Zimbabwe News, Vol. 22, No. 6 - 12

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Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Maputo, Mozambique) Date 1991-12-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana Coverage (temporal) 1991 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.22 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial. Letters. End of year Central Committees reveals lethargy and inactivity. News agency may be privatised. Three Draft Bills to enhance consumer protection in offing. Continuing discussion on ESAP. Talking Point: Review of Land Policy and Resettlement. Total participation essential for ESAP to succeed. Zimbabwe Economic Structural Adjustment-Where to? Regional: SADF spy newspaper flees Botswana. SA battalion pulls out of Walvis Bay. Obituary: Sir Roy Welensky. President Masire now has a knighthood. Mozambique moving slowly towards peace. Detailed analysis of the discussions and conclusions of the convention for a democratic South Africa - CODESA. The declaration of intent signed by CODESA. International: Looking at the year 1992. Gorbachev - no tears in Africa. Chronology of USSR since 1917. More Palestinians injured by Israeli Soldiers. Sport: 1991 sport in retrospect. Format extent 40 page(s) (length/size)

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NOW THERE ARE AS MANY REASONS TO INVEST IN THE LEYLAND COMET AS THERE ARE VARIATIONS Firstly, the Leyland Comet single axle 16,16 and double willingly customise your Comet to suit any application - in one axle 24"16 constitute the most rational response to the question place at one time. of reliable, versatile and practical haulage transportation. Naturally, it will be our pleasure to have you call in to see Furthermore, purchasing a Leyland Comet means us, But the real pleasure will be reserved for you, when you take a nationwide sales and service network as envied by LEYLANao delivery of probably the best truck L2YLADi competitors as the Comet itself. A service which will O ever seen in Zimbabwe. ZIMABWE LTI WEREVWHYOIAUTHEWAY. ify: The Gulf War left over 300 000 people dead and caused massive ecologlcal destruction. JARY: Western donar countries reaffirmed their support for Zimbabwe's Economic Structural Adjustment Programe a the Paris Donar 0onference. About Z$700 milliion was pledged by the West. H Gernany become a united country once again, this time under the leadcrship of .former West German Chancellor, Dr. Richard van Wiezsacker. lFornmer President of Ethiopia,,Cde. Mengistu Haile Mariam. fled his strife-torn euntry to live in exile in Zimbabwe Humanity was dealt a severe blow in the death of former Indian President. Cde. Rajiv Gandhi who died in a Tamil Sepratist Geurrilla bomb blast. The major tenets of apartheid, particularIN the Group Areas Act. were repealed and he gound-work for future negotiations was clarcdf In what became known as the Nyanga Bus Disaster, 89 people, mostly schoolchfildren, perished. A relief fund to assist relatives of the deceased has since been established. USTComnmunist Party Supremos in the former USSR staged a coup. The majority of Soviet troops came out in support of the President Mikhail Gorbachev, thereby aborting the plot. £MBER: Zimbabwe hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. The meeting was one of the most constructive to be convened tb% Commonwealth leaders. BER: The United Indepence Party of Zambia was ousted from power in a peaceful election. Cde. Frederick Chiluba become the country's second presiddnit. NOVEMBER: Former Egpliti , ice Premier, Mr Boutros Ghali. became the first African Secretary General of the United Nations. DECEMBER: Former President Cde. Gorbachev found himself w1itout a countiry to rule, following the disintergritsin of the Soviet Union Zimbabwe News is the official News Organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union [ZANU (PF)] and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No 14 Austin Road, Workington,,Harare. World Copyright, Central 9ommittee [ZANU (PF)I. Editorial Council: Cde, N.M. Shamuyarira; Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende; Cde. C. Ndlovu; Cde. S. Kachingwe; Cde. Sikhosana; Cde. M. Munyati. BABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991, Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Editor: Michael Munyati o~Ak~ o~6te~ Y~6te$~ c~ ~ ~e~4 ~ Dear Editor I would be glad if my letter is published in your Magazine. When ZAIN4U PF came to power, one of the major goals it set out for itself was to estab. lish among its rank - and filea a Code of Conduct or what is also known as the Leadership Code if I can correctly recall, this was done at its Se. cond Congress iPartyl held at Botiowdale Race Course in Harare it 1984 The Leadership Code, as I understood it was intended to curb members of the Party from avariciously or greedily amassing property. Apparently events have shown that this was a failure. What really concerns me nowlis that although it was agreed as to how Party members should con. duct themselves, especially those in positions of, authority, it is suprising for me to hear now that there is need to modify this same Code of Conduct. What has all of a sudden called for this "turnabout of inner- party discipline? I personally believe that those people who go against established Party rules are not genuine They are wolves in sheep's clothing, no matter what position they hold in the Party or goveinmtent What really went wrong in the first place with the Code of Conduct? Does it really need to be modified? How can we the Povo be assured beyond any reasonable doubt that this proposed Code of Conduct will not need to be modified again? Yours Faithfully Avid Reader of the Zimbabwe News Gokwe Review ruling "independeni Dear Editor Please allow me space to comment on t of the so-called ZANU PF 'independents' dominated the larger part of 1991. I agree with'Secretary for Commissariat ture. Cde, Moven Mahachi, that all mer ZANU PF who stood as independents government and parliamentary election be disciplined But I feel that some of th dependents" were torced by circumsransc pose those who had won at the primaryE Some of these "independents", I believe genuine reasons for going againl regulations, But what I believe is that what they did d0e rant their being jxpelled from the Party. to bear in mind that by ling su are in lact expelling even os wh them. Let us find anotherway of tackln this F Yours Faithfully, Alec Moyo Harare ZIMBA *h Lederhi Code does it rellne to be modifed of year Central Committee !als lethargy and inactivity end of year meetings of the Central Con tee and the Consultative Assembly held December 20 and 21. 