Duas Revoluções: O Percurso Estético-Político Na Literatura De John Reed

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Duas Revoluções: O Percurso Estético-Político Na Literatura De John Reed 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS FERNANDO BUSTAMANTE Duas revoluções: O percurso estético-político na literatura de John Reed. Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Área de Concentração: Estudos Literários em Língua Inglesa. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Daniel Puglia. São Paulo 2014 2 Nome: BUSTAMANTE, Fernando Título: Duas revoluções: O percurso estético-político na literatura de John Reed. Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Letras. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. __________________________ Instituição: ___________________________ Julgamento:________________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof. Dr. __________________________ Instituição: ___________________________ Julgamento:________________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Prof. Dr. __________________________ Instituição: ___________________________ Julgamento:________________________ Assinatura: __________________________ 3 A Camila Radwanski (in memoriam). Uma revolucionária que, como John Reed, partiu cedo demais. Você vive em nossa luta. Aos garis do Rio, que mostraram o caminho. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Daniel, que não apenas me acolheu nessa empreitada, mas que foi fundamental em sua sugestão de tema para a dissertação. À minha família que, mesmo não concordando, sempre me apoiou. Aos meus camaradas, que estão lado a lado a cada dia naquilo que é mais fundamental. Aos que me aguentaram nos momentos difíceis e decisivos e que me ajudaram a concluir esta dissertação. À Helena, que foi fundamental para me incentivar e me ajudar a combater meus fantasmas interiores. À CNPq que financiou esta pesquisa por meio de uma bolsa de mestrado e, principalmente, a todos os trabalhadores que a sustentam com seus impostos. 5 Ninguém nasce bolchevique. Deve-se aprender. E isso leva um longo tempo, por uma combinação de militância, luta, sacrifícios pessoais, provas, estudos e discussão. Fazer um bolchevique é um longo e penoso processo. Mas, em compensação, quando se obtém um bolchevique, consegue-se algo. Quando se obtém a quantidade suficiente deles, pode-se fazer o que se desejar, inclusive a revolução. - James P. Cannon. 6 RESUMO BUSTAMANTE, F. Duas revoluções: O percurso estético-político na literatura de John Reed. 2014. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2014. Estudo da evolução estética e política na obra de John Silas Reed (1897-1920) a partir de, fundamentalmente, duas de suas obras: seu primeiro livro, Insurgent Mexico (México Insurgente – 1914) e seu último livro publicado em vida, Ten Days that Shook the World (Dez dias que abalaram o mundo – 1919). A partir da crítica materialista- dialética a dissertação aborda o percurso de John Reed e procura demonstrar, numa leitura comparada entre as duas obras, como a transformação da visão política de seu autor se expressa na transformação estética de suas obras. Também se procura fazer uma leitura crítica da recepção de John Reed e a interpretação de sua obra nas décadas posteriores à sua morte. Palavras-chave: John Reed. Revolução Russa. Revolução Mexicana. Bolchevismo. Literatura marxista. Materialismo dialético. 7 ABSTRACT BUSTAMANTE, F. Two revolutions: The aesthetical and political development in John Reed’s literature. 2014. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2014. A study regarding the aesthetical and political development within the work of John Silar Reed (1897-1920) based upon, fundamentally, two of his books: his first one, Insurgent Mexico (1914), and the last one published in his lifetime, Ten Days that Shook the World (1919). From the dialetical-materialistic standpoint, the study approaches John Reed‘s life and tries to demonstrate, through a compared Reading between these two books, how the transformation in the author‘s political view is related to the aesthetical transformation in his writing and literary composition. John Reed work‘s reception and criticism is also critically regarded. Keywords: John Reed. Russian Revolution. Mexican Revolution. Marxist literature. Bolshevism. Dialectical materialism. 