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Preview Ancient Indian History Tutorial
Ancient Indian History About the Tutorial History is a subject that gives the facts and perspectives of past events. In its given premises, it includes a wide range of topics such as geographical conditions and human settlements; society and cultures; type of governance and administrative systems; trade and economic policy; interstate relationships; wars and battles, etc. in the time frame of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. History is one of the essential disciplines of Social Science to know the past and design the future accordingly. This tutorial is divided into different chapters and provides the historical facts of Ancient India in a given time framework. Audience This tutorial is designed exclusively for the students preparing for the different competitive exams including civil services, banking, railway, eligibility test, and all other competitive exams of such kind. Prerequisites This tutorial is entirely based on NCERT History Old Edition (class 8th to 12th); all the important points, concepts, and facts are filtered carefully. Therefore, prior knowledge of basic History or else having experience of reading NCERT History books is essential to understand the topics. Disclaimer & Copyright Copyright 2019 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute, or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. -
Construction Techniques of Indian Temples
International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 420 Volume-1, Issue-10, October-2018 www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5782 Construction Techniques of Indian Temples Chanchal Batham1, Aatmika Rathore2, Shivani Tandon3 1,3Student, Department of Architecture, SDPS Women’s College, Indore, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, SDPS Women’s College, Indore, India Abstract—India is a country of temples. Indian temples, which two principle axis, which in turn resulted in simple structural are standing with an unmatched beauty and grandeur in the wake systems and an increased structural strength against seismic of time against the forces of nature, are the living evidences of forces. The Indian doctrine of proportions is designed not only structural efficiency and technological skill of Indian craftsman to correlate the various parts of building in an aesthetically and master builders. Every style of building construction reflects pleasing manner but also to bring the entire building into a a clearly distinctive basic principle that represents a particular culture and era. In this context the Indian Hindu temple magical harmony with the space. architecture are not only the abode of God and place of worship, B. Strutural Plan Density but they are also the cradle of knowledge, art, architecture and culture. The research paper describes the analysis of intrinsic Structural plan density defined as the total area of all vertical qualities, constructional and technological aspects of Indian structural members divided by the gross floor area. The size and Temples from any natural calamities. The analytical research density of structural elements is very great in the Indian temples highlights architectural form and proportion of Indian Temple, as compared to the today's buildings. -
In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being. -
Shaiva Symbols on Punch-Marked Coins
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY ISSN: 2456-6683 Volume - 1, Issue - 7, Sept - 2017 Shaiva symbols on Punch-Marked Coins Dr.Kanhaiya Singh Post Doctoral Fellow, Ancient history, Archaeology and culture Department, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur. UP, India Email - [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: The study of coins is called Numismatics. Although Coins are very small in size, but he is strongly present important historical sources . The earliest coins of India is known as Punch-marked coins (Aahat mudra). We have Found various type of symbol on Punch-marked coins (Aahat mudra) as sun, Wheel, Six armed Wheel, Meru, Swastik, Fish, Flower, Trident, Nandipada, Taurine, animals and Jyamitik etc. all symbols are meaning full and he present social, Economic, Political, Religious and cultural conditions of contemporary India. In this research paper is present the only Shaiva symbols on punch-marked coins and prove the religious believers of contemporary Indian society and culture. Key words: Coinage, Iconography, Symbols, Religion, Culture. 1. INTRODUCTION: Conis are most important sources for Indian historiography. Although he is very small in size, but its interruption can solved a large problem of ‘Dark age’ in ancient Indian history. The coins of most authentic pieces of evidence and enlighten us about various aspects of the human life and culture of the people. Though the history of the study of the ancient Indian coins goes to back to 1800 AD, when Coldwell Found some coins from Coimbatore. The earliest coins of ancient india is known as Punch-Marked coins (Aahat Mudra). Remarkable that the earliest coins of india is called Punch-Marked, nominated by James prinsep1 in 1835 A.D. -
