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Pahari Language of Azad Kashmir: a Corpus Based Grammatical Description

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Pahari Language of Azad Kashmir: a Corpus Based Grammatical Description PAHARI LANGUAGE OF AZAD KASHMIR: A CORPUS BASED GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION SHAHIDA KHALIQUE (Regd. No.2001-Gpig-2756) Session 2011-2014 Department of English Faculty of Arts University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan PAHARI LANGUAGE OF AZAD KASHMIR: A CORPUS BASED GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION BY SHAHIDA KHALIQUE (Regd. No. 2001-Gpig-2756) A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Session 2011-2014 Department of English Faculty of Arts University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan DEDICATED TO……. MY FAMILY Who not only raised and nurtured me but also taxed themselves dearly over the years for my education. iii CERTIFICATION It is certified that the contents and the form of the thesis entitled “Pahari Language of Azad Kashmir: A Corpus Based Grammatical Description” submitted by Ms. Shahida Khalique, in the partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is satisfactory for the requirement of the degree. Supervisor: _____________________ Member: _____________________ Member: _____________________ External Examiner: ____________________ Chairman Department of English Dean Director Faculty of Arts Advanced Studies & Research iv CONTENTS Contents Page LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………….xiii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………......xvi ABRIVATIONS…………………………………………………………………... xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………….......xix ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...…xxi 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..…1 1.1 PAHARI LANGUAGE……………………………………………….............. 1 1.1.1Historical Background of Pahari……………………………………………….2 1.1.2 Script of Pahari …………………………………………………………......3 1.1.3 Pahari Dialects ………………………………………………………..........3 1.1.4 Position of Pahari in Indo- Aryan Language Family……………………….....4 1..1.5 Influence of other Languages on Pahari………………………………….......8 1.1.6 Previous Linguistics Research on Pahari……………………………………...8 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ……………………………………. 10 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .... ……………………………………………11 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .... …………………………………………………11 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ....... ………………………………………11 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................ ……………………………………12 1.6.1 Fieldwork Setting ......... …………………………………………………………12 1.6.2 Data Analysis ......... ……………………………………………………………12 1.7 Thesis Organization ...... …………………………………………………………13 2. NOUN, PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE MORPHOLOGY…………………14 2.1 NOUN MORPHOLOGY .................................................................................14 Gender Marking in Pahari ........................................................................................14 2.1.1.1 Semantic Gender Assignment ......................................................................15 2.1.1.2 Overt Gender Marking in Pahari ..................................................................18 v 2.1.1.3 Suffixation ....................................................................................................19 2.1.2 Pluralisation .....................................................................................................22 2.2 CASES IN PAHARI .........................................................................................26 2.2.1 Nominative Case .............................................................................................27 2.2.2 Ergative Case ...................................................................................................28 2.2.3Accusative Case................................................................................................33 2.2.4. Dative Case .....................................................................................................38 2.2.5 Instrumental Case ............................................................................................40 2.2.6 Genitive Case...................................................................................................41 2.2.7 Locative Case ..................................................................................................43 2.2.8 Vocative Case ..................................................................................................44 2.3 DEFINITENESS ...............................................................................................46 2.4 PRONOUNS ......................................................................................................48 2.4.1. Personal Pronouns ..........................................................................................48 2.4.1.1 Case Marking on Personal Pronouns ............................................................52 2.4.2 Demonstrative pronouns ..................................................................................54 2.4.3 Interrogative Pronouns ....................................................................................57 2.4.4 Possessive Pronouns ........................................................................................59 2.4.5 Relative Pronouns ............................................................................................62 2.4.6 Reflexive pronouns ..........................................................................................63 2.4.7 Indefinite Pronouns .........................................................................................65 2.4.8 Reduplicated Pronouns ....................................................................................66 2.5 ADJECTIVES ...................................................................................................68 2.5.1 Non-inflected Adjectives .................................................................................68 2.5.2 Inflected Adjectives .........................................................................................69 2.5.3 Adjective derivation through suffixes .............................................................71 vi 2.5.3.1 Derivation of Adjectives from Nouns ..........................................................71 2.5.3.2 Adjectives Derived from Verbs ....................................................................73 2.5.3.3 Adjectives Derived from Adjectives and Pronouns .....................................74 2.5.3.4 Adjectives Derived through Compounding ..................................................77 2.5.3.5 Reduplicated Adjectives………………………………………….……………...78 2.5.3.6 Degrees of Adjectives ...................................................................................80 2.6 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................81 3. VERB AND ADVERB MORPHOLOGY ........................................................83 3.1 VERBS MORPHOLOGY................................................................................83 3.1.1 The Verb Root in Pahari ..................................................................................83 3.1.2 Verb Sub-Classes.............................................................................................83 3.1.2.1 Transitive verbs ............................................................................................85 3.1.2.1.1 Transitive Verb Derivation ........................................................................86 3.1.2.2 Intransitive Verbs .........................................................................................87 3.1.2.3 Ditransitive Verbs .........................................................................................88 3.1.3 CAUSATIVES ...............................................................................................88 3.1.3.1 Direct Causatives ..........................................................................................89 3.1.3.2 Indirect Causative .........................................................................................92 3.1.4 COMPLEX VERBS ......................................................................................95 3.1.4.1 Conjunct Verbs .............................................................................................95 3.1.4.2 Compound Verbs ..........................................................................................98 3.1.5 PARTICIPLES ..............................................................................................99 3.1.5.1 Conjunctive Participle ..................................................................................100 3.1.5.2 Perfective Participles ....................................................................................100 3.1.5.3 Imperfective participles ................................................................................103 3.1.6 INFINITIVES ..................................................................................................104 vii 3.1.6.1 The Oblique Infinitive ..................................................................................105 3.1.7 TENSE AND ASPECT ..................................................................................106 3.1.7.1 Auxiliaries ....................................................................................................106 3.1.7.2 Tenses in Pahari ............................................................................................108 3.1.7.2.1 The Present Tense ......................................................................................108 3.1.7.2.1.1 Uses of Present Tense .............................................................................113 3.1.7.2.2 The Past Tense ...........................................................................................113
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