotation (eversion). See Ectropion Gifford sign, 76t papilloma, 51, 51f Glaucoma retraction, 43, 43f acute, 3 tumors, 51–57, 59–64 acute angle, 7 upper angle-closure, 254–257 abnormally low position. See Ptosis acute, 254–255, 254f, 255f cicatricial changes, 43 chronic, 256, 256f scarring, 43 with pupillary block, 254 without pupillary block, 254 F angle recession, 13 Fabry disease, corneal verticillata in, 180, 181f congenital, 127, 134 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 332 differential diagnosis, 68, 166, 170, 192, Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, 335, 326 336, 337 ghost-cell, vitreous hemorrhage and, 18–19 Ferry line, 179 lens-induced, 250–251 FF. See Fundus flavimaculatus lens particle, 250 Fibrin collarettes, 100, 100f malignant, 258–259 Filamentary keratitis, 154–155, 154f differential diagnosis, 326 Fleck dystrophy (corneal), 164–165 neovascular, 256–257 differential diagnosis, 166 normal-tension (low-tension), 246–248, , 179, 179f 246f–247f keratoconus and, 171 open-angle Fleurettes, 334 and degenerative myopia, 272 Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, 334 primary, 244, 245f Floppy eyelid syndrome, 44–45, 44f and retinitis pigmentosa, 285 and keratoconus, 171 secondary, 248, 249f Foreign body phacoanaphylactic, 251 conjunctival, 5f, 129, 130 phacolytic, 251 corneal, 7, 8–9, 8f phacomorphic, 12, 251 differential diagnosis, 7, 9, 129, 130, 133, pigmentary, and degenerative myopia, 272 323 in posterior polymorphous dystrophy, 169 intraocular, 9, 23–25, 24f, 217, 323 posttraumatic, 12 intraorbital, 28–29, 29f in sarcoidosis, 198 and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 uveitic, 251–252, 252f, 253f Fourth-nerve palsy, 349–350, 349f–350f differential diagnosis, 15 Foveal cysts, 275 in uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome, Foveomacular retinitis, 287 196 Fracture(s), orbital, 26–28 uveitis related to, 196 546 Index

Globe, ruptured, 16–17, 17f and trichiasis, 64 differential diagnosis, 30 Herring’s law, 43 Goldenhar syndrome, 51, 353 High accommodative esotropia, 341f, 342 Goldzieher sign, 76t Histoplasmosis Grapevines, in adult toxoplasmosis, 201 ocular Graves’ disease, 74–77 differential diagnosis, 21, 201, 272 infiltrative (severe), 74 presumed, 202–203, 202f noninfiltrative (mild), 74 vitreous hemorrhage in, 18 ophthalmic manifestations, 76t Histospots, 202f Graves ophthalmopathy, 355–356, 355f. See differential diagnosis, 279, 280 also Thyroid eye disease; Thyroid- Hollenhorst plaques, 265 related ophthalmopathy Holt-Oram syndrome, 353 Grid laser, for diabetic retinopathy, 263, 263f Homer Wright rosettes, 334 Griffith sign, 76t Homocystinuria, 135 Grönblad-Strandberg syndrome, and angioid and lens subluxation, 13, 14 streaks, 270 Hordeolum, 46–47, 46f Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller-Fisher blepharitis and, 100 variant, eyelid retraction in, 43 differential diagnosis, 46, 47, 66 Gyrate atrophy external, 46–47, 46f differential diagnosis, 272, 285, 286 internal, 46–47 genetics, 286 Hudson-Stähli line, 179 management, 286 Hurler syndrome, 267 presentation, 286 Hyaline Pillat scleral plaque, 140, 140f Hydrochloric acid burn, 5–7 H Hydroxychloroquine, corneal verticillata Haab striae, 134–135 caused by, 180 Haemophilus influenzae conjunctivitis, 105 Hyperbaric oxygen, for central retinal artery Hamartoma, combined, of retinal pigment occlusion, 268 epithelium and , 333, 333f Hyperlipoproteinemia, 173, 175 differential diagnosis, 327, 328, 330, 331, Hyperlysinemia, and lens subluxation, 13 333 Hypertension, 267 Hand anomalies, 353 and angioid streaks, 270 Hassall-Henle bodies, 167 and central serous chorioretinopathy, 273 Hearing loss, 353 and hyphema, 15 Helminth infection, 150 and macroaneurysm, 269 Hemangioma. See also Capillary hemangioma; Hypertensive retinopathy, 260–261, 260f Cavernous hemangioma differential diagnosis, 263, 264, 286 choroidal, 327, 328, 329 Hyperthyroidism, 355–356. See also Graves’ exophytic retinal, 329 disease; Graves ophthalmopathy racemose, 335, 336, 337 Hyphema Hemophilia, and hyphema, 15 differential diagnosis, 13 Hemorrhage grading system, 15, 15f optic nerve sheath, 26 posttraumatic, 10f orbital, 26 spontaneous, causes, 15 retrobulbar, 29–30, 30f traumatic, 14–16, 15f ruptured globe and, 16 in uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome, subconjunctival, 3–4, 4f 196 subretinal, 327, 328, 330, 331 Hypoparathyroidism, 192 vitreous. See Vitreous hemorrhage Hypopyon, in fungal infection, 149, 149f Hemosiderosis bulbi, vitreous hemorrhage Hypotony, after cataract surgery, 237–238 and, 19 Hepatolenticular degeneration, 180 I Herpes simplex Ichthyosis, 33 chorioretinitis, 201 differential diagnosis, 166, 191 keratitis, 150, 151f, 167, 192 Inborn errors of metabolism, corneal keratoconjunctivitis, 104–105, 104f involvement in, 192 Herpes simplex virus Inclusion conjunctivitis, 192 acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused Indomethacin, corneal verticillata caused by, 209 by, 180 infection Infantile esotropia, 340–341, 340f corneal, 141–143, 141f Infantile exotropia, 344 differential diagnosis, 142, 147 Infection(s) initial, 141 bacterial, eyelid, 69 recurrence, 142 and conjunctivalization of cornea, 136 differential diagnosis, 101, 143, 191 corneal, 141–150 and interstitial keratitis, 150, 151f differential diagnosis, 84, 192 and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 orbital, 69–99 skin lesions in, 104f Infectious keratitis, 182, 183 and neurotropic keratopathy, 155 Infectious mononucleosis, 145 Herpes zoster. See also Varicella-zoster virus with eye involvement, differential infection, 101, 191 diagnosis, 101 corneal, 143–145, 144f, 150 Inferior oblique muscle, palsy, isolated, 348 differential diagnosis, 147 Inferior oblique overaction, 345–346, 346f keratitis, 192 Inflammation and neurotropic keratopathy, 143, 144f, 155 chronic, and lens subluxation, 13 Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 143–145, 144f corneal, 150–153 Index 547