Lions Clubs International
GN1067D Lions Clubs International Clubs Missing a Current Year Club Only - (President, Secretary or Treasure) District 321 E District Club Club Name Title (Missing) District 321 E 30064 BASTI Treasurer District 321 E 31511 DEORIA President District 321 E 31511 DEORIA Secretary District 321 E 31511 DEORIA Treasurer District 321 E 38880 GORAKHPUR VISHAL President District 321 E 38880 GORAKHPUR VISHAL Secretary District 321 E 38880 GORAKHPUR VISHAL Treasurer District 321 E 44316 BALLIA BHRIGU President District 321 E 44316 BALLIA BHRIGU Secretary District 321 E 44316 BALLIA BHRIGU Treasurer District 321 E 45215 JAUNPUR President District 321 E 45215 JAUNPUR Secretary District 321 E 45215 JAUNPUR Treasurer District 321 E 48896 GORAKHPUR GEETA President District 321 E 48896 GORAKHPUR GEETA Secretary District 321 E 48896 GORAKHPUR GEETA Treasurer District 321 E 51493 AURAI CENTRAL President District 321 E 51493 AURAI CENTRAL Secretary District 321 E 51493 AURAI CENTRAL Treasurer District 321 E 52495 VARANASI EAST President District 321 E 52495 VARANASI EAST Secretary District 321 E 52495 VARANASI EAST Treasurer District 321 E 56897 SHAKTINAGAR JWALAMUKHI President District 321 E 56897 SHAKTINAGAR JWALAMUKHI Secretary District 321 E 56897 SHAKTINAGAR JWALAMUKHI Treasurer District 321 E 57063 BHADOHI CITY President District 321 E 57063 BHADOHI CITY Secretary District 321 E 57063 BHADOHI CITY Treasurer District 321 E 58521 FAIZABAD AWADH President District 321 E 58521 FAIZABAD AWADH Secretary District 321 E 58521 FAIZABAD AWADH Treasurer District -
Guide to 275 SIVA STHALAMS Glorified by Thevaram Hymns (Pathigams) of Nayanmars
Guide to 275 SIVA STHALAMS Glorified by Thevaram Hymns (Pathigams) of Nayanmars -****- by Tamarapu Sampath Kumaran About the Author: Mr T Sampath Kumaran is a freelance writer. He regularly contributes articles on Management, Business, Ancient Temples and Temple Architecture to many leading Dailies and Magazines. His articles for the young is very popular in “The Young World section” of THE HINDU. He was associated in the production of two Documentary films on Nava Tirupathi Temples, and Tirukkurungudi Temple in Tamilnadu. His book on “The Path of Ramanuja”, and “The Guide to 108 Divya Desams” in book form on the CD, has been well received in the religious circle. Preface: Tirth Yatras or pilgrimages have been an integral part of Hinduism. Pilgrimages are considered quite important by the ritualistic followers of Sanathana dharma. There are a few centers of sacredness, which are held at high esteem by the ardent devotees who dream to travel and worship God in these holy places. All these holy sites have some mythological significance attached to them. When people go to a temple, they say they go for Darsan – of the image of the presiding deity. The pinnacle act of Hindu worship is to stand in the presence of the deity and to look upon the image so as to see and be seen by the deity and to gain the blessings. There are thousands of Siva sthalams- pilgrimage sites - renowned for their divine images. And it is for the Darsan of these divine images as well the pilgrimage places themselves - which are believed to be the natural places where Gods have dwelled - the pilgrimage is made. -
Download Brochure
Redefining Beach Living The first of it’s kind, Oceanfront Condos presents a luxurious beachside option for those looking for a place to call home. Get away from bustling work life and enjoy gorgeous ocean views, spacious living spaces, and tranquil natural surroundings. With 54 condominiums in 4 identical building footprints and located only 260 kilometers away from the Capital of Sri Lanka, Oceanfront Condos is a home away from home. Regular Flights available from Colombo to Trincomalee - China Bay Sri Lanka Floor Plans 3 BEDROOM 2 BEDROOM TYPE A TYPE B 122.14 SQM 110.00 SQM 1314.23 SQFT 1183.60 SQFT Ground & Level 1 Ground, Level 1, Level 2 & Level 3 Ocean & Beach Ocean & Beach The above plans are subject to change as may be approved by the relevant authority. Areas are approximate measurements and subject to final survey. Plans are not to scale. 