Analysis of Mutations Leading to Para-Aminosalicylic Acid Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
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Successful Treatment of Rifampicin Resistant Case of Leprosy by WHO Recommended Ofloxacin and Minocycline Regimen
Lepr Rev (2019) 90, 456–459 CASE REPORT Successful treatment of rifampicin resistant case of leprosy by WHO recommended ofloxacin and minocycline regimen MALLIKA LAVANIAa, JOYDEEPA DARLONGb, ABHISHEK REDDYb, MADHVI AHUJAa, ITU SINGHa, R.P. TURANKARa & U. SENGUPTAa aStanley Browne Laboratory, The Leprosy Mission Community Hospital, Nand Nagri, New Delhi 110093, India bThe Leprosy Mission Hospital, Purulia, West Bengal 723101, India Accepted for publication 15 July 2019 Summary A 25-year-old male treated for leprosy at the age of 15, with MDT, visited TLM Purulia Hospital in July 2017. He was provisionally diagnosed as a lepromatous relapse with ENL reaction. A biopsy was done to test for drug resistance. Drug resistance testing showed resistance to rifampicin. Second line drug regimen recommended by WHO for rifampicin-resistance was started. Within 6 months of taking medication the clinical signs and symptoms improved rapidly and the BI dropped by 1·66 log within 6 months. This case highlights the need for investigations in cases of relapse and the efficacy of WHO recommended second line drug regimen treatment in rifampicin-resistant leprosy cases. Keywords: leprosy, rifampicin-resistance, second-line treatment Introduction Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease (HD), is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.1,2 Leprosy is curable with administration of a rifampicin, clofazimine and dapsone known as multidrug therapy (MDT). Since the introduction of MDT in 1983 the prevalence -
Efficacy and Safety of World Health Organization Group 5 Drugs for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment
ERJ Express. Published on September 17, 2015 as doi: 10.1183/13993003.00649-2015 REVIEW IN PRESS | CORRECTED PROOF Efficacy and safety of World Health Organization group 5 drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment Nicholas Winters1,2, Guillaume Butler-Laporte1 and Dick Menzies1,2 Affiliations: 1Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada. 2Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Correspondence: Dick Menzies, Montreal Chest Institute, Room K1.24, 3650 St Urbain, Montreal, PQ, Canada, H2X 2P4. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The efficacy and toxicity of several drugs now used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have not been fully evaluated. We searched three databases for studies assessing efficacy in MDR-TB or safety during prolonged treatment of any mycobacterial infections, of drugs classified by the World Health Organization as having uncertain efficacy for MDR-TB (group 5). We included 83 out of 4002 studies identified. Evidence was inadequate for meropenem, imipenem and terizidone. For MDR-TB treatment, clarithromycin had no efficacy in two studies (risk difference (RD) −0.13, 95% CI −0.40–0.14) and amoxicillin–clavulanate had no efficacy in two other studies (RD 0.07, 95% CI −0.21–0.35). The largest number of studies described prolonged use for treatment of non- tuberculous mycobacteria. Azithromycin was not associated with excess serious adverse events (SAEs). Clarithromycin was not associated with excess SAEs in eight controlled trials in HIV-infected patients (RD 0.00, 95% CI −0.02–0.02), nor in six uncontrolled studies in HIV-uninfected patients, whereas six uncontrolled studies in HIV-infected patients clarithromycin caused substantial SAEs (proportion 0.20, 95% CI 0.12–0.27). -
Clofazimine As a Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: a Review
Scientia Pharmaceutica Review Clofazimine as a Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Review Rhea Veda Nugraha 1 , Vycke Yunivita 2 , Prayudi Santoso 3, Rob E. Aarnoutse 4 and Rovina Ruslami 2,* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; [email protected] 2 Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; [email protected] 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran—Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, 6255HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobac- terium tuberculosis which is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. This disease is a worldwide threat and complicates the control of tuberculosis (TB). Long treatment duration, a combination of several drugs, and the adverse effects of these drugs are the factors that play a role in the poor outcomes of MDR-TB patients. There have been many studies with repurposed drugs to improve MDR-TB outcomes, including clofazimine. Clofazimine recently moved from group 5 to group B of drugs that are used to treat MDR-TB. This drug belongs to the riminophenazine class, which has lipophilic characteristics and was previously discovered to treat TB and approved for leprosy. This review discusses the role of clofazimine as a treatment component in patients with MDR-TB, and Citation: Nugraha, R.V.; Yunivita, V.; the drug’s properties. -
Terizidone.Pdf