differential diagnosis, 192 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis differential diagnosis, 135 ocular involvement in, 196–197 intraocular, 194–217 pauciarticular onset, 197 lacrimal gland, 97 polyarticular onset, 197 orbital, 71–80 systemic onset, 197 differential diagnosis, 73t type 1, 197 and symblepharon, 116 type 2, 197 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ocular uveitis in, 196–197 involvement in, 195 Juvenile xanthogranuloma, 135, 216t, 217 Insect bite, differential diagnosis, 69, 72 differential diagnosis, 323 Intermittent exotropia, 342–343, 343f and hyphema, 15 basic type, 343 iris lesions, 323–324 convergence insufficiency, 343 divergence excess, 343 K Internal limiting membrane, removal, “apple Kaposi sarcoma, with secondary hemorrhage, peeling” technique, 318, 319f 3 Interstitial keratitis, 150–151, 151f Kappa angle, 339, 339f, 340 Intraarterial fibrinolysis, for central retinal Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, 84 artery occlusion, 268 Kayser-Fleischer ring, 24, 180 Intraocular lens Kearns-Sayre syndrome, and retinitis dislocated, temporary haptic pigmentosa, 285 externalization, 233–234, 234f Keloid, corneal, 175–176, 176f foldable, implantation, 227, 229f differential diagnosis, 177 glued, 229–233, 230f–233f Keratitis opacification, 242–243, 242f Acanthamoeba, 147–149, 148f torn, 236, 236f differential diagnosis, 146, 149, 192 Intraocular pressure, elevated, after cataract Aspergillus, 149, 150 surgery, 238 bacterial, 9, 143, 147, 149 IOL. See Intraocular lens Candida, 149, 149f Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome, 258 contact lens cleaning solutions and, 147, differential diagnosis, 169, 323 149 Iridocyclitis contact lens overwear, 152, 154 Fuchs heterochromic, 197 dendritic intraepithelial herpetic, 104–105 differential diagnosis, 142 Iridodialysis, posttraumatic, 12f in HSV infection, 141, 141f, 142 Iridodonesis, 13 diffuse corneoscleral, 190 Iris dimmer, 101 atrophy disciform, herpetic, 104–105 in HSV keratitis, 141f exposure, 183 progressive, 258 filamentary, 154–155, 154f cavernous hemangioma, and hyphema, 15 Fuchs superficial marginal, 184 cyst, 323 fungal, 149–150, 149f freckle, differential diagnosis, 322 differential diagnosis, 9, 143, 146, 147 juvenile xanthogranuloma and, 323–324 Fusarium, 149, 150 leukemic nodules, 324 herpes simplex, 150, 151f, 167, 192 melanoma, 323 herpes zoster, 192 differential diagnosis, 322 herpetic metastatic lesions, differential diagnosis, dendritic, 141, 141f, 142 324 intraepithelial, 141f, 142 nevus, 322 stromal, 141f, 142 pigment epithelial cyst, 322–323 immune stromal, in HSV infection, 141, tumors and nodules, 322–325 141f, 142–143 Iris bombé, in sarcoidosis, 198 infectious, 182, 183 Iris sphincter tear, 11, 11f interstitial, 150–151, 151f Iritis herpetic, 104–105 differential diagnosis, 3 necrotizing stromal in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 in HSV infection, 142 syphilitic, 198 in HZV infection, 144f traumatic, 10–11, 10f neurotropic, in HSV infection, 142, 143 Iritis nodosa, in syphilis, 198 nummular, 143, 145 Iritis papulosa, in syphilis, 198 Paecilomyces, 149, 150 Iritis roseata, in syphilis, 198 punctate, in viral infection, 141–142, 143, Iron deposits, 179 145 conjunctival, differential diagnosis, 129, 130 staphylococcal marginal, 146 Iron lines, 179–180, 179f striate, after cataract extraction, 237f Irvine-Gass syndrome, 274, 275 stromal Ischemic optic neuropathy, differential differential diagnosis, 142, 145 diagnosis, 261, 267 in EBV infection, 145, 145f superficial punctate, with chemical burn, 5 J superior limbic, 45 Jacob-Agarwal sling surgery, 37f, 38–41, Thygeson superficial punctate, 152, 152f 39f–41f ulcerative Jellinek sign, 76t differential diagnosis, 6, 182, 184 Juvenile retinoschisis peripheral, 182–184, 183f, 184 and cystoid macular edema, 274 ultraviolet (UV), 6 differential diagnosis, 275 viral, 149, 150 548 Index