1991, respective Nell attended. They were addressed by dent and First Secretary, Cde. RG. issues that were discussed at these imeetings held at Party Headquarters in Haarent lethargy and inactivity in the Party; ence of the Economic Structural Adjustrogramme (ESAP) and ps being taken to acquire more land for sants. a Committee Member, Dr. B.T.G. Chilcplained the essence of ESAP and ana lot of questions from Central Commitmbers, and councillors. He said that the rme was necessary in order to stimu. mnomic growth and reduce unemployefer to the article by Sam Moyo in the ue of this lournal). r Central Committee member, Cde. Mangwende, stated that the Land Acin Bill was now ready for submission to ent He also explained that land reset, had to be properly done this time so tile land is not wasted, Cde. Mugabe apto Members of Parliament to pass the Sn t comes before Parliament esident and First Secretary, Cde. R.G. ? complained bitterly about the state of i and inactivity of the Party. Addressing tral Committee on Friday, December 20, the year 1991 will go down as in which no real meaningful Party poctivity took place It was certainly a year cal lethargy or complacency, with little ible political activity, if any, on the surWas a year in which we spoke and commore about the organisational problems of the Party and the need for us to mount an organisational campaign than we embarked on any meaningful systemaic programme to reactivate our membership and complete the longstanding restructuring process. It was a year i which politcal rallies died a natural death. I iddressed no single political rally, whether national, provincial or any other. The Vice Presidents like me had also a complete year's holiday.. ." He said the few provincial meetings held did not appear to have had the effect of rejuvinating the Party and setting it in motion. This statement from the President demands a redoubling of efforts in all provinces and at the grassroots level, especially among the youths and the Women's League. Cde. Mugabe said: "Let us take immediate steps to correct this serious situation". 1992 should be a year of vigorous Party reorganisation with "meet-andwork-with-the- people" as possible themes. The organisation should be project based. On the whole, the end of year-meeting was very successful Heads of Departments presented their annual reports, some of which were good, positive, and encouraging Sticialism After much discussion the Party has confirmed Socialism as its basic policy. But that socialism has to based on the historical and cultural experience of our people. The President and First Secretary, Cde. R.G. Mugabe said "we have agreed that we pursue a pragmatic socialist philosophy that accepts a role on an unfolding basis, for private enterprise. it is obviously not enough to advance socialism without spelling out how it will apply across the sectors of our socio-economic activity We have to work out the modalities of application "The Politburo has now asked the Standing Committees to work out the modalities of mass are faced with serious economic and other social hardships - they longer want to hear empty slogans His Excellency, Cde. President RG. Mugabe application. Cde. Mugabe said "we should now proceed with a sense of urgency in defining our socialist principles in sectorial terms, not only for the benefit of our policy implementers and the generality of our people. People must be very clear on where they stand in respect of our whole programme of socio- economic development." %l1 the organs of the Party should make a contribution on how socialism can be applied in particular sectors and projects. Provincial, and district organs shodld contribute idleas.and suggestions to the Standing Committees through their Central Committee Members. They should also contribute to the continuing debate on the leadership Code within a socialist framework. rhe loose talk and false allegations about leaders who own this and that, sometimes without any truth or basis to the allegations, should be discouraged among Party members. Leadership Corte The Code is still being discussed. But, now that the Party has confirmed socialism as its policy, there are some "dos" and "donts" of socialism, which have to be spelt out. However else we seek to modify the Leadership Code, there is that high level of behaviour and conduct that is expected of leadership of a socialist state. Speaking about the personal needs of leaders, Cde. Mugabe said: " . while it is conceeded that we have the duty to secure ourselves and our families as much as possible in life it is definitely not expected that we do so by dishonest and corrupt means, nor in a manner that speaks of rampant greed or avaricious accummuation of property. Thus. in our situation of tand shortage, for an Individual leader to seek to own vast tracts of land properties gives rise to all kinds of suspion and even casts duoubt on our honesty and sincerity in advocating equitable land distribution. Can we, therefore, afford to own, as individuals, vast farms where the vast numbers of our people own no land at all or only a few acres. I hope we can pay attention to the commog interest of our socie ty and allow that Interest to take precedence over our own individual Ipterests." The members of the public are critical that some leaders have used their positions to acquire and accumulate wealth and property. Cde. Mugabe said after assuming Governmt posts, some leaders -have suddenly became vast property owners ad high-ranking entrepreneurs, when only yesterday they were poor and unproper t4ed. If we are to deserve the people s confi. dence, then we have to accept certain basic norms of behaviour as part of our Code of Conduct. That is what a Leadership Code is all about, he concluded. BABWE NEW$ DECEMBER, 1991