Essential Medicines List (EML) 2015 Application for the inclusion of terizidone in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, as reserve second‐line drugs for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (complementary lists of anti‐tuberculosis drugs for use in adults and children) General items 1. Summary statement of the proposal for inclusion, change or deletion This application concerns the updating of section 6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines in the 2013 editions of both the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th list) and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (4th list)(1),(2). The proposal is to add terizidone to both the complementary list of anti‐tuberculosis medicines for adults and in children. Terizidone is not on the EML, but its sister medication, cycloserine, is on the complementary list in section 6.2.4 Antituberculosis medicines The applicant considers that terizidone should be viewed as an essential medicine for patients with multidrug‐resistant (MDR‐TB) and extensively drug‐resistant (XDR‐TB) disease. In many low resource settings, patients with these forms of tuberculosis are inadequately treated and often die because not enough medications are available to compose a suitable regimen (3). Second‐line drugs for the treatment of M/XDR‐TB are frequently not available; and global stock outs occur regularly. Terizidone should become more widely available to specialized care centres of national TB programmes and other health care providers treating M/XDR‐TB patients. The inclusion of terizidone as an anti‐tuberculosis agent on the EML will encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to invest more in its production and will facilitate its inclusion in the national EML and its registration in countries where MDR and XDR‐TB are a health threat. -
Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark 2020 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark 2020
First independent framework for assessing pharmaceutical company action Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark 2020 Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Access to Medicine Foundation would like to thank the following people and organisations for their contributions to this report.1 FUNDERS The Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark research programme is made possible with financial support from UK AID and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Expert Review Committee Research Team Reviewers Hans Hogerzeil - Chair Gabrielle Breugelmans Christine Årdal Gregory Frank Fatema Rafiqi Karen Gallant Nina Grundmann Adrián Alonso Ruiz Hans Hogerzeil Magdalena Kettis Ruth Baron Hitesh Hurkchand Joakim Larsson Dulce Calçada Joakim Larsson Marc Mendelson Moska Hellamand Marc Mendelson Margareth Ndomondo-Sigonda Kevin Outterson Katarina Nedog Sarah Paulin (Observer) Editorial Team Andrew Singer Anna Massey Deirdre Cogan ACCESS TO MEDICINE FOUNDATION Rachel Jones The Access to Medicine Foundation is an independent Emma Ross non-profit organisation based in the Netherlands. It aims to advance access to medicine in low- and middle-income Additional contributors countries by stimulating and guiding the pharmaceutical Thomas Collin-Lefebvre industry to play a greater role in improving access to Alex Kong medicine. Nestor Papanikolaou Address Contact Naritaweg 227-A For more information about this publication, please contact 1043 CB, Amsterdam Jayasree K. Iyer, Executive Director The Netherlands [email protected] +31 (0) 20 215 35 35 www.amrbenchmark.org 1 This acknowledgement is not intended to imply that the individuals and institutions referred to above endorse About the cover: Young woman from the Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark methodology, Brazil, where 40%-60% of infections are analyses or results. -
Updated WHO MDR-TB Treatment Guidelines and the Use of New Drugs in Children
Updated WHO MDR-TB treatment guidelines and the use of new drugs in children Annual meeting of the Childhood TB subgroup Liverpool, UK, 26 October 2016 Dr Malgosia Grzemska WHO/HQ, Global TB Programme Outline • Latest epidemiological data • Existing guidelines • 2016 update of the DR-TB treatment guidelines • New recommendations for treatment of RR-TB and MDR- TB in children • Delamanid guideline for use in children and adolescents • Research gaps • Conclusions The Global Burden of TB - 2015 Estimated number Estimated number of cases of deaths 10,4 million 1.8 million* All forms of TB • 1 million Children (10%) • 210,000 children (170,000 HIV negative and 40,000 HIV- positive) HIV-associated TB 1.2 million (11%) 390,000 Multidrug-resistant TB 480,000 190,000 +100,000 RR cases Childhood TB: MDRTB estimates Dodd P., Sismanidis B., Seddon J., Lancet Inf Dis, 21 June 2016: Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study • It is estimated that over 67 million children are infected with TB and therefore at risk of developing disease in the future; – 5 mln with INH resistance; 2 mln with MDR; 100,000 with XDR • Every year 25,000 children develop MDRTB and 1200 XDR TB MDR-TB in children • MDR-TB in children is mainly the result of transmission of a strain of M. tuberculosis that is MDR from an adult source case , and therefore often not suspected unless a history of contact with an adult pulmonary MDR-TB case is known. • Referral to a specialist is advised for treatment. -
Drug Delivery Systems on Leprosy Therapy: Moving Towards Eradication?