Keratoacanthoma, 53–54, 53f with broken capsule and inflammation, differential diagnosis, 59, 62, 64 14 Keratoconjunctivitis into vitreous, 14 atopic, 110 subluxation, 13–14, 14f differential diagnosis, 45, 112, 153 asymptomatic, 14 epidemic, 101–103 with cataract, 14 differential diagnosis, 105, 152 with high uncorrectable astigmatism, 14 epidemic hemorrhagic, 103–104, 103f with monocular diplopia, 14 herpes simplex, 104–105, 104f Lentigo maligna, 63f, 64 phlyctenular, 192 Leprosy superior limbic, 122–123, 122f differential diagnosis, 150, 191, 192 differential diagnosis, 63, 192 and neurotropic keratopathy, 155 and filamentary keratitis, 154 Leukemia vernal, 110, 146 differential diagnosis, 78, 94, 323 shield ulcer in, 152–153, 153f and hyphema, 15 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 192 intraocular, 216, 216t Keratoconus, 170–171, 171f iris nodules in, 324 differential diagnosis, 172, 191 orbital involvement in, 96f and retinitis pigmentosa, 285 Leukocornea, 192–193 Keratoglobus, 171–172, 172f Levator muscle Keratopathy function, measurement, 36 band, 176–177, 177f palsy, isolated, 348 bullous Limbal follicles, 118 aphakic, 167, 169, 192 Limbal girdle of Vogt, 174, 174f differential diagnosis, 167, 169, 192 Lipid degeneration of cornea and conjunctiva, pseudophakic, 167, 169, 192 120–121, 121f calcific band, 176–177, 177f Lipids, serum, abnormalities. See also exposure, 153–154 Hyperlipoproteinemia neuroparalytic, 153–154 and macroaneurysm, 269 neurotropic, 143, 144f, 155–156, 155f Lipoproteinemia, 164 in HZV infection, 143, 144f, 155 Lisch nodules primary lipid, 175, 175f differential diagnosis, 322 Keratoplasty in neurofibromatosis, 325 Descemet stripping endothelial, 187, 187f Lowe syndrome, 135, 175 graft rejection in, 188, 188f, 192 corneal involvement in, 192 lamellar, 186f, 187 Lowey sign, 76t penetrating, 185, 186f Lyme disease, and interstitial keratitis, 150, graft rejection in, 188, 188f 151 Keratoprosthesis, 188, 189f Lymphangioma, 85–87, 85t, 86f Khodadoust line, 188, 188f differential diagnosis, 84, 93 Kidney, malignancy of, orbital metastases, 94 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 106 Klippel-Feil syndrome, 353 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 133 Knies’ sign, 76t Lymphoma(s) Kocher sign, 76t differential diagnosis, 59, 90 intraocular, 216, 216t L orbital, 79–80, 79f Laceration(s) canalicular, 2, 3f M conjunctival, 4–5, 5f Macroaneurysm, 269–270 corneal, 9–10, 9f differential diagnosis, 263 eyelid, 1–2, 1f, 3f Macular degeneration Lacrimal gland(s) age-related. See Age-related macular accessory, 121 degeneration adenoid cystic carcinoma, 98, 99f differential diagnosis, 280 enlargement, 97–99 juvenile, 278 inflammation, 97 Macular dystrophy, 163, 163f tumors, 97–98 differential diagnosis, 161 benign mixed, 97–98, 97f vitelliform, 280–281 Lacrimal sac tumor, 68 Macular edema Lacrimal system clinically significant, 261, 262f disorders, 65–68 diabetic, 283 trauma, 2, 3f differential diagnosis, 283 Lagophthalmia, 154 Macular hemorrhage, 267 Lamellar keratoplasty, 186f, 187 Macular hole, 267, 296, 317–318, 317f, 318f Lateral rectus muscle palsy, 350–351, 351f differential diagnosis, 274, 318 Lattice corneal dystrophy, 162–163, 162f idiopathic, 23 differential diagnosis, 178 management Lattice degeneration, 292–293 by observation, 318 Leber congenital hereditary optic neuropathy, surgical, 318, 319f and keratoconus, 171 stages, Gass classification, 318 Leiomyoma traumatic, 22–23, 23f differential diagnosis, 323, 325 Macular retinal vein occlusion, 265f uveal, 324 Maculopathy Lens age-related. See Age-related maculopathy dislocation, 13–14 diabetic, 261, 262f asymptomatic, 14 and cystoid macular edema, 274 Index 549

differential diagnosis, 263, 269 choroidal, 329–330, 329f Madarosis differential diagnosis, 327–331 with blepharitis, 100 ciliary body, 325 with malignancy, 59 conjunctival, 133 Maffucci syndrome, 84 differential diagnosis, 80, 324 Malignant melanoma. See Melanoma of iris, 324 Mandibulofacial dysostosis. See Franceschetti orbital, 94, 96f syndrome MEWDS. See Multiple evanescent white dot Mannis line, 179 syndrome Map-dot-fingerprint corneal dystrophy, Microaneurysms, 261 158–159, 159f Microcornea, 157 Marcus-Gunn jaw-winking syndrome, 38 Microhyphema, 14–16 Marfan syndrome, 135 traumatic, 10 blue sclera in, 134 Micropannus, 192 and degenerative myopia, 272 Microphakonit, 218f, 219 and keratoconus, 171 Microphthalmos, 50 and lens subluxation, 13, 14 differential diagnosis, 157, 158 Margin to lid reflex, 36 Migraine, 295 Masquerade syndromes, 216–217, 216t Möbius sign, 76t Medial rectus muscle palsy, isolated, 348, 348f Molluscum contagiosum, 54, 54f Medulloepithelioma differential diagnosis, 51, 192 of ciliary epithelium, 326 Monocular elevation deficiency, 354–355, differential diagnosis, 323, 325, 326 354f Meesmann dystrophy, 160, 160f Mooren ulcer, 180–182, 182f differential diagnosis, 159, 161 differential diagnosis, 183 Megalocornea, 157 MRD. See Margin to lid reflex Meibomian gland dysfunction, pemphigoid Mucocele, 93–94, 95f and, 112 differential diagnosis, 65, 68, 81 Meibomitis, with blepharitis, 100 ethmoidal, 65, 68 Melanocytoma(s), 338, 338f Mucolipidosis, corneal involvement in, 192 choroidal, 332 Mucopolysaccharidosis, corneal involvement Melanocytosis in, 166, 170, 192 ocular, 129–130, 129f, 324–325 Mucormycosis, 128 differential diagnosis, 322 Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIb, 191 oculodermal, 130, 130f Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, differential diagnosis, 129 203–204, 203f–204f Melanoma Mumps, corneal involvement in, 150 amelanotic Myasthenia gravis, 356–357, 356f choroidal, 329 Myopia differential diagnosis, 324, 329 degenerative, 272, 272f choroidal, 132, 327–329, 328f ocular associations, 272 amelanotic, 329 systemic associations, 272 differential diagnosis, 216, 327–333, 338 high, 272, 272f management, 329 “blue sclera” in, 134 presentation, 327–329, 328f differential