News agency may be privatised A report prepared by the editor-in-chief of ZIANA, (the national news agency), Cde. Henry Muradzikwa, for the BOard members is suggesting that the agency be privatised. It reads: "for ZIANA to sur vive and reduce its dependency on the government, it must r.establish itself as a private company with two divisions, the news service (making no profit) and the other division (subsidising the news division)." it adds, "the idea of privatisng ZIANA and mandating-t to engage in other activities" is the only way to distance ZIANA from Government. The activities or joint ventures proposed tor ZIANA Holdings will include publishing magazines and bulletins, public relations, and growing vegetables and flowers., The report argued that vegetables and flowers can'realise high returns. "Roses can bring in $2.9 million profit in a single year when grown on a mere three hectare plot. Carnations can raise $1.7 million on the same piece of land annually," it concluded. ZIANA - Editor-in-Chief, Mr Henry Muradzikwa However, before ZIANA reporters head for the to try and grow roses and carnations sor should tell the promoters of this idea, that nation must have a national news agency tha pares and presents the news within the co of its own national framework and aspirations many, iFrante, Britain, the USA, and other na have news agencies that present news to their people in a given framework. in the days c cold war. no agency in the West could prais USSR or the East. Why should small Zimbi not have a national news agency of Its oA Why should national news from the governi be handled by a private company that is mi huge profits from flowers and vegetables? The is absurd. Clearly, those who want to dist themselves from the present government sY resign their high posts and join one of the r private companies in Zimbabwe. But they siY not try to dismantle government institutior to divert them from the purposes for which were established. Three Draft Bills to enhance consumer protection in offinj O n January 17, 1992, the Zimbabwe Law De velopment Commission will receive the final report and recommendatinns madce by its special sub-committee, which will assist the commission in drafting three bills that are meant to enhance the protection of consumers from unfair practices bv business entities. Mr. Nan Robert McMillan, the cleputy cnairman of the Zimbabwe Law Development Commission, said this during an interview recently, adding that he was however disappointed by the poor response of private consumers to a questionaire sent out in june 1990 requesting details on issues of unfair practices against private consumers by business entities. The Law Development Commission received sup. port from the Law Society of Zimbabwe, CZI and the University, who reiterated that the law should be revamped in as far as exemption clauses, and other unfair practices engaged in by business people was concerned. The Consumers frotection Bill will seek to invali date the contractual nature of disclaimer clauses snd provide for the compensation of private consumers where inadequate or inefficient services have been provided by a wholesaler or retailer. "This draft bill will endeavour to reverse the present trend in our legal system whereby exemption clauses bar compensation to agrieved consumers, and enable these consumers to claim up to one thousand dollars in compensation," Mr. McMillan said. The Small Claims Court draft bill has been received favourably by the Ministry of justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. It will be tabled in Parlia- ment soon, possibly next year. These courts will be informal in that the ing officers will hear both parties and whether the plaintiff has any case to Where the consumer has been prejudi presiding officer will determine the pen facilitate consumers who cannot pay lel the courts will not involve lawyersin its I ings. Consequently; back logs will be min cause the small claims courts will not le, appeals and any appeal would entail a reHowever, review of cases will be periodir dertaken by the High Court Practising lawyers and judges, retired tioners, and magistrates will be appoii Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamer to be vresiding officdrs The Editorial Council, the Editor and Staff of Zimbabwe News wish-our read4 advertisers a christmas and prosperous New Year *0'0*0*0* * *0 0*0*00* *0**0 ZIMBA right Fresh For Ev Ip.i ifti" 0. UP# IT Lim Ta.nganda.l erg ccasion. ;YOU UP J "..j U

ZANU PF Secretary for Publicity and Information, Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira Another article oy our economic correspon. dent discusses the consequences of ESAP n some detail Our last issue carried an informative article on Economic Structuf. al Adjustment Programme IESAP) by Mr. Sam Moyo of the Zimbabwe Institute of Development Studies (ZIDS). Elsewhere in this iissue we continue this debate wih a, article by Chemist Siziba on the need for all sectors of the economy to participate in ESAP in order to succeed. Another article from our correspondent in Chinhoyi summarises the issues raised by district and branch officials there. The theme of the meeting was the e02015sion of fears of the gap between the poor and the rich Zimbabweans. The secretary for Publicity and Info nation, Cde. Nathan Shamuyaria, introduced a aebate on the Economic 'Structural Adjustment Progrimme (ESAP) in his Chinhoyi constituency on Wednesday, December 11, 1991. Present were the mem- oers of the two districts of the party in Chinhoy , Chimurenga and Magamba Manomwe districts About 4 O0 district officials attended the report back meeting at Chikonowono Hall. and joined ir a lively discussion for four hours. The Secretary for Publicity explained the four mair features of the ESAP programmea) The deregulation of price concrois on vanou! commodities; b) reduction of the size of the public service: C) attracting foreign investment in order to stimu late economic growth; and d} increases of wages and salaries through effec rive collective bargaining, He said Government's main reason Ior emibark ing on ESAP was to try and reduce the growmN unemployment. and to increase export earning! by increasing production. He referred to the So cial Fund that Was set up to atsist victims c He admitted that the current sharp rises ir of basic commodities was expected, but ment believes that some prices will corn as the production of the commodities im in the expanding factories. Cde. Shamuyari made reference to the question of transpc urged the Ministry of Transport to incre number of buses in the urban fleets. He out that some workers had to get up at 4.C in order to get to work at 8.00 a.m. Lively question time A lively question time followed in which speakers stressed that the ESAP was gc widen the gap between the poor and the ric babweaes. That became the main thenm'e meeting. Cde. Marashwa (a City Councillor) said th( should convene an emergency congress: cally to discuss ESAP and its effects on the and rural poor. He thought one of the prc with transport was that a number of public have personal interests in bus companiet Mapepa wanted to know whet would hap workers who are dismissed from the publi ice, especially those with many rhildren of' going age, bearing in mind that school and nation fees have gone up? Cde. Masansgo ed to know why the staff-student ratio is s in most schools in the townships; why so Government employed doctors are aloy spend so much of their working time at th vate surgeries; and why so