8 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO 1.2 John Reed – Um homem e sua época........................................................................10 1.2 O primeiro encontro entre arte e política – A greve em Paterson e o Pageant.........13 2 ANÁLISE DAS OBRAS 2.1 México Insurgente.....................................................................................................19 2.1.1 Descrições e paisagens..........................................................................................................................24 2.1.2 As contradições entre oficiais e soldados no campo constitucionalista.................32 2.1.3 A relação de Reed com os camponeses e a defesa de sua causa revolucionária....38 2.1.4 Madero, Carranza e a Revolução.....................................................................54 2.1.5 Villa como dirigente e símbolo dos camponeses revolucionários.........................68 2.1.6 As mulheres e a Igreja no México.....................................................................86 2.1.7 Reed e o México: uma visão subjetiva da revolução.......................................96 2.2 Dez dias que abalaram o mundo........................................................................109 2.2.1 Antes dos dez dias................................................................................................111 2.2.2 Um livro planejado para incendiar o mundo........................................................118 2.2.3 O método de exposição.......................................................................................127 2.2.4 Descrições..........................................................................................................142 2.2.5 A construção das personagens............................................................................158 2.2.6 Os órgãos da burguesia e dos socialistas ―moderados‖........................................166 2.2.7 A desmoralização, ridicularização e o desespero nas fileiras contrarrevolucionárias ...........................................................................................................................169 9 2.2.8. Os dissensos entre os bolcheviques e sua relação com os trabalhadores............199 2.2.9 O exército como palco dos enfrentamentos de classe.........................................207 3 CONCLUSÃO.....................................................................................................219 3.1 Um caminho para a arte de um mundo novo..........................................................257 3.2 A liberdade da imprensa e do artista..................................................................237 3.3 Uma obra perigosa...........................................................................................245 REFERÊNCIAS..........................................................................................................270 10 1 INTRODUÇÃO: John Reed – um homem e sua época Os homens fazem a sua própria história, mas não a fazem segundo a sua livre vontade, em circunstâncias escolhidas por eles próprios, e sim nas circunstâncias imediatamente encontradas, dadas e transmitidas pelo passado. A tradição de todas as gerações mortas oprime como um pesadelo o cérebro dos vivos. - Karl Marx, O 18 de Brumário de Luis Bonaparte. John Silas Reed (1887-1920) viveu uma vida extraordinária, breve e intensa, e estudar a sua obra – mais ainda do que a da maior parte dos autores – é algo que não pode ser realizado sem que compreendamos sua trajetória. Graduado na Universidade de Harvard, um lugar cujo propósito sempre foi o de formar a classe dominante dos Estados Unidos, Reed tornou-se uma célebre ―ovelha negra‖ dessa tradição. Deixou os bancos escolares com a ideia de escrever e viver intensamente a vida, indo viajar para a Europa trabalhando em um navio, e retornando para se estabelecer em Nova Iorque. Chegando lá, foi morar em Greenwich Village, um bairro famoso por abrigar intelectuais e artistas de esquerda, com ideias bastante progressistas para sua época. Foi então que começou a ter contato com a enorme miséria que atingia a maior parte da população que vivia na assim chamada ―capital do mundo‖, o que sensibilizou o jovem Reed imensamente, fazendo com que cada vez mais ele se sentisse impelido a fazer algo para mudar aquela situação. Como escreveu depois, Nas minhas incursões pela cidade, não podia ajudar mas observava a feiúra da pobreza e todas as sequelas de seus males, a cruel desigualdade entre os ricos, com seus muitos carros, e os pobres, sem ter o suficiente para comer. Eu soube então, e não foi pelos livros, como os trabalhadores produzem toda 11 a riqueza do mundo, e que esta vai para aqueles que nada fazem para merecê- la.1 Logo, Reed começa a ter contato com o movimento operário a partir da IWW (Industrial Workers of the World – uma central sindical que se opunha à burocrática e conservadora AFL – American Federation of Labor). O momento em que o sentimento vago de protesto social do jovem romântico passa a ganhar os contornos mais definidos de uma consciência de classe do ativista político, com uma compreensão mais nítida
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