3 BEDROOM 3 BEDROOM TYPE C TYPE D (Penthouse) 214.53 SQM 177.29 SQM 2308.34 SQFT 1907.64 SQFT PANORAMIC PANORAMIC Level 2 Level 3 Ocean & Beach Ocean & Beach The above plans are subject to change as may be approved by the relevant authority. Areas are approximate measurements and subject to final survey. Plans are not to scale. Places of Interest Fort Frederick Harbour Built by the Portuguese in 1623 using the remains of the Koneswaram Trincomalee is the 2nd largest natural harbour in the world. Originally used Hindu Temple, it was rebuilt by the Dutch in 1665 and renamed as by the Chola army in 900AD, it was constantly fought over between the Sri Fort Frederick until the British took over in 1782. -
Bhadrakali - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
בהאדראקאלי http://www.tripi.co.il/ShowItem.action?item=948 بهادراكالي http://ar.hotels.com/de1685423/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%A 7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8 %A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7% D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8 Bhadrakali - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrakali Bhadrakali From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bhadrak ālī (Sanskrit: भकाली , Tamil: பரகாள, Telugu: wq, Malayalam: , Kannada: ಭದಾ, Kodava: Bhadrak ālī (Good Kali, Mahamaya Kali) ಭದಾ) (literally " Good Kali, ") [1] is a Hindu goddess popular in Southern India. She is one of the fierce forms of the Great Goddess (Devi) mentioned in the Devi Mahatmyam. Bhadrakali is the popular form of Devi worshipped in Kerala as Sri Bhadrakali and Kariam Kali Murti Devi. In Kerala she is seen as the auspicious and fortunate form of Kali who protects the good. It is believed that Bhadrak āli was a local deity that was assimilated into the mainstream Hinduism, particularly into Shaiva mythology. She is represented with three eyes, and four, twelve or eighteen hands. She carries a number of weapons, with flames flowing from her head, and a small tusk protruding from her mouth. Her worship is also associated with the Bhadrakali worshipped by the Trimurti – the male Tantric tradition of the Matrikas as well as the tradition of the Trinity in the North Indian Basohli style. -
The Krishna Temple Complex, Hampi: an Exploration of Its Identity As a Medieval Temple in the Contemporary Context
THE KRISHNA TEMPLE COMPLEX, HAMPI: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS IDENTITY AS A MEDIEVAL TEMPLE IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Ashima Krishna January, 2009 © 2009 Ashima Krishna ABSTRACT Hindu temples in India have been in abundance for centuries. However, many have lost their use over time. They lie vacant and unused on vast tracts of land across the Indian subcontinent, in a time when financial resources for the provision of amenities to serve the local community are hard to come by. In the case of Hampi, this strain is felt not only by the community inhabiting the area, but the tourism sector as well. Hampi’s immense significance as a unique Medieval-city in the Indian subcontinent has increased tourist influx into the region, and added pressure on authorities to provide for amenities and facilities that can sustain the tourism industry. The site comprises near-intact Medieval structures, ruins in stone and archaeologically sensitive open land, making provision of tourist facilities extremely difficult. This raises the possibility of reusing one of the abundant temple structures to cater to some of these needs, akin to the Virupaksha Temple Complex and the Hampi Bazaar. But can it be done? There is a significant absence of research on possibilities of reusing a Hindu Temple. A major reason for this gap in scholarship has been due to the nature of the religion of Hinduism and its adherents. Communal and political forces over time have consistently viewed all Hindu temples as cultural patrimony of the people, despite legal ownership resting with the Government of India. -
Nellaiappar Temple in Tirunelveli Bags First FSSAI Certification for Offerings