diagnosis, 21, 286 vitreous hemorrhage in, 18 and lens subluxation, 13 ciliary body, 325–326 and traumatic retinal detachment, 21 differential diagnosis, 322 and retinal detachment, 296 vitreous hemorrhage in, 18 and retinitis pigmentosa, 285 conjunctival, 132–133, 132f Myopic shift, in infants, vitreous hemorrhage differential diagnosis, 131 and, 19 cutaneous, 63–64, 63f Myositis, 78 retinopathy secondary to, 217 Myotonic dystrophy, 281, 285 differential diagnosis, 52, 56, 59, 129, 130 Myotonic retinopathy, 282 dilated episcleral sentinel vessels in, 125 of iris, 323 N nodular, 64 Nanophthalmos, 157 orbital metastases, 94 Naproxen, corneal verticillata caused by, 180 pinguecula and, 118f Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, 67–68, 67f superficial spreading, 64 Neoplasm(s), 322–338. See also Tumor(s) surveillance, with melanocytosis, 325 conjunctival, with secondary hemorrhage, 3 Melanosis Neovascularization conjunctival benign epithelial, 131–132, choroidal 131f and cystoid macular edema, 274 differential diagnosis, 133 differential diagnosis, 21, 275 primary acquired corneal, in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, differential diagnosis, 129, 130 113 malignant potential, 132 in diabetic retinopathy, 261 Melanosis bulbi, 140 differential diagnosis, 263 Meningioma, 81 in ocular ischemic syndrome, 268, 269f Menkes syndrome, blue sclera in, 134 Neovascular membranes, subretinal, 21 Meridional complex, 289 Nerve fiber layer, myelinated, 266 Meridional folds, 289, 289f Neurilemmoma, 81 Metabolic disease, 135 Neuroblastoma Metallosis bulbi, 23 differential diagnosis, 84 Metastatic disease metastatic, 87, 94 550 Index

Neurofibroma, 58–59, 59f Orbital hemorrhage, 26 plexiform, 86 Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, 77–78, Neurofibromatosis, 135 78f, 97 differential diagnosis, 191 Orbital varices, 85t, 93 Lisch nodules in, 325 Osteitis deformans, and angioid streaks, 270 Neuroparalytic keratopathy, 153–154 Osteogenesis imperfecta Neuroretinitis blue sclera in, 133–134, 134f differential diagnosis, 263 differential diagnosis, 191 syphilitic, 198 Osteoma Neurotropic keratopathy, 143, 144f, 155–156, choroidal, 327–332, 331f 155f differential diagnosis, 94, 327–331 Nevus (pl., nevi), 54–56, 55f Osteomyelitis, of paranasal sinuses, 69, 72 choroidal, 326–327, 327f differential diagnosis, 328, 330, 331, 332 P compound, 54–56, 55f, 131, 132 Paecilomyces keratitis, 149, 150 differential diagnosis, 52, 59, 64, 129, 130, Paget disease, and angioid streaks, 270, 271 133, 323 Palpebral fissure, 36 intradermal, 54–56, 55f in blepharophimosis syndrome, 48, 48f of iris, 322 Pannus, 191–192, 192f junctional, 54–56, 55f, 131, 132 differential diagnosis, 118 malignant, signs, 132, 133 Panuveitis, 269 malignant potential, 131, 132 Papillae, 110 strawberry, 81 Papilledema, 264, 335, 336, 337 Nevus flammeus, 84 Papillitis, 264, 335, 336, 337 Nevus of Ota, 56, 56f, 324–325 Papilloma differential diagnosis, 129 differential diagnosis, 54, 133 Nicolas-Favre disease, 106 eyelid, 51, 51f Nicotinic acid, and cystoid macular edema, postsurgical, 119f 274 Paracentesis, anterior chamber, 268 Night blindness, congenital stationary, 280 Parafoveal telangiectasia differential diagnosis, 285 differential diagnosis, 263, 269, 283 Nitric acid burn, 5–7 idiopathic, 282–283, 283f Nodule(s), of iris, 322–325 management, 283 Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. See presentation, 282 Diabetic retinopathy, nonproliferative Paraneoplastic syndrome, 217 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Parasitic infestation, conjunctival cysts in, (NSAIDs), and subconjunctival 121, 122 hemorrhage, 3–4 Paratrachoma, 106, 107t NPDR. See Diabetic retinopathy, Parinaud syndrome, eyelid retraction in, 43 nonproliferative Pars plana, 296 breaks, 296 O Pars plana cyst, 290 OAG. See Glaucoma, open-angle Pars plana pearls, 290 Ocular ischemic syndrome, 268–269, 269f Pars planitis, 200 differential diagnosis, 263, 264, 269 differential diagnosis, 326 Ocular massage, 268 Partially accommodative esotropia, 342 Ocular vein varicosities, 125–126 Patau syndrome, corneal involvement in, 192 Oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia. See Pattern dystrophy Goldenhar syndrome differential diagnosis, 279, 280, 281 Oculocerebrorenal syndrome, 135, 175 genetics, 281 Oculogenital syndrome, 107t–108t management, 281 OIP. See Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor presentation, 281 Onchocerciasis, 150 Pattern strabismus, 344–345, 345f Open-angle glaucoma. See Glaucoma, open- A pattern, 344–345, 345f angle V pattern, 344–345, 345f Ophthalmic artery occlusion, 266–268 Pavingstone degeneration, 290–291, 291f Optic disk differential diagnosis, 286 capillary hemangioma, 334, 335f PDR. See Diabetic retinopathy, proliferative melanocytoma, 338, 338f Pellagra, 192 Optic nerve Pellucid marginal degeneration (cornea), avulsion, 26 172–173, 173f glioma, 81, 86 atypical, 184 transection, 26 differential diagnosis, 171, 184 Optic nerve sheath, hemorrhage, 26 Pemphigoid Optic neuropathy, traumatic, 25–26, 25f cicatricial, 63, 192 Ora serrata, 296 differential diagnosis, 63, 110, 113, 192 Orbit ocular, and distichiasis, 64 foreign body in, 28–29, 29f ocular cicatricial, 111–113, 112f fractures, 26–28 and symblepharon, 116 infections, 69–71 Pemphigus, ocular, 191 inflammation, 71–78 Penetrating keratoplasty, 185, 186f differential diagnosis, 73t graft rejection in, 188, 188f neoplasms, 79–94 Perioptic neuritis, 78 trauma, 26–32 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, 326 Orbital balloon, temporary, 303 Peters anomaly, 135, 190 Orbital emphysema, 26 PEX. See Pseudoexfoliation syndrome Index 551

