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The Demonstrative Nature of the Hindi/Marwari

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The Demonstrative Nature of the Hindi/Marwari THE DEMONSTRATIVE NATURE OF THE HINDI/MARWARI CORRELATIVE Anne Beshears Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics january 2017 School of Languages Linguistics and Film Queen Mary University of London 1 I, Anne Beshears, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Date: Details of collaboration and publications: Beshears, Anne. (2015) The Hindi correlative as an overtly pronounced index. Mythili Menon and Saurov Syed, eds. Proceedings of FASAL 6. University of Massachusetts. Beshears, Anne. (2016) Licensing the correlative via the semantics of the demonstrative. Bellamy, Kate, Elena Karvovskaya and George Saad, eds. ConSOLE XXIV: Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Student Orga- nization of Linguistics in Europe (6-8 January 2016, York). Leiden: Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. 2 Abstract One of the main features of the correlative construction is the necessity of an appropriate correlate (either a demonstrative or a pronoun) in the main clause. While the syntactic features of the correlative construction are well established, the relationship between the correlative clause and its correlate remains unclear. In this dissertation, I propose that the correlative clause is the overt pro- nunciation of the index of the demonstrative. The correlative, therefore, does not adjoin to IP (Dayal 1996) or the demonstrative (Bhatt 2003) but enters the syntax as the indexical argument of the demonstrative phrase (Nunberg 1993; Elbourne 2008). I then turn to the adverbial correlative clause, which involves an adverbial relative phrase, and show that it is also the overt pronunciation of the index and, further, that it is interpreted as a definite description and contributes an individual of type e. Having established the relationship between the correlative clause and its correlate, I develop a new analysis of the semantic contribution of both the single headed correlative, involving one relative phrase, and the multi-headed correlative which involves multiple relative phrases. I propose that the cor- relative gets its interpretation through a Q particle, QCOR, which raises from the relative phrase to Spec-CP. It is QCOR which allows both adverbial and nominal correlatives to have a definite interpretation. I present new data from Hindi and Marwari which shows that the multi-headed correlative is base- generated inside of the main clause, at the highest demonstrative or below, and denotes an ordered pair. Each member of that set is then an argument of one of the demonstratives in the main clause. Finally, if the proposed analysis is correct, then it should be follow that other types of phrases can occur in the same position. Not only is this possible in Hindi and Marwari, but sign languages and Mandarin Chinese allow overt indices as well. 3 maɾwaɽ mẽ, həɾ koʔ ũ paɳi bədəɭe ne, tin koʔ ũ ʋaɳi In Marwar, the taste of the water changes every 2 km, the language every six. To the people of Marwar, with thanks. 4 Acknowledgments When I chose to work on correlatives, it was because I didn’t want to get pigeon-holed into a narrow topic which I would be stuck doing for the rest of my linguistics career. Naively, I thought that a dissertation would be compre- hensive and say everything that there was to say about the topic. Instead, my entire dissertation covers what I thought would be just the first chapter, and there are still many lingering questions which won’t be answered here. For this reason, I must thank all of the supervisors and mentors who helped guide me through the process of tackling a research project, learning what to focus on, and learning where to prune – sometimes quite aggressively. Often people have said to me that doing a PhD is very lonely work. This has never been my experience. Both at JNU and at QMUL, I have been blessed with great departments who were supportive, friendly, and a pleasuer to be a part of. Thanks to Ayesha Kidwai for introducing me to syntax and bearing with my initial attempts to apply what we were learning to Hindi, even when I didn’t actually speak Hindi that well. It was a real pleasure being part of your classes. Benu Sharon, Jyoti Iyer, Diti Bhadra, and all of my other JNU cohorts: It was a joy and privilege to study alongside you. I’m sure I learned as much from all of you as I did from our classes! Thank you, Utpal Lahiri, for teaching us semantics and our first introduction to λ-abstraction. At the time, semantics felt so far over my head, but looking back I realize how much I learned throughout our courses. Veneeta Dayal: You were actually our first introduction to semantics and, as you could tell, we had no idea what we were doing! Thank you for your patience. Your class was my first introduction to semantic fieldwork and to the possibility of studying a language you didn’t actually speak fluently. At Queen Mary, first of all, thanks to my supervisors Luisa Marti, Daniel Harbour, and Paul Elbourne. Luisa, working with you was a real delight! 5 You jumped in mid-way into my project, without knowing anything about correlatives or Hindi, and helped me through one of the hardest aspects of this whole process: writing everything down on paper. Daniel, thank you for your encouragement both in writing and in doing fieldwork. I enjoyed being able to bounce ideas around and exploring new approaches. Paul, thanks for taking me on as a new PhD student and for giving me the freedom to explore a bit before settling on a final topic. It was you who taught me the importance of paying attention to detail, a lesson which has held me in good stead throughout my PhD. Thanks also to David Adger, Hagit Borer, Devyani Sharma, Coppe van Urk and everyone else who came to presentations, asked questions, made comments, and suggested different ways to think about a problem. The highlight of my time at Queen Mary, though, is my classmates. As much as I look forward to having a real office someday, it’s been great fun working in the LingLab with all of you. Danniella: Thanks for sitting next to me! Reem, Annette, and Panpan: It’s been great fun going through this whole process together. Dave: Thanks for leading many trips to the Morgan Arms and The Coburn. Melisa: Without you, I wouldn’t have known that bare singulars even existed. (I’m still not sure whether that’s a good thing or not.) Anyway, you all know who you are. I will miss working with all of you day to day, but I hope that we will cross paths here and there soon! Thanks also to my family and friends who have supported me and encour- aged me throughout this process. Thanks, Mom and Dad, for demonstrating that learning is important and encouraging me that I can do anything I can set my mind to. Thanks, Kim, Jess, and Monica for your encouragement and believing in me throughout this process. And, thanks to the rest of my family who still don’t entirely understand why I would want to go to this much trou- ble just to study linguistics but who would drop everything to come to India and bring me back home if I was ever in trouble. Thank you to all of my dear friends in Missouri and around the world who are always up for a coffee and a good chat whenever I come home. Most of all, thanks for your patience and forgiveness when I disappear for a year in order to finish ‘writing-up’. Thank you to my church family at Christian Fellowship. Mike: Thanks for being available to talk so often and for seeing me through some pretty tough times. You and the team coming to visit me in India has meant so much. Phil: Thanks for being excited about correlatives and language! Most people’s eyes glaze over pretty quickly when I explain what correlatives are, but you just 6 get more excited. Bob and Doris: Having a second home with you has been such a blessing. There were so many times when I needed, not only a place to land but a place to decompress and debrief. Thanks for being that. And to everyone else: Thanks for your continued support and being excited for me, even when you may not be excited about correlatives. I want to include a special thanks to all my friends in India. You made my experience in India worthwhile, and I wouldn’t have been able to finish this without your friendship. First of all, many thanks to Amber and Namita, Imran and Uzma, and Rohit and Geetika.
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