Nellaiappar temple in Tirunelveli bags first FSSAI certification for offerings TNN | Jan 19, 2020 Madurai: The Nellaiappar temple in Tirunelveli is to be the first temple in the state to receive Blissful Hygiene Offering to God (BHOG), a quality certification given by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) for all food items offered in temples. The certification was introduced by the state food safety and drug administration (FSDA) to ensure that the prasadam distributed to devotees in temples after being offered to the deity and also that sold in the stalls conform to FSSAI standards. The FSDA had asked the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR and CE) department to comply with the rules. A meeting to this effect presided by Tirunelveli district collector Shilpa Prabhakar Satish and officials of the administration was held recently. It was informed that the prasadam provided by the Nellaiappar temple had been certified most hygienic and clean and that the certification would be given away at the Republic Day celebrations. The Sankaranarayanar temple in Sankarankoil in the district has bagged the second spot among the major temples in the state in obtaining the certification. Temple executive officer N Yagna Narayanan said the certification had been implemented as a pilot project in the Nellaiappar and Sankaranarayanar temples. As they had fulfilled the norms of the certification, they were also certified as BHOG quality standard temple. The temple’s prasadam is boiled rice, but they also offered pongal and puliyodarai if the devotees wanted to make the offering. The annadhanam offered in the temple was also certified under this process. -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College Is
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE IS GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM BUILT BASED ON VAASTU SASTRA? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE By Ramya Palani Norman, Oklahoma 2019 IS GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM BUILT BASED ON VAASTU SASTRA? A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE CHRISTOPHER C. GIBBS COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE BY THE COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF Callahan, Marjorie P., Chair Warnken, Charles G. Fithian, Lee A. ©Copyright by RAMYA PALANI 2019 All Rights Reserved. iv Abstract The Cholas (848 CE – 1279 CE) established an imperial line and united a large portion of what is now South India under their rule. The Cholas, known worldwide for their bronze sculptures, world heritage temples and land reforms, were also able builders. They followed a traditional systematic approach called Vaastu Sastra in building their cities, towns, and villages. In an attempt to discover and reconstruct Gangaikonda Cholapuram, an administrative capital (metropolis) of the Chola Dynasty, evidence is collected from the fragments of living inscriptions, epigraphs, archaeological excavation, secondary sources, and other sources pertinent to Vaastu Sastra. The research combines archival research methodology, archaeological documentation and informal architectural survey. The consolidation, analysis, and manipulation of data helps to uncover the urban infrastructure of Gangaikonda Cholapuram city. Keywords: Chola, Cola, South India, Vaastu Shastra, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Medieval period, -
CONTENTS Chapter Preface Introduction 1
CONTENTS Chapter Preface Introduction 1. Sri Lanka 2. Prehistoric Lanka; Ravana abducts Princess Sita from India.(15) 3 The Mahawamsa; The discovery of the Mahawamsa; Turnour's contribution................................ ( 17) 4 Indo-Aryan Migrations; The coming of Vijaya...........(22) 5. The First Two Sinhala Kings: Consecration of Vijaya; Panduvasudeva, Second king of Lanka; Princess Citta..........................(27) 6 Prince Pandukabhaya; His birth; His escape from soldiers sent to kill him; His training from Guru Pandula; Battle of Kalahanagara; Pandukabhaya at war with his uncles; Battle of Labu Gamaka; Anuradhapura - Ancient capital of Lanka.........................(30) 7 King Pandukabhaya; Introduction of Municipal administration and Public Works; Pandukabhaya’s contribution to irrigation; Basawakulama Tank; King Mutasiva................................(36) 8 King Devanampiyatissa; gifts to Emporer Asoka: Asoka’s great gift of the Buddhist Doctrine...................................................(39) 9 Buddhism established in Lanka; First Buddhist Ordination in Lanka around 247 BC; Mahinda visits the Palace; The first Religious presentation to the clergy and the Ordination of the first Sinhala Bhikkhus; The Thuparama Dagoba............................ ......(42) 10 Theri Sanghamitta arrives with Bo sapling; Sri Maha Bodhi; Issurumuniya; Tissa Weva in Anuradhapura.....................(46) 11 A Kingdom in Ruhuna: Mahanaga leaves the City; Tissaweva in Ruhuna. ...............................................................................(52)