Phacoanaphylactic uveitis, 12 differential diagnosis, 280 Phacodonesis, 13 Pseudogerontoxin, 173 Phaco machine Pseudomonas aeruginosa, corneal ulcer caused and connection of air pump to infusion by, 146 bottle, 226f Pseudophakia, and retinal detachment, 297 principles, 223, 223f Pseudopterygium, 120 surge phenomenon Pseudoptosis, 38 mechanism of, 224f with monocular elevation deficiency, prevention, 225f 354–355, 354f Phacomatoses, 135 Pseudostrabismus, 339–340, 339f Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 101–103 Pseudotrachoma, 112 Phenothiazines, corneal verticillata caused Pseudotumor, orbital, 73t by, 180 differential diagnosis, 76, 80, 86, 87, 93, Phenothiazine toxicity, 285 94, 128 Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, 192 inflammatory, 77–78, 78f, 97 Phlyctenule, 118 Pseudovascularity, 333 Phlyctenulosis, 177 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Photocoagulation and angioid streaks, 270, 271 and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 differential diagnosis, 21 for retinal detachment, 302 Psoriatic arthritis, ocular involvement in, 195 Photophobia, in congenital glaucoma, Psychopharmacological medications, and 134–135 central serous chorioretinopathy, 273 Phototoxic injury, 275 Pterygium (pl., pterygia), 118–120, 119f PHPV. See Persistent hyperplastic primary differential diagnosis, 118, 133 vitreous Ptisi bulbi, 136 Phthisis bulbi, 191 Ptosis, 36–41 Picornavirus conjunctivitis, 101, 103–104, aponeurotic, 37f, 38 103f management, 38 Pigmentations, conjunctival, 131–132, 131f bilateral, 37f causes, 131 in blepharophimosis syndrome, 48, 48f Pigmented deposits, 129, 130, 133 congenital, 36, 37f Pillat scleral plaque, 140, 140f management, 38 Pinguecula, 117–118, 117f, 118f contralateral, with ipsilateral lid retraction, differential diagnosis, 120 43 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and central dermatochalasis and, 42–43, 42f serous chorioretinopathy, 274 mechanical, 38, 59, 59f Pleomorphic adenoma, lacrimal gland, 97–98, with monocular elevation deficiency, 97f 354–355, 354f Pneumatic retinopexy, 303 myogenic, 38 Pochin sign, 76t neurogenic, 38 POHS. See Presumed ocular histoplasmosis overcorrection, 43 syndrome presentation, 36–38 Polyarteritis nodosa, scleritis in, 124 Pupillary block, with lens subluxation, 14 Polymorphic amyloid degeneration, 178, 179f Pupillary sphincter, palsy, isolated, 348 Port-wine stain, 126, 127f PVD. See Posterior vitreous detachment Posner-Schlossman syndrome, 196 Pyknodysostosis, blue sclera in, 134 Posterior amorphous stromal dystrophy, 166 Pyocele, 93 Posterior embryotoxon, 157, 158 Pyogenic granuloma, 45f Posterior scleritis, 78, 124, 125 differential diagnosis, 329 Q Posterior vitreous detachment, and vitreous Quinine toxicity, 267 hemorrhage, 270 Potassium hydroxide burns, 5–7 R Pre-Descemet dystrophy, 165–166 Racial pigmentation, 325 Pregnancy, and central serous Radiation exposure, 112, 113 chorioretinopathy, 273 Radiation retinopathy, 286–287 Preservatives, topical, and neurotropic differential diagnosis, 261, 263, 264, 286 keratopathy, 155 presentation, 286 Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, Radiation therapy 202–203, 202f and conjunctivalization of cornea, 136, Primary lipid keratopathy, 175, 175f 136f Progeria, blue sclera in, 134 and neurotropic keratopathy, 155 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. See Diabetic RCE. See Recurrent corneal erosion retinopathy, proliferative Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, 80 Proliferative retinopathy, vitreous hemorrhage Recurrent corneal erosion, 156 and, 18, 19 Red eye Propionibacterium acnes, postoperative causes, 3, 126 endophthalmitis caused by, 214, 241 differential diagnosis, 126 Proptosis Refractive accommodative esotropia, 341f, in Graves ophthalmopathy, 355, 355f 342 in thyroid eye disease, 43, 43f, 355, 355f Refsum disease Prostaglandin(s), topical, 64 differential diagnosis, 191 Prostate cancer, orbital metastases, 94 and retinitis pigmentosa, 285 Proteus, corneal ulcer caused by, 146 Reis-Bücklers dystrophy, 160–161, 161f Pseudoesotropia, 49, 339f differential diagnosis, 159 Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, 249–250, 250f and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 552 Index

