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2017:2 LEGEMIDDELSTATISTIKK Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016 ISSN 1890-9647 Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016 Christian Lie Berg (redaktør) Hege Salvesen Blix Olaug Fenne Kari Furu Vidar Hjellvik Kari Jansdotter Husabø Per Olav Kormeset Solveig Sakshaug Hanne Strøm Sissel Torheim Utgitt av Folkehelseinstituttet / Published by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Området for Psykisk og fysisk helse Avdeling for Legemiddelepidemiologi April 2017 Tittel/Title: Legemiddelstatistikk 2017:2 Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016 Forfattere/Authors: Christian Lie Berg (redaktør) Hege Salvesen Blix Olaug Fenne Kari Furu Vidar Hjellvik Kari Jansdotter Husabø Per Olav Kormeset Solveig Sakshaug Hanne Strøm Sissel Torheim Bestilling/Order: Rapporten kan lastes ned som pdf på Folkehelseinstituttets nettsider: www.fhi.no/ The report is available as pdf format only and can be downloaded from www.fhi.no Layout omslag: www.fetetyper.no Layout/design, innhold: Houston 911 Kontaktinformasjon/Contact information: Folkehelseinstituttet/Norwegian Institute of Public Health P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Tel: +47 21 07 70 00 ISSN: 1890-9647 ISBN 978-82-8082-824-8 elektronisk utgave Sitering/Citation: Berg, C (red), Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 [The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016] Legemiddelstatistikk 2017:2, Oslo, Norge: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2017. Tidligere utgaver / Previous editions: 2008: Reseptregisteret 2004–2007 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2004–2007 2009: Legemiddelstatistikk 2009:2: Reseptregisteret 2004–2008 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2004–2008 2010: Legemiddelstatistikk 2010:2: Reseptregisteret 2005–2009. Tema: Vanedannende legemidler / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2005–2009. Topic: Addictive drugs 2011: Legemiddelstatistikk 2011:2: Reseptregisteret 2006–2010 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2006–2010 2012: Legemiddelstatistikk 2012:2: Reseptregisteret 2007–2011 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2007–2011 2013: Legemiddelstatistikk 2013:2: Reseptregisteret 2008–2012 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2008–2012 2014: Legemiddelstatistikk 2014:2: Reseptregisteret 2009–2013 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2009–2013 2015: Legemiddelstatistikk 2015:2: Reseptregisteret 2010–2014. Tema: Antibiotika / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2010–2014. Topic: Antibiotics 2016: Legemiddelstatistikk 2016:2: Reseptregisteret 2011–2015 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2011–2015 Forord Preface Bruken av legemidler i befolkningen er økende. En The use of drugs in the population is increasing. viktig målsetting for norsk legemiddelpolitikk er An important goal of the health policies regarding rasjonell legemiddelbruk. En forutsetning for arbeidet pharmaceuticals in Norway is rational drug use. med å optimalisere legemiddelbruken i befolkningen In order to improve drug use, knowledge about er kunnskap om hvilke legemidler som brukes, hvem which drugs are used, how they are used and who som bruker legemidlene og hvordan de brukes. uses them is vital. In December 2002, the Parlia- For å få bedre kunnskap på dette området, vedtok ment decided to establish a national prescription Stortinget i desember 2002 å etablere et nasjonalt database in Norway (NorPD). The task of building reseptbasert legemiddelregister (Reseptregisteret). up the register was given to the Norwegian Insti- Oppgaven med å etablere registeret ble gitt til Folke- tute of Public Health (NIPH). Since 1st January 2004, helseinstituttet som fra 1. januar 2004 har mottatt the institute has received monthly data on drug månedlige opplysninger fra alle apotek om utlevering dispensed to patients, prescribers and institutions av legemidler til pasienter, forskrivere og institusjoner. from all Norwegian pharmacies. Denne rapporten er tiende utgave av den årlige statis- This report is the tenth edition of the annual statis- tikken fra Reseptregisteret. Generell informasjon om tics from the NorPD. General information about the Reseptregisteret, legemiddelstatistikk, klassifikasjon av NorPD, drug statistics, classification of drugs and legemidler og målemetoder finnes i rapportens del 1. measurement methods is included in part 1 of the Del 2 inneholder noen nøkkeltall fra Reseptregisteret report. Part 2 contains selected key figures from the og et omfattende tabellverk med opplysninger om NorPD and the main tables with information about antall individer som har fått utlevert legemidler etter the number of individuals who had drugs prescriped resept fra apotekene i Norge i siste femårsperiode and dispensed from pharmacies in Norway during (2012–2016). Opplysningene er fordelt på enkeltlege- the latest five years period (2012–2016). The informa- midler og legemiddelgrupper. ATC (Anatomisk Tera- tion includes particular drug substances as well as peutisk Kjemisk) -klassifikasjon er benyttet i tabellene. drug groups. ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) For 2016 er informasjon om alders- og kjønnsfordeling classification is used in the tables. For 2016, informa- og kostnader inkludert i tabellene. ATC-/DDD-versjon tion about age, gender and costs are included in the gjeldende fra januar 2017 er benyttet i rapporten, se tables. The ATC/DDD version of January 2017 has også www.whocc.no. been used in the report, see also www.whocc.no. Reseptregisteret har også en nettside der man kan The NorPD also has a website where you can find finne kompletterende informasjon: complementary information: www.norpd.no (English www.norpd.no (engelsk versjon) eller www.reseptre- version) or www.reseptregisteret.no (Norwegian gisteret.no (norsk versjon). version). It is also possible to apply for data from Det er også mulig å søke om utlevering av data fra the NorPD for research or for other purposes which Reseptregisteret til forskning eller til andre formål are according to the objectives of the NorPD. More som er i henhold til formålet for Reseptregisteret. Mer information about this can be found in part 2 of the informasjon om dette finnes i rapportens del 2 og på report, and at the website of the Norwegian Institute nettsiden til Folkehelseinstituttet (www.fhi.no). of Public Health (www.fhi.no). Avdeling for legemiddelepidemiologi Department of Pharmacoepidemiology Folkehelseinstituttet Norwegian Institute of Public Health April 2017 April 2017 Legemiddelstatistikk 2017:2 • Folkehelseinstituttet 5 Innhold Forord ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Generelt om Reseptregisteret (NorPD) og legemiddelstatistikk .............................................................8 1.1 Reseptregisteret .......................................................................................................................................8 1.2 Nordiske reseptregistre ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Grossistbasert legemiddelstatistikk ................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Anatomisk Terapeutisk Kjemisk (ATC)-klassifikasjon ..................................................................... 13 1.5 Definert Døgndose (DDD) ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.6 WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology......................................................... 15 2. Reseptregisteret (NorPD) 2012–2016 ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Utvalgte nøkkeltall fra Reseptregisteret .......................................................................................... 16 2.2 Reseptkategorier og refusjon av utgifter til legemidler .............................................................. 32 2.3 Beskrivelse av hovedtabellene .......................................................................................................... 36 2.4 ATC main groups ..................................................................................................................................... 40 2.5 ATC group A – Alimentary tract and metabolism ............................................................................. 41 2.6 ATC group B – Blood and bloodforming organs ................................................................................. 52 2.7 ATC group C – Cardiovascular system ................................................................................................ 55 2.8 ATC group D – Dermatologicals ........................................................................................................... 63 2.9 ATC group G – Genito urinary system and sex hormones ............................................................... 69 2.10 ATC group H – Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins ................... 74 2.11 ATC group J – Antiinfectives for systemic use .................................................................................. 77 2.12 ATC group L – Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents ...................................................... 84 2.13 ATC group M – Musculo-skeletal system ........................................................................................... 87 2.14 ATC group N – Nervous system ..........................................................................................................