pharmaceutics Review Drug Delivery Systems on Leprosy Therapy: Moving Towards Eradication? Luíse L. Chaves 1,2,*, Yuri Patriota 2, José L. Soares-Sobrinho 2 , Alexandre C. C. Vieira 1,3, Sofia A. Costa Lima 1,4 and Salette Reis 1,* 1 Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.C.C.V.); slima@ff.up.pt (S.A.C.L.) 2 Núcleo de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Correlatos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, Brazil; [email protected] (Y.P.); [email protected] (J.L.S.-S.) 3 Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, Brazil 4 Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.L.C.); shreis@ff.up.pt (S.R.) Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Leprosy disease remains an important public health issue as it is still endemic in several countries. Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, presents tropism for cells of the reticuloendothelial and peripheral nervous system. Current multidrug therapy consists of clofazimine, dapsone and rifampicin. Despite significant improvements in leprosy treatment, in most programs, successful completion of the therapy is still sub-optimal. Drug resistance has emerged in some countries. This review discusses the status of leprosy disease worldwide, providing information regarding infectious agents, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, actual treatment and future perspectives and strategies on targets for an efficient targeted delivery therapy. -
Ehealth DSI [Ehdsi V2.2.2-OR] Ehealth DSI – Master Value Set
MTC eHealth DSI [eHDSI v2.2.2-OR] eHealth DSI – Master Value Set Catalogue Responsible : eHDSI Solution Provider PublishDate : Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 1 of 490 MTC Table of Contents epSOSActiveIngredient 4 epSOSAdministrativeGender 148 epSOSAdverseEventType 149 epSOSAllergenNoDrugs 150 epSOSBloodGroup 155 epSOSBloodPressure 156 epSOSCodeNoMedication 157 epSOSCodeProb 158 epSOSConfidentiality 159 epSOSCountry 160 epSOSDisplayLabel 167 epSOSDocumentCode 170 epSOSDoseForm 171 epSOSHealthcareProfessionalRoles 184 epSOSIllnessesandDisorders 186 epSOSLanguage 448 epSOSMedicalDevices 458 epSOSNullFavor 461 epSOSPackage 462 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 2 of 490 MTC epSOSPersonalRelationship 464 epSOSPregnancyInformation 466 epSOSProcedures 467 epSOSReactionAllergy 470 epSOSResolutionOutcome 472 epSOSRoleClass 473 epSOSRouteofAdministration 474 epSOSSections 477 epSOSSeverity 478 epSOSSocialHistory 479 epSOSStatusCode 480 epSOSSubstitutionCode 481 epSOSTelecomAddress 482 epSOSTimingEvent 483 epSOSUnits 484 epSOSUnknownInformation 487 epSOSVaccine 488 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 3 of 490 MTC epSOSActiveIngredient epSOSActiveIngredient Value Set ID 1.3.6.1.4.1.12559.11.10.1.3.1.42.24 TRANSLATIONS Code System ID Code System Version Concept Code Description (FSN) 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01 A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01 -
Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 the Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016
2017:2 LEGEMIDDELSTATISTIKK Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016 ISSN 1890-9647 Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016 Christian Lie Berg (redaktør) Hege Salvesen Blix Olaug Fenne Kari Furu Vidar Hjellvik Kari Jansdotter Husabø Per Olav Kormeset Solveig Sakshaug Hanne Strøm Sissel Torheim Utgitt av Folkehelseinstituttet / Published by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Området for Psykisk og fysisk helse Avdeling for Legemiddelepidemiologi April 2017 Tittel/Title: Legemiddelstatistikk 2017:2 Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 / The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016 Forfattere/Authors: Christian Lie Berg (redaktør) Hege Salvesen Blix Olaug Fenne Kari Furu Vidar Hjellvik Kari Jansdotter Husabø Per Olav Kormeset Solveig Sakshaug Hanne Strøm Sissel Torheim Bestilling/Order: Rapporten kan lastes ned som pdf på Folkehelseinstituttets nettsider: www.fhi.no/ The report is available as pdf format only and can be downloaded from www.fhi.no Layout omslag: www.fetetyper.no Layout/design, innhold: Houston 911 Kontaktinformasjon/Contact information: Folkehelseinstituttet/Norwegian Institute of Public Health P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Tel: +47 21 07 70 00 ISSN: 1890-9647 ISBN 978-82-8082-824-8 elektronisk utgave Sitering/Citation: Berg, C (red), Reseptregisteret 2012–2016 [The Norwegian Prescription Database 2012–2016] Legemiddelstatistikk 2017:2, Oslo, Norge: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2017. Tidligere utgaver / Previous editions: 2008: Reseptregisteret 2004–2007 / The Norwegian -
Six-Month Response to Delamanid Treatment in MDR TB Patients