Reiter syndrome, ocular involvement in, hyperplasia, differential diagnosis, 327, 328, 194–195 330, 331, 332 ReNu with MoistureLoc, 149 infarctions, 260–261 Reticular degenerative retinoschisis, 294–295 posthemorrhage hemosiderin deposits, Retina differential diagnosis, 332 contusion, 266 tumors, 332–333 cystoid degeneration, 288–289 Retinal tears, 296–305 reticular, 288 flap, 297, 297f typical, 288–289 horseshoe, 297, 297f degenerations, 288–291 Retinal telangiectasis developmental anomalies, 288–291 and cystoid macular edema, 274 edema, posttraumatic, 21–22 differential diagnosis, 275 enclosed oral bay, 289, 289f Retinal tufts, 293–294 equator, 296 cystic, 293 exophytic capillary hemangioma, noncystic, 293–294 differential diagnosis, 329 zonular traction, 294 flecked, 280, 280f. See also Fundus Retinal vein occlusion, and cystoid macular flavimaculatus; Stargardt disease edema, 274 hemorrhages, posttraumatic, 21–22 Retinitis medical, 260–287 acute, differential diagnosis, 264 meridional complex, 289 cytomegalovirus, 208, 208f meridional folds, 289, 289f differential diagnosis, 266 necrosis Retinitis pigmentosa, 284–285, 284f acute, differential diagnosis, 21 and cystoid macular edema, 274 posttraumatic, 21–22 differential diagnosis, 285 surgical, 288–321 management, 285 tears, posttraumatic, 21–22 ocular associations, 285 tumors, 333–337 presentation, 284–285 Retinal breaks systemic associations, 285 acute presentation, 298 Retinitis puncta albescens, 279, 280 identification, 300–301, 300f Retinoblastoma, 216t, 333–334 localization, 300–301, 300f, 305–306, 306f associated malignancies, 334 operculated, 297f, 298 differential diagnosis, 201, 216, 323, 324, types, 297–298, 297f 326, 333, 335, 336, 337 Retinal capillary hemangioma, diabetic, 269 epidemiology, 333 Retinal detachment, 296–305 genetics, 333–334 acute presentation, 298 management, 334 after cataract surgery, 239–240, 240f presentation, 334 aphakic, 239–240, 240f vitreous hemorrhage with, 18 causes, 21 Retinopathy centrifugal forces and, 296 central serous, 263 differential diagnosis, 19, 274, 295, tumor-associated, 217 298–299 Retinopathy of prematurity, and degenerative exudative myopia, 272 characteristics, 299t Retinopexy, pneumatic, 305 differential diagnosis, 285, 298, 299t Retinoschisis localized serous. See Central serous differential diagnosis, 298–299, 299f chorioretinopathy reticular degenerative, 294–295 management, 300–305 senile, 294–295 outpatient techniques, 303–305, 303f, Rhabdomyosarcoma, 87–89, 88f–89f 304f, 305f differential diagnosis, 59, 78, 94 surgical failure, 303 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, pathology, color-coded diagram, 306, 239–240, 296 307f characteristics, 299t posttraumatic, 21–22, 22f differential diagnosis, 298, 299t rhegmatogenous, 239–240, 296 epidemiology, 296 characteristics, 299t management, 300–301, 301f differential diagnosis, 298, 299t presentation, 296–298 epidemiology, 296 risk factors for, 296–297 management, 300–301, 301f Rheumatoid arthritis presentation, 296–298 episcleritis in, 123 risk factors for, 296–297 peripheral ulcerative keratitis in, 182–184, tractional 183f characteristics, 299t scleritis in, 124 differential diagnosis, 298, 299t Rhexis in proliferative retinopathy, 261, 263f in mature cataract, 222–223, 223f–226f Retinal dialysis, 297f, 298 in senile cataract, 226–227, 226f–229f and retinal detachment, 21, 22f Rieger anomaly syndrome, 135 Retinal pigment degeneration, secondary, in Riesman sign, 76t syphilis, 198 Rosacea Retinal pigment epithelium differential diagnosis, 182, 183 congenital hypertrophy, 332, 332f ocular, 100–101, 100f differential diagnosis, 327, 328, 330, RPE. See Retinal pigment epithelium 331, 332 RP inversus, differential diagnosis, 279, 280 hemorrhagic detachment, differential RRD. See Rhegmatogenous retinal diagnosis, 329 detachment Index 553

Rubella, 135 Sensory exotropia, 344 congenital, 285 Serpiginous choroiditis, 205–206, 206f Rubella retinopathy, 281, 282 Serratia corneal ulcer, 146 Rubeola, corneal involvement in, 150 Seton implantation, 252, 253f Rubeosis iridis Shafer sign, 297 and hyphema, 15 Shaken baby syndrome, 18 vitreous hemorrhage and, 18 Shield ulcer, 146, 152–153, 153f Shingles, 143 S Sickle cell anemia, and angioid streaks, 270, Salzmann nodular degeneration, 177–178, 271 177f Sickle cell retinopathy, 283–284 Sarcoid differential diagnosis, 263, 286, 335, 336, atypical lymphoid infiltrate, 57 337 differential diagnosis, 57, 323 management, 284 Sarcoidosis, 97 presentation, 283 cardiovascular involvement in, 199 proliferative, and vitreous hemorrhage, 270 differential diagnosis, 80, 112, 150, 263 Siderosis, 23–24 ocular involvement in, 198–199 , 261 pulmonary involvement in, 199 Sildenafil citrate, and central serous vitreous hemorrhage with, 18 chorioretinopathy, 273 Satellite lesion, in adult toxoplasmosis, 201 Sinusitis, and mucocele, 93–94, 95f Scarring Sixth-nerve palsy, 350–351, 351f chorioretinal, 332 Sjögren syndrome, differential diagnosis, 112 corneal Skin tag. See Acrochordon central, 164 Sling surgery in HSV keratitis, 141f conventional, 37f from infection, 177 Jacob-Agarwal, 37f, 38–41, 39f–41f interstitial keratitis and, 150, 151f Snap-back test, 33 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 Snellen sign, 76t stromal, 192 Sodium hydroxide burns, 5–7 of lid margin Solar retinitis, 287 and distichiasis, 64 Solar retinopathy, 287 and trichiasis, 64 Spheroidal corneal degeneration, 178 upper eyelid, 43 Sphingolipidoses, 267 Schnyder corneal dystrophy. See Central SPK. See Superficial punctate keratitis crystalline dystrophy of Schnyder Squamous cell carcinoma, 61–62, 61f Schwannoma, 90 conjunctival, 137 Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, 217 cystic, 61f Scleral buckling differential diagnosis, 51–54, 59, 64, 113, encircling, 302, 302t 133, 137 procedure, 305–316 nodular, 62 color-coded diagram, 306, 307f plaquelike, 62 drainage of subretinal fluid, 