many person know nothing about farms,and do no fa are allowed to buy farms? He also pointed o ZANtJ PF cadres will be the first to.be vict at various work places. He thought ESAP ha introduced as a result of pressure from oul who want the goals and aims of ZANU Pt defeated. That could be done by driving a between ZANU PF and the poor. Cde. Mal ga said the poor people who used to look tc PF for protection have nowhere to go now. PF now appears to be supporting the bis men; and yet these p eople are hiking price hoarding goods in order to create shoi . He.lth fees hard on the poor Cde. Mayfoi Mawere (a City councillor an( er Mayor) pointed out that health fees placei hardships dn the poor than the increased fees. Staff of rural and urban clinicsare de ing a down payment of $3.00 for one visit ', clinic by every patient before any treat! ,prescribed. After the treatment, the patfe to pay for any mediane pr-scnbed It wasI ou thatidh cargesfor health serviss;are hg the charges stipulated in the recent cic the Ministry of Health. A member of the * who works at the Chinhoyi Hospital rea charges stipulated in the circulr, but adm the clerical staff were applying the charg ently, Cde. Madziwa remarked that poor s will have to die without seeking medical ment just before because they cannot all ZIMBABWE

0ie. ,Kapfudza (a City Councillor) said the unem liloyed and the poor can no longer afford to meet the monthly cost of the ten basic necessities to l in urban'townships - rent, lights, water, basic foods, bus fare, school fees and garbage removal". ibe worker requires more than $100.000 every month to meet these basic things. Where will he get the money from? he asked. There was criticism of the Police for not stopping businessmen from hoarding basic commodities in their shops. But, a Police Officer who was present replied that the public should report concrete cases of hoarding to them, and appropriate action will be taien. So far no reports had been received. Mrs Mapuranga said she had seen a shopkeeper receiving 5 tonnes of sugar, but an hour later the -same person was telling shoppers that he had no sugar. ZANU PF - A Party for lodgers and the poor Cde. Kaseke wanted to know whether ZANU PF was still a Party for the lodgers and ihe poor? it appears that these people have been abandoned, he asked. Cde. Shamuyarira assured the meeting that ZANU PF still stood for the interests of the under-privileged and the upliftment of the poor. The war of national liberation was not fought for the purpose of enriching a few people, or entrenching any special privileges for the few. Cde. Nharaa (a former Senator) complained about the poor organisation of the Party at district and branch levels. "No meetings are taking place; restructrmigremains-uncompleted", he stated em- phatically. He blamed the local leadership for inertia. and not the people. Cde. Mrs Hotirwa agreed that ESAP was discouraging party members. The Social welfare Fund Many speakers wanted to know ( 0w the monies of the Social Fund for victims of ESAP will be distributed, Cde. Nyambe (a City Councillor) wanted to. know whether distribution will be like the "food for work" programme? He also wanted to know whether those dismissed from Work-or those who are unemployed could be exempted from paying school fees? He knew of an unemployed worker who has a son due to take "0" Level exams. That unemployed labourer will now be required to pay $420.00 for'his son's examination fees alone. Cde. KhoswalTown Lerk of Chinnoyl, thought Ministers'atd Senior Government officials should be reduced in number, and they should show a good example by reducing and not increasing their salane at a critical time like this one. He questioned the overall benefits of ESAP to the 'national economy? Cde. Matereke urged the meeting to find a solution to the prolems of ESAP. Cde. Shamuyarira said-the Government had not found any altemative to ESAP. He urged the meeting to support the programme, but also urged the ZCTU to help workers to put their case for higher wages very strongly to employers In the context of collective bargaining. He answered all the questions, but promised to invite some Ministers to the next meeting. A second meeting will be held in lanuary. to continue with the debate. MU WOOLWORTH For All Your Family Christmas Requirements Its worth your while to shop at I A WI WOOLWORTH Your Friendly Store in Abercon Street Congratulate His Excellency the PresidentCde. Mugabe on His 4th Year of Office as Executive President of Zimbabwe P.O. Box 580 Bulowoyo Abercorn Street Telephone: 61431 Bulawoyo ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991 US headed for another war in Korea The United States of America is headed for another war in Korea, writes The People's Korea (PK According to the latest issue of The People's Korea, a series of recent developments ominously ini. ply that the USA is headed for a second Korean war, again under the UN flag, with Tokyo ex pressing total endorsement of the American wa initiative. A preemptive ak-strike is being contemplated against what the Americans allege is the nuclear weapons center in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. in the same artible, President Kim II Sung denied that his country had any plans to develop nuclear weapons and added that his country has no financial resources to fund n4clear weapons development. He reiterated his readiness to open the DPRK nuclear fcilte to internation. al inspections, provided that simultaneous in. temational inspection are conducted of American nuclear weapons in South Korea and that they are withdrawn from South Korea. 0

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ING POINT rae T. Sith~oleS sooner had ZANU PO been elected to power than its President and First Secre tory, Cde. Robert Mugabe, set out to ex the new Government's land policies: land, ud, was to be acquired as a matter of prioriorder to resettle returning refugees and the of thousands of the displaced within: the try. y will argue that the resolution of the quesDf land, more than any other single issue that being negotiated at the Lancaster House Onlonal talks, contributed the most to the suc iul outcome of the negotiations. The Patriotic held on to their argurhent that they could ie expdcted to pay fin foreign'currency) for ast tracks of land, most of which belonged isentee landlords, needed for the massive Llement prpgramme. in and the United States broke the impasse omising to put in millions of dollars into the leement fund. The purpose to which that fund teen put by the Government has generally ed the donors. he programme cannot be said to have been f serious problems, some of