RESEARCH LETTERS antimicrobial drug prophylaxis is not known (5), and 7. Public Health Agency of Canada. Guidelines for the prevention and guidelines vary among countries. In the United Kingdom, control of invasive group A streptococcal disease. October 2006 [cited 2017 April 4th]. https://eportal.mountsinai.ca/Microbiology/ prophylaxis is recommended for exposed mothers or babies protocols/pdf/GAS%20guidelines%202006.pdf during the neonatal period, for symptomatic close contacts, 8. Direction générale de la Santé. Notification from the French High or for the entire household if there is >1 case (6). In Cana- Council for Public Hygiene (Communicable Diseases section) da, prophylaxis is recommended for persons who had close concerning conduct to be taken in cases of one or more invasive group A streptococcal disease of community origin. Session of contact with a person with a confirmed severe case dur- November 18th, 2005 [in French] [cited 2016 Dec 26]. ing a specified period (7); in France and the United States, http://www.hcsp.fr/docspdf/cshpf/a_mt_181105_streptococcus.pdf prophylaxis is recommended for close contacts with risk 9. Prevention of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections factors for invasive infections (8,9). In the cases we report Workshop Participants. Prevention of invasive group A streptococcal disease among household contacts of case patients here, the second case-patient did not receive prophylaxis and among postpartum and postsurgical patients: recommendations because of the short period between the 2 cases. from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clin Infect Both case-patients received NSAIDs during the onset Dis. 2002;35:950–9. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. -
Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 1/41
Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 ATC code ATC group / Active substance (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit DDD/1000/ day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 167,8985 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0738 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 7088 g 0,2 g 0,0738 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 1951200 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (dental) 30200 pieces A01AB82 Demeclocycline+ Triamcinolone (dental) 680 g A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 3094 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 227150 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 30900 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 864720 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 370080 g A01AD90 Lidocaine+ Paraformaldehyde (dental) 405 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 47,1312 A02A ANTACIDS 1,0133 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 1,0133 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 811120 pieces 10 pieces 0,1689 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 3101974 ml 50 ml 0,1292 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3434232 pieces 10 pieces 0,7152 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 46,1179 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 2,3855 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 340327,5 g 0,3 g 2,3624 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3318,25 g 0,3 g 0,0230 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 43,7324 A02BC01 Omeprazole -
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH Prmycobutin
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH PrMYCOBUTIN® (rifabutin capsules USP) 150 mg Capsules Antibacterial Agent Pfizer Canada ULC Date of Preparation: 17,300 Trans-Canada Highway 24 September 2003 Kirkland, Quebec H9J 2M5 Date of revision: February 11, 2021 Control No. 244143 ® Pharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC Pfizer Canada ULC, licensee Pfizer Canada ULC, 2021 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH NAME OF DRUG PrMYCOBUTIN® (rifabutin capsules USP) 150 mg Capsules THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION Antibacterial Agent ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY MYCOBUTIN (rifabutin) is a derivative of rifamycin S, belonging to the class of ansamycins. The rifamycins owe their antimycobacterial efficacy to their ability to penetrate the cell wall and to their ability to complex with and to inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Rifabutin has been found to interact with and to penetrate the outer layers of the mycobacterial envelope. Rifabutin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis but not in mammalian cells. In resistant strains of E. coli, rifabutin, like rifampin, did not inhibit this enzyme. It is not known whether rifabutin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Mycobacterium avium or in M. intracellulare which constitutes M. avium complex (MAC). Rifabutin inhibited incorporation of thymidine into DNA of rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis suggesting that rifabutin may also inhibit DNA synthesis which may explain its activity against rifampin-resistant organisms. Following oral administration, at least 53% of MYCOBUTIN dose is rapidly absorbed with rifabutin peak plasma concentrations attained in 2 to 4 hours. High-fat meals slow the rate without influencing the extent of absorption of rifabutin from the capsule dosage form. The mean (± SD) absolute bioavailability assessed in HIV positive patients in a multiple dose study was 20% (±16%, n=5) on day 1 and 12% (± 5%, n=7) on day 28.