314–315, ulcerating, 62 314f, 315f Staphylococcal hypersensitivity, 152 exoplant material, 308–310, 309f Staphylococcal marginal ulcer, 177, 182 localization of retinal breaks, 305–306, Staphylococcus 306f coagulase-negative, postoperative parallax associated with viewing, 308, endophthalmitis caused by, 241 308f corneal ulcer caused by, 146, 177, 182 shafting during localization, 308, 309f traumatic endophthalmitis caused by, suture placement for silicone explant, 213 calculating distance of, 310f, Staphylococcus aureus 311–312, 311f–313f blepharitis caused by, 106 suture tying, anterior shifting, 314, 314f hordeolum caused by, 46–47, 46f suturing technique, 310, 310f postoperative endophthalmitis caused by, for retinal detachment, 302 214, 241 segmental, 302, 302t traumatic endophthalmitis caused by, 213 Scleral ectasia, 140 Staphylococcus epidermidis, postoperative Scleritis, 124–125, 125f endophthalmitis caused by, 214 anterior, 124 Staphyloma(s) differential diagnosis, 124, 329 anterior, anterior segment transplantation necrotizing, 124 for, 189–191, 190f posterior, 78, 124, 125, 329 congenital, 272 Sclerocornea, 158 posterior, with degenerative myopia, 272 differential diagnosis, 157, 192 scleral, 134–135, 135f Scleromalacia, 140 differential diagnosis, 140 Searchlight in fog, in adult toxoplasmosis, 201 Stargardt disease, 278–279, 279f Sebaceous cell carcinoma, 62–63, 62f differential diagnosis, 279, 280 differential diagnosis, 46, 101, 133 management, 279 Sebaceous hydrocystoma, 57, 58f presentation, 278, 279f Seborrheic blepharitis, 100 Stellwag sign, 76t Seborrheic keratosis, 52, 52f Steroids differential diagnosis, 53, 54, 64 exogenous, and central serous Senile retinoschisis, 294–295 chorioretinopathy, 273, 274 differential diagnosis, 21 injections, 267 Senile tapetochoroidal degeneration, 291 and subconjunctival hemorrhage, 3 554 Index

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 Temporary orbital balloon, 303 differential diagnosis, 136, 192 Tenonitis, 78 and distichiasis, 64 Terrien marginal degeneration, 119f, 184–185, and symblepharon, 116 184f and trichiasis, 64 differential diagnosis, 172, 183, 185 Stickler syndrome, and degenerative myopia, Thermal burn(s), 6, 112, 192 272 Third-nerve palsy, 347–349 Stocker line, 179 complete, 348, 348f Strabismus, 339–358 congenital, 349 pattern, 344–345, 345f differential diagnosis, 349 Strawberry nevus, 81 inferior, 348, 348f Streptococcus management, 349 corneal ulcer caused by, 146 pupillary involvement, 348, 349 group B, neonatal endogenous secondary, 349 endophthalmitis caused by, 215 superior branch, 348, 348f postoperative endophthalmitis caused by, Thrombosis, cavernous sinus, 71–73 214, 241 differential diagnosis, 69, 76, 78, 93, 128 traumatic endophthalmitis caused by, 213 presentation, 71 Streptococcus pyogenes conjunctivitis, 105 Thygeson superficial punctate keratitis, 152, Striate keratitis, after cataract extraction, 237f 152f Striate melanokeratosis, corneal verticillata Thyroid eye disease, 74–77, 74f–75f in, 180, 181f differential diagnosis, 78, 93, 128 String of pearls appearance, 215 dilated vessels in, 126 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 135, 330 exophthalmos in, 73t differential diagnosis, 325 eyelid edema in, 47, 47f dilated episcleral vessels in, 126–127, 127f eyelid retraction in, 43, 43f Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 3–4, 4f management, 76–77 Subretinal hemorrhage, 327, 328, 330, 331 proptosis in, 43, 43f Suker sign, 76t Thyroid-related ophthalmopathy, 74–77, 74f– Sulfite oxidase deficiency, and lens 75f. See also Graves ophthalmopathy; subluxation, 13 Thyroid eye disease Sulfuric acid burn, 5–7 differential diagnosis, 78, 93 Sulfurous acid burn, 5–7 infiltrative (severe), 74 Superficial punctate keratitis, with chemical management, 76–77 burn, 5 noninfiltrative (mild), 74 Superior lid crease, 36 Werner classification, 74 Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, 122–123, Tilosis, with blepharitis, 100 122f Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 77, 128 differential diagnosis, 63, 192 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 112, 113 and filamentary keratitis, 154 Toxocariasis, 201 Superior oblique palsy Toxoplasmosis acquired, 349 adult, 201 bilateral, 349–350, 350f congenital, 200 congenital, 349 ocular involvement in, 200–202 unilateral, 349f, 350 Trachoma Superior rectus muscle palsy, isolated, 348 Chlamydia, 106–109, 107f, 107t–108t Supranuclear palsy, 354f differential diagnosis, 110, 112, 192 Symblepharon, 116–117, 116f and symblepharon, 116 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 and distichiasis, 64 Sympathetic ophthalmia, 213 and trichiasis, 64 Syphilis Trauma, 1–32 acquired anterior segment, 1–17 and interstitial keratitis, 150, 151 and bacterial corneal ulcer, 146 and lens subluxation, 13 carotid cavernous fistula caused by, 31–32, ocular involvement in, 198 31f, 90, 93 congenital cataract caused by, 11–13, 12f and interstitial keratitis, 150, 151, 151f cerebral, in pediatric patient, 201 ocular involvement in, 198 corneal involvement in, 192 differential diagnosis, 285 differential diagnosis, 69, 72, 324 vitreous hemorrhage in, 18 endophthalmitis caused by, 213–214 Syringoma, 57–58 and fungal keratitis, 149 Systemic lupus erythematosus lacrimal system, 2, 3f and central serous chorioretinopathy, 273 and lens subluxation, 13 peripheral ulcerative keratitis in, 183f optic nerve, 25–26, 25f scleritis in, 124 orbital, 26–32 penetrating, 21 T perforating, 16–17, 17f Taches de bougie, 199 posterior segment, 17–26 Tapetochoroidal degeneration, senile, 291 and retinal detachment, 297 Tay-Sachs disease, 267 and symblepharon, 116 Tear deficiency to trigeminal nerve, and neurotropic and filamentary keratitis, 154 keratopathy, 155 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 and vitreous hemorrhage, 270 Tears, artificial, 114–115 Trichiasis, 64, 65f Telecanthus, in blepharophimosis syndrome, with blepharitis, 100 48, 48f differential diagnosis, 35, 110 Index 555