which are caused e very people it is meant to help. the programme has not been popular, espeamong land owners and prospective land rs Absentee landlords who held their land )eculative purposes and with the promises f and when Government acquired the land Ad have to pay for it in convertible curren. ive seen their "investments" appreciating be. imagination. hung on to the land even when Government tened it would have to take land if the foronds dried out. Perhaps they where assured honesty of the Government itself that adoptpolicy of reconciliation as-the cornerstone very existence. And the British kept coming th the money anyway. trig the Government faithfully stuck to the of willing seller willing buyer. Any sugges- oyIuMMy riLndte tions that it would or might review that policy because there were too few willing sellers brought scathing criticism, Although that was not the case, the landlords found it always convenient to allege that Government intended to expropriate their land and without compensation. Even [an Smith opposed it Yet it was not the ZANU PF Government which first expressed its displeasure with absentee landlords. No less a person than rebel leader tan Smith is on record as far back as 1970 expressing anger at the political repercussions, of all things, of maintaining under-utilised and unutilised. land because of absentee landlords. Said he on April 4, 1970 and at a function in Shurugwi: "I think we would all like to see a little more pressure brought to bear on absentee landlords and people who jusi sit on land and don't use it: "We live in a world today where I believe you cannot do this." Not only is it wrong as far as farming is corncerned, and as far as the economics of the country are concerned, but politically it is explosive!" Mr. Smith emphasised: "I don't believe we can go on tolerating this" and added: "I think we can force people who farm from thousands of miles away to hand their land over to local young (men)" The rebel government obviously saw this as a problem; a serious economic and political problem and thought loudly that expropriation was the obvious answer. Apparently nowhwere is Smith roundly condemned for even harbouring such "communist" thoughts. Yet the problem continued to exist, perhaps because the rebels did not have the stomach to'do battle with the economically, and may be also politically powerful absentee landlords. The settlers needed those people's goodwill, their political support for the contacts they had developed in their new countries, than the land Priorities were of course different between those of the rebel regime and that of the people's Government. Hence the nationalists decision that the talks at Lancaster House survive or fail over the land issue. Sharks and sm=atters if landowne-, have tried 'best io throw spanners into the present Government's resettlement programme by utterly refusing to sell even if they had no use envisaged for the land within the foreseeable future, many of those being resettled put in comparative effort in making the Government's job difficuilt There were those who tried to get and actually got onto more than one resettlement register at different I places. Some split their famalies to squat at different places so that they were considered separately There were those who simply abandoned their homes in high density suburbs to squat in order to be allocated land while others, after being allocated that land free of any charges, immediately sold it to city sharks out to speculate on land. Thus while Government figures may be emphatic on hiow many people or families have been resettied those figures may be slightly off because of the dishonesty of the few who have found a way to abuse the system. Fine tuning resettlement Whatever the case, the Zanu-PF Government has inexorably continued on its course of resettlement, fine tuning the System as it goes into the second phase which is about to be ushered in by the proposed constitutional amendment to the Land Acquisition Act. rhe new land policy was aninounced thus by the Minister of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement, Cde Witness Mangwende in Parliament last year: purchase of land by foreigners would become illegal and individuals and companies would be limited to one farm each. Mangwende's Statement Measures being envisaged in order to ensure equitable (re)distribution of land included strict controls on prices of agricultural land, the removal of capital gains tax for those reinvesting, the imposition of land taxes, the phasing out of absentee landlords and the stipulation of maximun and minimun sizes of farms. The Government will want to acquire another five million hectares to resettle 110 000 families and another five million hectares in large-scale commecia sector areas for production of strategic crops "with bla&s being encouraged to enter this sector," said the Minister in his special statement to Parliament. Note that unlike before, Government this time is almost tying resettlement to agricultural production, Something that was cursorily referred to in most speeches over the years but was neverdarified. Cde Mangwende also accepted that previous resettlement programmes were at best haphazard It was therefore Government's intention to promote emergent black large-scale commercial farmers while at the same time also promoting cor munal, resettlement and small-scale commercial farmers to become commercial farmer at some stage. if any 6f the ruling party's "original" programmes have lost momentlum the resettlement programme is certainly not one of them as is indicated by the prominence the issue Occupied in the President's all-important State of the Nation Address on December 14 54 000 families resettled In 1991 alone 35 000 hectares were purchased by the Government at a cost of $8 million for the resettlement of 2 000 families. This brings the total to 54 000 families settled on 3,3 million hectares of land at costs estimited to abouit $100 million DECEMBER, 1991

