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Classification Aarne-Thompson Wikipedia Classification Aarne-Thompson La classification Aarne-Thompson, relevant des sciences du folklore, est une classification des contes populaires en contes-types. Commencée par le Finnois Antti Aarne (1867-1925), elle a été complétée par l'Américain Stith Thompson (en) (1885-1976). Sommaire • 1 Présentation générale ◦ 1.1 Historique ◦ 1.2 Structure ◦ 1.3 Contraintes et limites de la classification • 2 Contes-types[9] ◦ 2.1 Contes d'animaux ▪ 2.1.1 Animaux sauvages : 1-99 ▪ 2.1.1.1 Le renard – ou un autre animal – rusé : 1-69[10] ▪ 2.1.1.2 Autres animaux sauvages : 70-99 ▪ 2.1.2 Animaux sauvages et domestiques : 100-149 ▪ 2.1.3 Hommes et animaux : 150-199 ▪ 2.1.3.1 Hommes et animaux sauvages : 150-175 ▪ 2.1.3.2 Hommes et animaux domestiques : 176-199 ▪ 2.1.4 Animaux domestiques : 200-219 ▪ 2.1.5 Oiseaux : 220-249 ▪ 2.1.6 Poissons : 250-274 ▪ 2.1.7 Autres animaux et objets : 275-299 ◦ 2.2 Contes merveilleux[11] ▪ 2.2.1 Adversaires surnaturels : 300-399 ▪ 2.2.2 Époux (épouse) ou autres parents surnaturels ou enchantés : 400-459 ▪ 2.2.2.1 Femmes : 400-424 ▪ 2.2.2.2 Maris : 425-449 ▪ 2.2.2.3 Frères, sœurs, enfants : 450-459 ▪ 2.2.3 Tâches surnaturelles : 460-499 ▪ 2.2.4 Aides surnaturels : 500-559 ▪ 2.2.5 Objets magiques : 560-649 ▪ 2.2.6 Force et savoir surnaturels : 650-699 ▪ 2.2.7 Autres contes surnaturels : 700-749 ◦ 2.3 Contes religieux ▪ 2.3.1 Dieu récompense et punit : 750-779 ▪ 2.3.2 La vérité vient au jour : 780-799 ▪ 2.3.3 L'homme dans le Ciel : 800-809 ▪ 2.3.4 L'homme promis au Diable : 810-826 ▪ 2.3.5 Autres contes religieux : 827-849 ◦ 2.4 Contes-nouvelles ▪ 2.4.1 Le héros obtient la main de la princesse : 850-869 ▪ 2.4.2 L'héroïne épouse le prince : 870-879 ▪ 2.4.3 Preuves de fidélité et d'innocence : 880-899 ▪ 2.4.4 La mégère est apprivoisée : 900-909 ▪ 2.4.5 Les bons préceptes : 910-919 ▪ 2.4.6 Actions et paroles rusées : 920-929 ▪ 2.4.7 Contes du destin : 930-949 ▪ 2.4.8 Voleurs et assassins : 950-969 ▪ 2.4.9 Autres contes-nouvelles : 970-999 ◦ 2.5 Contes de l'ogre ou du Diable dupé ▪ 2.5.1 Contrat de travail (Ne pas se mettre en colère) : 1000-1029 ▪ 2.5.2 Contrat entre l'homme et le Diable : 1030-1059 ▪ 2.5.3 Pari entre l'homme et le Diable : 1060-1114 ▪ 2.5.4 L'homme tue ou blesse l'ogre : 1115-1144 ▪ 2.5.5 L'ogre est effrayé ou intimidé : 1145-1154 ▪ 2.5.6 L'homme dupe le Diable : 1155-1169 ▪ 2.5.7 Les âmes sauvées du Diable : 1170-1199 ◦ 2.6 Contes facétieux et anecdotes ▪ 2.6.1 Histoires de fou : 1200-1349 ▪ 2.6.2 Histoires de couples mariés : 1350-1439 ▪ 2.6.2.1 La femme folle et son mari : 1380-1404 ▪ 2.6.2.2 L'homme fou et sa femme : 1405-1429 ▪ 2.6.2.3 Le couple fou : 1430-1439 ▪ 2.6.3 Histoires d'une femme (fille) : 1440-1524 ▪ 2.6.3.1 La recherche d'une épouse : 1450-1474 ▪ 2.6.3.2 Railleries sur les vieilles filles : 1475-1499 ▪ 2.6.3.3 Autre anecdotes sur les femmes : 1500-1524 ▪ 2.6.4 Histoires au sujet d'un homme (garçon) : 1525-1724 ▪ 2.6.4.1 Le garçon habile : 1525-1639 ▪ 2.6.4.2 Accidents heureux : 1640-1674 ▪ 2.6.4.3 L'homme stupide : 1675-1724 ▪ 2.6.5 Plaisanteries sur le clergé et les religieux : 1725-1849 ▪ 2.6.5.1 Le prêtre est trompé : 1725-1774 ▪ 2.6.5.2 Le prêtre et le sacristain : 1775-1799 ▪ 2.6.5.3 Autres plaisanteries sur le clergé : 1800-1849 ▪ 2.6.6 Anecdotes au sujet d'autres groupes : 1850-1874 ▪ 2.6.7 Menteries (vantardises) : 1875-1999 ◦ 2.7 Contes formulaires ▪ 2.7.1 Chaînes basées sur des nombres, objets, noms ou animaux : 2000-2020 ▪ 2.7.2 Chaînes où il est question de la mort : 2021-2024 ▪ 2.7.3 Chaînes où il est question de manger : 2025-2028 ▪ 2.7.4 Chaînes où il est question d'autres événements : 2029-2075 ◦ 2.8 Contes-attrapes : 2200-2299 ◦ 2.9 Autres contes formulaires : 2300-2399 ◦ 2.10 Contes non classés ou inclassables : 2400 • 3 Notes et références • 4 Voir aussi ◦ 4.1 Sources et bibliographie ◦ 4.2 Articles connexes Présentation générale Historique La collecte systématique, à partir du XIXe siècle, de contes traditionnels a permis de réunir de nombreuses histoires qui, malgré leur diversité, présentent de grandes ressemblances d'un pays à l'autre, voire d'un continent à l'autre. Originellement, la classification AT (ou AaTh, pour Aarne et Thompson) s'applique aux contes transmis par l'oralité, et se limite aux contes européens ou aux contes dérivés de ceux-ci. Elle donne la possibilité de regrouper plusieurs versions et variantes d'un même récit. Les numéros de conte-type permettent d'identifier les types de conte, d'en isoler les motifs et d'en localiser des variantes culturelles1. La