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The Social Context of Nature Conservation in Nepal 25 Michael Kollmair, Ulrike Müller-Böker and Reto Soliva

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The Social Context of Nature Conservation in Nepal 25 Michael Kollmair, Ulrike Müller-Böker and Reto Soliva 24 Spring 2003 EBHR EUROPEAN BULLETIN OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH European Bulletin of Himalayan Research The European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (EBHR) was founded by the late Richard Burghart in 1991 and has appeared twice yearly ever since. It is a product of collaboration and edited on a rotating basis between France (CNRS), Germany (South Asia Institute) and the UK (SOAS). Since October 2002 onwards, the German editorship has been run as a collective, presently including William S. Sax (managing editor), Martin Gaenszle, Elvira Graner, András Höfer, Axel Michaels, Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka, Mona Schrempf and Claus Peter Zoller. We take the Himalayas to mean, the Karakorum, Hindukush, Ladakh, southern Tibet, Kashmir, north-west India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and north-east India. The subjects we cover range from geography and economics to anthropology, sociology, philology, history, art history, and history of religions. In addition to scholarly articles, we publish book reviews, reports on research projects, information on Himalayan archives, news of forthcoming conferences, and funding opportunities. Manuscripts submitted are subject to a process of peer- review. Address for correspondence and submissions: European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, c/o Dept. of Anthropology South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 330 D-69120 Heidelberg / Germany e-mail: [email protected]; fax: (+49) 6221 54 8898 For subscription details (and downloadable subscription forms), see our website: http://ebhr.sai.uni-heidelberg.de or contact by e-mail: [email protected] Contributing editors: France: Marie Lecomte-Tilouine, Pascale Dollfus, Anne de Sales Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 299 7, rue Guy Môquet 94801 Villejuif cedex France e-mail: [email protected] Great Britain: Michael Hutt, David Gellner, Ben Campbell School of Oriental and African Studies Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square London WC1H 0XG U.K. e-mail: [email protected] Netherlands: Mark Turin Himalayan Languages Project, Silodam 355 1013 AW Amsterdam Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] EBHR 24 Spring 2003 ARTICLES Remarks on Revolutionary Songs and Iconography 5 Anne de Sales The Social Context of Nature Conservation in Nepal 25 Michael Kollmair, Ulrike Müller-Böker and Reto Soliva Ḍhol Sāgar: Aspects of Drum Knowledge amongst Musicians 63 in Garhwal, North India Andrew Alter CORRESPONDENCE, REPORTS, ANNOUNCEMENTS Conference Report on The Agenda of Transformation: 78 Inclusion in Nepali Democracy, Kathmandu, 24-26 April 2003 Sara Shneiderman and Mark Turin Report on the Conference Nepal — Current State of Research 80 and Perspectives held in memory of Prof. Bernhard Kölver in June 2003 in Leipzig Alexander von Rospatt Research Report: Labour Migration from Far West Nepal to 82 Delhi, India Susan Thieme, Michael Kollmair, Ulrike Müller-Böker The Categories of Nature and Culture in the Himalayas. A 90 workshop organized by M. Lecomte-Tilouine CNAS Alumni of Foreign Scholars 92 BOOK REVIEWS On the Languages of the Himalayas and their Links (nearly) 94 around the World. Review Article by Roland Bielmeier Janet Rizvi: Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant princes 117 and peasant traders in Ladakh Nicky Grist Krishna Hachhethu: Party Building in Nepal: Organization, 120 leadership and people. A comparative study of the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) Karl-Heinz Krämer P.M. Blaikie & S. Z. Sadeque: Policy in High Places. 123 Environment and development in the Himalayan region Ulrike Müller-Böker Gisèle Krauskopff & Pamela Deuel Meyer (eds.): The Kings of 126 Nepal & the Tharu of the Tarai Nutandhar Sharma William F. Fisher: Fluid Boundaries: Forming and 129 transforming identity in Nepal Sara Shneiderman Martin Gaenszle: Ancestral Voices: Oral ritual texts and their 132 social contexts among the Mewahang Rai of east Nepal Mark Turin Editorial If you visit our new website, http://ebhr.sai.uni-heidelberg.de, then you will be able, not only to access subscription information, instructions for contributors, news and the like, but also to download older issues at no cost. In addition, we will make available for sale the music CD accompanying EBHR numbers 12 and 13 (1997), which was a special double issue edited by Franck Bernède on Himalayan Music: State of the Art. Our thanks go to Mr. Lukas Siegwald for providing the technological expertise to make this possible. The possibility of downloading older issues is limited to numbers that appeared up to two years before the present one. The editors felt that it was important to make this limitation in order to retain the viability of our subscribers' list. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Martin Gaenszle for all the work he has done on the Bulletin. Although my name appears as Managing Editor, it is really Martin that has done most of the work. We shall miss him over the next few months, as he conducts research in Nepal. Bo Sax Managing Editor Notes on Contributors Andrew Alter is a lecturer in ethnomusicology at the University of New England, Australia. His PhD, completed in 2001, examined musical practice in Garhwal with specific emphasis on drum repertoires in ritual occasions. His current research is focussed on performance techniques used by folk epic singers in the region. Michael Kollmair teaches at the Department of Geography, Zurich University, Switzerland and is a senior researcher of the NCCR North-South project. His PhD research was on indigenous knowledge of fodder tree cultivation in Nepal. Currently his research is focused on social impacts of nature conservation and institutional arrangements of natural resource use. Ulrike Müller-Böker is Professor of Human Geography at Zurich University, Switzerland. Since 1977 she works regularly in Nepal. Her areas of specialisation are Social and Cultural Geography and Development Studies. Since 2001 she is in the Board of Directors of NCCR North-South and leads the Individual Project "Institutional Change and Livelihood Strategies." Anne de Sales has carried out fieldwork in western Nepal during several stays since 1981. Her publications include a monograph on shamanic rituals among the Kham Magar (1991). More recently she has focused on local effects of the Maoist movement in Nepal. She is chargée de recherches in anthropology at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, Maison Française d'Oxford/Institute of Anthropological and Cultural Studies,Oxford, UK). Reto Soliva did his PhD at the Department of Geography, Zurich University, Switzerland on "Nature conservation in Nepal seen from a political ecology perspective" (in German) in 2002. Currently he is working as a post-doctoral fellow at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research on the project "Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation with Declining Agricultural Use in the Mountains of Europe". Remarks on Revolutionary Songs and Iconography1 Anne de Sales Very soon after the outbreak of the Janandolan (democracy movement of 1990), cassettes of revolutionary songs began to circulate clandestinely. In 1994, I heard some of these songs in a Magar village which I had been visiting since the 1980s, in the north of Rukum district. It may be worth describing briefly the circumstances in which this happened, since the guerilla war was launched in this district a couple of years later. The scene took place on a veranda, at the end of a night-long shamanic seance, as everybody was served beer, a privileged moment for debates. A villager, specifically an ex-mayor of the Panchayat times, came along with his cassette player, the forbidden songs at full blast. He was wearing a pair of shorts rather than the traditional woven hemp luṅgi, and brand new training shoes, his general allure strongly reminiscent of the city and slightly odd for this man in his fifties in a remote village. In a vindictive and perhaps slightly intoxicated mood he accused the guests of remaining powerless in a dark age, still believing in superstitions, observing old customs and jhkris' prescriptions of blood sacrifices, rather than standing up and fighting for hospitals. The shaman faced this avalanche of criticisms with good humour, granting that hospitals were no doubt necessary, and that he had too many patients anyway. He added with modest confidence that his healing powers were given to him by spirits and he had to comply with them whether he liked it or not, and this kind of power the doctors did not have. The others discussed the need for a road to modernise the local economy, the question of its itinerary through certain villages and not others obviously being a hot issue. Nobody paid attention to the songs that gradually died in a gurgle as the batteries failed. After he left, some people mocked the ex-mayor's political convictions as well as his outfit: perhaps he wanted to look young. A lot of ground would be covered within ten years of that incident. In 1994, four cassettes had been produced by the Raktim Parivār, the ‘Family of Blood’, a cultural association closely linked to the Nepali Communist Party Masal (picture 1). 1 This is a revised version of an oral communication at a conference on the Maoist Movement in Nepal organised by Michael Hutt in November 2001 at the School of Oriental and African Studies. I greatly benefited from various comments and suggestions and would like to thank Denis Blamont, Martin Gaenszle, Pratyoush Onta, Charles Ramble and Philippe Ramirez. .. , ,Y ',>1#' Picture 1: The people’s song tour (part 3) "Here comes Masal" de Sales 7 By 2001, 11 cassettes had been released, and 10,000 copies of a booklet with the song texts - about a hundred of them – were published every year. Their success gives enough grounds to consider these cassettes as a significant corpus, an open corpus that has been developing over the years of Maoist insurgency. The conflictual history of the affiliation of Raktim Parivār to revolutionary parties along these years deserves a study of its own, and it would be misleading to analyse this material as the faithful reflection of one party line.
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