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    APPENDICES: V ERVOLGONDERZOEK MEDICATIEVEILIGHEID Dit is een bijlage bij het rapport Vervolgonderzoek Medicatieveiligheid en is opgesteld voor het Ministerie van VWS vanuit een samenwerkingsverband tussen het Erasmus MC (Rotterdam), NIVEL (Utrecht), Radboud UMC (Nijmegen) en PHARMO (Utrecht) Januari 2017 Versie 1.0 1 Appendices Hoofstuk 2: Onderzoek naar de mate van opvolging van HARM-Wrestling aanbevelingen (2009-2014) 2 Appendix 1 Appendix 1: Technische omzetting van HARM-Wrestling aanbevelingen naar indicatoren Algemene specificaties Tabel A1a. Bepaling van medicatiegebruik. Geneesmiddel of ATC-code geneesmiddelen groep Antidepressiva N06A Laag gedoseerd ASA B01AC06, B01AC08, B01AC30, N02BA15 (dosering 100mg) of N02BA01 (dosering 80mg) Benzodiazepinen N05CF, N05CD, N05BA of N05CC Beta-blokkers C07 Bisfosfonaten M05BA, M05BB, of M05XX Calcineurine remmers L04AA05 of L04AD01 Carbamazepine N03AF01 Corticosteroiden H02AB Co-trimoxazol J01EE01 Coxibs M01AH Diabetesmedicatie A10 Digoxine C01AA05 Glibenclamide A10BB01 of A10BD02 of A10BD04 H2RA A02BA Itraconazol J02AC02 Kaliumsparende diuretica C03DA, C03DB, of C03EA Kaliumverliezende diuretica C03A, C03B, C03E, C07B, C07CB03, C09BA, C09DA, C09XA52, C03C of C09DX01 Ketoconazol J02AB02 Niet-selectieve NSAID’s N02BA01, N02BA15, N02BA11, N02BA51, N02BA65 of M01A met uitzondering van M01AH, M01AX05, M01AX12, M01AX21, M01AX24, M01AX25 en M01AX26 Laxantia A06A, A02AA02, A02AA03, A02AA04, A06AC, A06AA, of A06AG Lisdiuretica C03C Macroliden J01FA of A02BD04 VKA B01AA Opioïden N02AA met uitzondering van N02AA55, N02AA59 en N02AA79, N02AB, N02AC, N02AD, N02AG, N02AE of N07BC01 Pentamidine P01CX01 PPI’s A02BC of M01AE52 RAS-remmers C09 Sotalol C07AA07 Spironolacton C03DA01 SSRI's N06AB, N06AX21 of N06AX16 Sulonylureumderivaten A10BB, A10BD02 of A10BD04 Thiazidediuretica C03A, C03B, C03EA, C07B, C09BA, C09DA, C09XA52, C09DX01 of C07CB03 TAR B01AC04, B01AC06, B01AC08, B01AC22, B01AC30, N02BA15 (dosering 100mg) of N02BA01 (dosering 80mg) Thienopyridine derivaten B01AC04, B01AC22 of B01AC30 3 Appendix 1 Tabel A1b.
  • Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children: the Role of Bedaquiline and Delamanid

    Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children: the Role of Bedaquiline and Delamanid

    microorganisms Review Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Children: The Role of Bedaquiline and Delamanid Francesco Pecora, Giulia Dal Canto, Piero Veronese and Susanna Esposito * Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barille Children’s Hospital, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; [email protected] (F.P.); [email protected] (G.D.C.); [email protected] (P.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has been emerging at an alarming rate over the last few years. It has been estimated that about 3% of all pediatric TB is MDR, meaning about 30,000 cases each year. Although most children with MDR-TB can be successfully treated, up to five years ago effective treatment was associated with a high incidence of severe adverse effects and patients with extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB had limited treatment options and no standard regimen. The main objective of this manuscript is to discuss our present knowledge of the management of MDR- and XDR-TB in children, focusing on the characteristics and available evidence on the use of two promising new drugs: bedaquiline and delamanid. PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published up to November 2020 using key words such as “bedaquiline” and “delamanid” and “children” and “multidrug-resistant tuberculosis” and “extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis”. The search was limited to articles published in English and providing evidence-based Citation: Pecora, F.; Dal Canto, G.; data. Although data on pediatric population are limited and more studies are needed to confirm Veronese, P.; Esposito, S.