The ag rituturai co-operative, programme that Cde Mugabe spoke about when he announced the resettlement programme in 1980 is very m ch on course although it too has had its problems of im. Fementation, not least of which are caused by lack of equipment, inputs, services and poor soil Such co-orperative ventures as Bethel in Manicaland, Chakoma in Mashonaland Central and Goweln lashonalind West have produced record i aie apq cotton harvests while Kuenda in /Wahiirlland Central has produced excellentbarleytobacco. A stuation where thous be allowed to copitinue Successful venB owe, with produci ,nhii Manicalana, nave proauceu vegeLauies wnie many other co-operative ventures have produced coffee, beef and dairy products. The new legislation will not only quicken the pace of resettlement but will also improve its quality. Until now, under the "willing sellei Aing buyer" .arrangement, mostly those wit sub-standard land were more readily prepared to sell Those with Mugabe said in his address, planned acquisition of the rec it can be confidently said the programme is finally enteritt phase. How long it will last However, that it will be bt questionable. braft ?PUI APIX ,eopgg 0 Protecting the Nation 0 Saving foreign Currency 0 Providing employment for Zimbabwei We -wish all our customers a hapj Christmas and a very prosperous 199 A 100% Zimbabwe company Manufacturers of boloons, football bladders, stationers, rubber bands, industrial gloves. baby bottle teats BRATEX (PVT) LTD, P.O. Box 751, Mutare, Zimbabwe, Tel: 62705/6 o0 people are crampe n a jew acres wnle a jew Inaiviauais own ICII

By Chemist Siziba (IBDC) pace of the retorms. The danger, of course, is that it will be too little, too late. It is clear that conditions are imposed on us to fulfil our side of the bargain wich is primarily the reduction in the budget deficit. Related to that, of course is . a)the reduction of the subsidies on parastatals b)the reduction of the Civil ServiceThese involve people arid therefore cannot be easy decisions. Yet they.must be made. I am certain however, that a humane arid effective way of dealing with the problem can be found, indeed has been found. In that case, there is no reason to prevaricate lest valuable time is lost. A rather critical matter related to the execution of the programme is the participation of the vast majority of our population in the economic actiyities of our country. For faily reasons this cannot be over emphasised. What is happening now in Zaire and very recently in Lesotho is the result of neglecting this fact. Z bwe's success lies in its productivity . A programme to encourage this participation needs to be followed vigorously to increase the .. broader participation of the indigenous peoples lStructural Adjustment Programme aims, wiKin period of five years, to enable Zimbabwe US$3.5 billion to which it hopes to add a (MVAl.which should grow to US$3.5 billion ils. fhis has to be exported to earn hard curren in order to pay back the borrowed currency he increase in value comes about through. .Fiscal reforms )Monetary reforms )Reforms within public enterplise )-conomlc deregulation )Trade liberalisation re these measures going to succeed? he intended results are employment creation and -onomic growth. tnicturai adjustment was necessary to achieve oth these objectives since the old structure had d to stagnation and unemployment The roblems with school leavers are only too obviis. Out of 300 000 children leaving school each sar only a maximum of 30 000 will actually :hieve employment. A new strategy that would cpand the economic base had to be adopted, but would be encouraging if those responsible for te unworkable 'policies of the past are not the lme people at the helm of the'new direction. I the new measures proposed are necessary and ise, but do we have the spine and determinaon to see them through? ass reports seem to indicate that US$700 mil. in pledged in Paris for the current year has not While Zimbabweans strive to e,-w e export ts abroad, they shouj not en forthcoming, and this may be affecting the forget their obligation to feed fe 0 IMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1.991 W 103 * in the economy. With this strategy Zimbabwe, at the end of this five year will have a robust, vigorious and broad based economy, a traquil populace because everybody will then have the opportunities they need - and, above all, a stake in the national ecohomy. Another question relates to the ability of the relevant government officials .charged with the implementation and monitoring of the programme to see it through. Already there have been indications of panic from the Reserve Bank theorists when signs of things beginning to go wrong emerge. is tinkering with interest rates and exchange rates going to help? The theory is that the fall in the exchange rate will make our goods cheaper on the export market. How can that be, from non-convertible currency? For example: a)Al agricultural export prices are determined on the international commodity markets in US dollars. b }All mineral prices are quoted in convertible, currency. )Al knowledgeaplefexporters in Zimbabwe quote their manufacturing exports in hard currency. So the argument is really a fallacy. The answer to Zimbabwe's competitiveness lies not in tinkering but PRODUCTIVITY. Anything that promotes this is the answer. I appreciate that at a time when more and more .goods are being placed on OGIL a falling dollar will make imports expensive and therefore be less of a demand on foreign currency. But this does not * discriminate in favour of, the vitalimputs in industry. Tariff controls, however, do apply selectively and should be used more as an insttmient of trade management. Special attention should be given to arf Zimbabwe has the competitive edge. Thi! Government intervention could be c.Jtt stitution such as the recently founided Reseach and industrial Development (BRID) needs to be strengthened to function. It is curious why we, as a country which bership of EEC/ACP, have never taken ar vantage of it. Here is the perfect vehicle fi ng direct foreign investment Which is mc ble than borrowing in bringing foreign into the country. that is a strong selling Export Processing Zones (EPZ). You tell the and Americans et cetera that goods mat in Zimbabwe enter Europe duty free, tha not subjected to quotas and that suppor are available from a fairly developed, base. Zimbabwe Economic S ctural Programme ... IS By Cde Kanganga n his July Budget Statement the Senior Minister' of Finance, Economic Planning and Development. Dr. Bernard Chidzero, asserted: "We have no choice but to travel the difficult journey of the Economic Reform Programme and Structural Adjustment Programme. It is in our circumstances and in the context of the many regional and international challenges, the only journey and direction to travel in order to reach the shores, to'be on terra ifrma where it is possible to grow, generate employment and to improve the standard of living of our people." From a man normally given to cautious language, Dr. Chidzero's vords were very strong indeed. But is the reform programme which is now being implemented really the only route out of our circumstances? What are these "circumstances" which the ESAP captain was talking about? Before the ESAP ship lands on the promised terra firma, just what amount of sacrifice will the people of this country have to make? These are some of the fundamental questions which are being asked by many as details of the programme unfold. This article examines in brief some of the issues behind these questions and reflects on the chances of success of the economic reform initiative. ic Planning and Development, Cde. I nard Chidzero count defti Further fuelled by the liberation st gle and high military spending, the decline i tinued until 1979. That year saw a small impr merit I GDP,'although the level of investment domestic saving were still decreasing. 