pemphigoid and, 112 glaucoma-related, 196 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 granulomatous, 198–199 Trisomy 13, 135 HLA-B27-associated, 194–195 Trisomy 15, 135 in inflammatory bowel disease, 195 Trisomy 21, 49. See also Down syndrome intermediate, 200 Tuberculosis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 196–197 chorioretinitis in, 201 phacoanaphylactic, 12 and interstitial keratitis, 150, 151 phacolytic, 196 ocular involvement in, 199, 199t posterior, 200–209 Tumor(s) in psoriatic arthritis, 195 and bilateral superior oblique palsy, 349 in Reiter syndrome, 194–195 choroidal, 326–332 in sarcoidosis, 198–199 differential diagnosis, 274 tuberculous, 199, 199t ciliary body, 323, 325–326 in uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome, eyelid, 51–57, 59–64 196 fundal, pigmented, 333 vitreous hemorrhage with, 18 intraocular Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome, 196 and cystoid macular edema, 274 and vitreous hemorrhage, 270 V of iris, 322–325 Valsalva retinopathy, 263 lacrimal gland, 97–98 Varicella-zoster virus. See also Herpes zoster orbital, 69–99 acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused differential diagnosis, 128 by, 209 retinal, 333–337 infection, 105 and retinal detachment, 298f Vascular lesions, orbital, 85t, 90. See also retinal pigment epithelium, 332–333 Capillary hemangioma; Cavernous Turner syndrome, 135 hemangioma; Lymphangioma; Type A personality, and central serous Orbital varices chorioretinopathy, 273 Vasculitis differential diagnosis, 269 U retinal, and cystoid macular edema, 274 Ulcer Verruca, 58 corneal VH. See Vitreous hemorrhage from Acanthamoeba, 147, 148f Viral infection, corneal, 146 bacterial, 146–147, 146f Viral keratitis, 149, 150 differential diagnosis, 7, 143, 146, 153, Vision loss, with retinal breaks/retinal 192 detachment, 297 fungal, 149, 149f Vitamin A deficiency, 285 herpetic, 192 Vitamin B deficiency, 192 dendritic, 104f Vitelliform macular dystrophy, 280–281 immune-mediated, 146, 147, 153 Vitiliginous chorioretinitis, 206–207.207f infectious, 153 Vitrectomy marginal for epiretinal membrane, 321 in HSV infection, 142 25-gauge transconjunctival, 305, 305f staphylococcal, 177, 182 pneumatic, 305 sterile, 146 primary, 303 neurotropic and recurrent corneal erosion, 156 in HSV infection, 142, 143 Vitreomacular traction syndrome, and cystoid in HZV infection, 144f macular edema, 274 in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 113 Vitreoretinal adherence, focal, and traumatic trachoma, 107f retinal detachment, 21 viral, 146 Vitreous detachment, posterior, 295–296 dendritic differential diagnosis, 295 differential diagnosis, 3 and retinitis pigmentosa, 285 herpetic, 104f Vitreous hemorrhage, 270 herpetic amblyopia and, 19 dendritic, 104f causes, 270 differential diagnosis, 7 diabetic retinopathy and, 270 Ulcerative colitis, ocular involvement in, 195 differential diagnosis, 18, 270, 295 Ulcerative keratitis Eales disease and, 270 differential diagnosis, 6, 182, 184 and exudative age-related macular peripheral, 182–184, 183f degeneration, 270 Ultraviolet (UV) keratitis, 6 and ghost-cell glaucoma, 18–19 Usher syndrome, and retinitis pigmentosa, and hemosiderosis bulbi, 19 285 in histoplasmosis, 18 Uveal effusion syndrome, 325 management, 270 Uveitis in melanoma, 18 acute anterior nongranulomatous, 194–197 posterior vitreous detachment and, 270 in ankylosing spondylitis, 194 posttraumatic, 17–19, 18f, 270 anterior, 10 presentation, 270 in Behçet syndrome, 212–213, 212f and proliferative retinopathy, 18, 19 chronic nongranulomatous, 196–197 proliferative sickle cell retinopathy and, 270 congenital syphilitic, 198 with retinal breaks/retinal detachment, 297 and cystoid macular edema, 274, 276 with retinoblastoma, 18 differential diagnosis, 124, 125, 324 spontaneous, 18 disorders masquerading as, 216–217, 216t in syphilis, 18 556 Index

Vitreous hemorrhage (continued) Wegener granulomatosis, scleritis in, traumatic, 17–19, 18f, 270 124 in child abuse, 18 Weill-Marchesani syndrome, 135 Vitritis and lens subluxation, 13 in adult toxoplasmosis, 201 Weiss ring, 295 differential diagnosis, 295 Wet snow, in adult toxoplasmosis, 201 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 210, 210f, White dot syndrome, 203–204 211f Wilder sign, 76t Vogt limbal girdle, 174, 174f Wound leak, after cataract surgery, 237– Vogt striae, keratoconus and, 171 238 Von Grafe sign, 76t von Hippel-Lindau disease, 334 X Vossius ring, 11 Xanthelasma, 57, 58

W Z Warfarin, and subconjunctival hemorrhage, 3 ZTTs. See Retinal tufts, zonular traction