première édition de l'index des contes-types est parue en 19102. Conçu par le folkloriste finlandais Antti Aarne, l'ouvrage, publié en langue allemande, avait pour but de présenter de façon thématiquement organisée un corpus de contes scandinaves. C'est alors qu'apparaît la notion de conte-type. Plus tard, le système de classification sera traduit et augmenté par l'Américain Stith Thompson, professeur à l'université de l'Indiana à Bloomington : une première édition en 19283 sera suivie, près de trente ans plus tard, en 1961, d'une seconde édition revue et augmentée4,1. Le système servira de base à l'élaboration de plusieurs catalogues nationaux de contes, notamment le catalogue raisonné des versions de France, Le Conte populaire français, ouvrage commencé par Paul Delarue et poursuivi par Marie-Louise Ténèze, publié entre 1957 et 20005. D'autres catalogues basés sur l'AT (édition de 1928) sont, par exemple, le Motif-Index of Early Irish Literature de Tom Peete Cross (1952), le catalogue de contes hongrois de Janos Berze Nagy, Magyar Nepmesetipusok (1957), de contes d'Amérique latine, The Types of the Folktale in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Spanish South America, de Terrence Leslie Hansen (1957), ou siciliens, Raconti popolari Siciliani : Classificazione e Bibliografia, de Sebastiano Lo Nigro (1958). En 2004, Hans-Jörg Uther, professeur de littérature allemande à l'Université de Duisburg-Essen, publie une nouvelle édition revue du catalogue d'Aarne-Thompson6 dans lequel les contes-types sont réorganisés et augmentés, tout en conservant dans la plupart des cas la numérotation d'origine. Plus de deux cent cinquante contes-types ont été ajoutés, désignés par un numéro précédé des lettres ATU (pour Aarne, Thompson et Uther)1. Structure Comme les titres des contes varient d'un pays à l'autre, chaque type de conte reçoit un numéro (par exemple, Le Petit Chaperon rouge est identifié par tous les folkloristes comme le « AT 333 »). La classification Aarne-Thompson (AT), devenue internationale, distingue quatre grandes catégories dans les 2 340 contes-types répertoriés : • les contes d'animaux (« Animal Tales »), c'est-à-dire ayant des animaux pour principaux protagonistes (1 à 299) ; • les contes « ordinaires » (« Ordinary Folktales », 300 à 1199), subdivisés en : 1. contes merveilleux, 2. contes religieux, 3. contes étiologiques, 4. contes-nouvelles, 5. contes de l'ogre dupé ; • les contes facétieux (« Jokes and Anecdotes », 1200 à 1999) ; • les contes à formules (« Formula Tales »), où une phrase est répétée d'un bout à l'autre par le personnage principal et qui souvent n'ont pas de fin (1200 à 2340). On trouve enfin dans cette classification la rubrique des contes non répertoriés (« Unclassified Tales », 2400-2499). Dans les quatre catégories précédemment citées, certaines « cotes » ne sont par ailleurs accompagnées d'aucun titre, la place restant libre pour insérer d'autres contes encore à collecter. Contraintes et limites de la classification La classification Aarne-Thompson a parfois été considérée comme un outil incomplet et inefficace. On lui reproche notamment de ne pas considérer la structure, mais seulement le contenu des contes (leurs motifs), et de faire des conte-types un texte premier, duquel découleraient les différentes versions orales. En réalité, la notion complexe de conte-type suppose une structure narrative, qui n'est certes pas aussi formalisée que dans les théories de Vladimir Propp, mais qui permet de poser un ordre du récit, et non seulement de l'identifier. Vladimir Propp, dans son ouvrage Morphologie du conte7, tout en reconnaissant les avantages de la méthode d'Aarne (démarche scientifique, commodité de la numérotation, introduction de sous- classes), lui reproche essentiellement la subjectivité qui gouverne la sélection du type : « Que faire, par exemple, des contes où la tâche magique est exécutée grâce à un auxiliaire magique, ce que l'on observe très souvent, ou des contes où l’épouse magique est justement cet auxiliaire magique ? » Il souligne qu'« il arrive qu'il faille référer le même conte à plusieurs types à la fois » et se demande ce qui se passe si plusieurs chercheurs réfèrent le même conte à des types différents. Selon lui, ces reproches rejoignent ceux qu'on peut adresser à la classification de R.M. Volkov8, qui avait déterminé quinze sujets pour les contes merveilleux. Cet outil certainement imparfait de par son caractère empirique se révèle toutefois absolument indispensable dans les recherches des folkloristes.
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