3er rug ,onDve and A rapid improvement followed ndepedence in The problems in our %conomy 1980. Foreign debts were low due to previous isoThe economic reform programme which the lation, external financing became easily accessiyernment has launched focusses on three major ble and industry had spare capacity of sdme 25 A _s- trade liberalisation, fiscal and economic percent. GDP grew by over 11 percent in 1980 and regulation. Before going into the details of what 15 percent in 1981. Capacity utilisation in the inthese measures entail, it is imp'ortant to look at 6strlal sector again increased, up to 95 percent. our economy and how it has been performing. At the same time, however, public sector expen. From the illegal declaration of independence in diture on education, health, resettlement schemes, 1965 until 1973, the then Rhodesian economy et cetera, grew much faster than public sector -achieved a sustained growth in Gross Domestic revenues, resulting in an increase of the budget Product (GDP) of 6 percent per year, due mainly deficit from $88 million 1978/79 to over $700 milto rlk development of the manufactusec- lion in 1981/82. An increased volume of imports tr. .s growth ratel qs i/ higher thWwas - 60 percent in two years, also caused a substanin the lite 1950s and eaI9 960s. tia de deficit. 1973/74 the international oil n over The ggrowth during the first years of indepen"Wiretche omestic econom and i port- dence was thus not sustainable, The Transitional in ie investment ca * assiv nt ac- onal Development Plan of 1982 targeted an I-i 2 Z1 8 percent annual growth f GDP, which woL required an unrealistic 10 percent annual of Zimbabwe's exports. Instead, land larg to the drought) GDP f l in real terms cent in 1982, by 3 percent in 1983 and 2 in 1984. Although agriculture was most a employment and total volumes of produc also for mining and manufacturing. This stop-start p ttern continued, and gn GDP averaged 2.7 percent a year in 1980against an annual growth* rate of about 3 1 Annual GDP expansion in that period rarigi a high percentage of 12 percent to as low c tive 3 percent. These are some of the "circumstances* wl Chidzero was talking about which ESAP is to address. The ambitious 1991 -95 structural adju blueprint commits Zimbabwe to the. mc demental changes in the economy since sa were applied on the rel government of la in 1965. The World Bank and the IMF have the plan -w hich will require some US$1e in financing over the next five years an pledged support for Zimbabwe's efforts tc late growth through increased investme exports. Zimbabwe Ihas already raised US$700 m foreign loans and grant' to finance the p the five-year programme of economic refo trade liberalisation. The money was pledg 26-28 March 1991 meeting in Paris, co by the World Bank to canvass funds to the programme. The changes include a sharp cut in public ing, to be achieved through the retrenchr a quarter of the civil sevice of 189 000 emj and a freeze on new recrutment, amoR measures. This action, in tum, is expa reduce the public budget deficit from the 10.4 percent of GDP to 5 proent by 19 "Reduction in the budget deficit wl|l be a element of the government's programme MIBABWE NEWS DCCEMBER, achicvement of growth objectives," states the government's reform document. Subsidies' to state companies are to be eliminated progressively, public enterprises are to be required either to operate profitably or go to the wall. Privatisation of some Government-run companies is also being considered. Other key elements of the conomic plan include a gradual liberalisation of trade, a progressive liber. allsation of domestic economic controls and the 4aplication of appropriate monetary and exchangerate policies to boost exports and investment. A sustainable growth rate of 5 percent a year by 1995, up from 4.3 percent in 1991, is the aim of these policies. "We believe that. if implemented in a timely fashion and with appropriate levels of donor support, the programme will redress many of the current imbalances in the economy, revitalise the private sector and increase the economic welfare of all social strata," the World Bank has observed. The success'of the plan is critically dependent on mobdlising foreign resources to finance increased demand for imports. Out of the US$16 billion total required, Zimbabwe is to raise US$1 2.5billion leaving a gap of US$3.5 billion to be met ffrom foreign sources. In Paris, Dr. Chidzero was seekihg pledges of US$2.5 billion over the next five years. to add to US$1 billion secured before the donor conference. The country will need foreign financing of US$700 million thig year. US$720 million in 1992, US$696 million in 1993, US$666 million in 1994 and US$663 in 1995 - a large propo tLion of it from balance of payments support. "Indications from the Paris meeting were that our foreign financing requirements for the next two years of about US$700 million each additional to our own efforts, will be met", Dr. Chidzero confidently maintained. Prospects of success The economy has started responding positively to the new thrust. To date, it has registered a growth 3.5 compared to 2.1 percent in.1990. During this period exports increased by 15 percent whilst the manufacturing sector experienced a growth rate of 5 percent, "The current thrust of liberalising the investment environment for both local and foreign investors, through relation of price and labour controls and streamlining of investment procedures, has started to bear fruit. So far, the Zimbabwe Investment Centre has approved 300 projects (worth more than $2 billion) with a potential of creating 30 000 jobs, an increase over last year's projects which were valued at $750 million and had a job creation cap city of 10 000," said President Robert G. Mugabe in his fourth State of the Nation speech recently. Hardships Following the changes taking place in the economy, including the relaxation of controls, inflationary pressures have been building up. Factors fuell ing inflationary pressures include wage settlements in both private and public sectors; relaxation of price and import controls and the devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar. Still. measures are being taken in other areas in order teduce inflaft - to a level which is supportive of growth. -W-' Government has made provision for a Social Programme to cushion the effects of adlustment. The measures'focus on three major areas: retraining and employment promotion. &asistance to those experiencing problems with cost'recovery, and the systematic introduction of food subsidies. it has identified some projects which can be financed under the programme, and specific items and groups which can be tarteted for subsidising. $20 million has been set aside by the govern' ment as intial fund for the Soc Fund beinf created. * From this it isclear that a great deal of work and thought has gone into the launching of ESAP. and that prospects of success are there. But whether .ESAP is the bily way open to us in order to achieve economic success is an open question. The programme has no shortage of critics. One Member of Parliament. Cde. Simon Moyo, (Bulilima Mangwe), for example,,feels the government should stop further decontrols and rescind measures taken so far: "The lions have been let loose on the innocent sheep. May the lord remain our shepherd." "Our people are being asked to tighten their belts for measures to come. What belts can they tighten when they have none, after years of surviving on drought relief? Can one control drought relief, .et alone control drought itself? It is senseless to ask a crocodile to bath your baby. The consumers iare being consumed in broad daylight." Msabaeka Bus Service (Pvt) Ltd P.O. Box 3007, Patdington, Mutare, Telephone: 6434, 63266 ______0O' We wish our passengers a safejourney during the festive season and merry Christmas to all. * Bus Routes * Mutare - Harare Mutare - Chipinge Chipinge - Chiredzi Mutare - Marange Mutare - Chimanimani Chipinge - Masvingo Travel in comifort and with- confidence ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991 "

Carved into our land ANGLO AMERICAN CORPORATION stands carved Into the rock of Zimbabwe, a strong and permanent presence, a source of development trade and expertise, giving support to the nation and security to the people. Qur operations Include the mining of many different minerals, a wide spectrum of agriculture, MMT encompassing the dQvelopment of citrus and sugar estates, and the comprehensive production of timber for all purposes.' Througtj various financlal Institutions we also provide finance for many projects. We have, as our corporate aim, a better life for everyone today and for generations to come. The Anglo American Corporation Zi Meeting the challenges of the future ZIMBAB

REGIONAL SADF spy newspaper flees Botswana ASooth African spying organisnation masquarading as a printing and publishing company in Botswana hastily ceased its operations 9nd fled the country on Friday, 13 December I991, following thC blowing of its cover by Mmegi, a leading Gaborone weekly newspaper. Established in 1990 under the name Magnum Press, the company. was in fact a South African Defence Forces spying organisation set up to promote acts of sabotage in neighbouring countries by disseminatirsg false information through its publication, New!i : h Africa, The organisation's publication was under the dir ectorship of Neil Burrows, a former soldier in the Rhodesian army. He. is an unrepentent former membe. of the notorious Selous Scouts. He and two other managers at Magnum are believedto have been active in a unit of the Rhodesian army * known as the Bread Unit, deriving its name from the bread van they used in their mission against civilians during the Rhodesiai war. The unit would go into the rural areas of Zimbabwe in their van, stop at a village and pretend to be a famine reliefagency. The commandos would then step out and spray machine gun fire at villagers converged around the van. Newslink operated as a subsidiary of the South Aficar, Defen, (, Fowce front company, Dixon Soule Associates. it represented new tactics in South Africa's campaign of dlestabilisation in neighbouring countries in that it highlighted negative aspects of the socia-economic, political and cultural life in neighbouring countries, with the aim of fueling so-' ciaf instability in those countries. he South African press has repofted that the 61 mechanised battalion has been pulled out of Walvis Bay, the disputed Namibian port. The heavy military equipment was moved in ten longfreighi trains, supported by long convoys of lorries. Some of the equipment was moved by ships. The press reports say the equipment was being sent to a base in the northern part of the Cape Province. However, there is stll some equipment left in Walvis Bay. Namibia had stated firmly its natural desire to inceotorate the port of Walvis Bay into Efforts to sell Magnum were unsuccessful because potential buyers were too scared to be associated with such a company. By 9 am on Saturday, December,14. all printing and other equipment used at Magnum Press had been smuggled out of Botswana, leaving over 80 workers jobless and without terminal benefits. 1- its national territory where it has always belonged -The pulling out of the 61 mechanised battalion is being seen in Windhoek as an indication of relaxation of tension between South Africa and Namibia as a result of the peace process underway in An. gola. The presence of this unit has alwais been a source of uneasiness between Namibia and South Alira. But, South Africa*. assessment must be that no military threat now exist from Namibia. Thai talks are now going on between Namibia and South Africa for the ultimate re- incorporation of ,, Walvis Bay into Namibian territory. The first two meetihgs where held without acrimony. Er, I Cernol CHEMICALS (ZIMBABWE) IPVT.) LTD. C> .2 i . " . , I TMI ROPLI WITH-THI AIOHT CHIMIiTRY cf al in bmHW&v 114 fill alit: ~~ a nlo++f. ehfH4f1Hda d a 1w#R ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER. 1991 SA battalion pulls out of Walvis Bay

S, S ir Roy Welensky, former Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, died on December 6, aged 84. Sir Roy was born in the then Salisbury, on January 20 1907. He was the 13th son of a Polish immigrant father and an Afrikaner mother. After leaving school at 14 he worked on the railways and later became an engine driver. He joined politics at an early age but soon became a controversial figure with the die-hard white racists of the then Rhodesia for his liberal policies advocating political partnership with blacks. However, the kind of partnership he advocated was one in which the whites would still retain ac. tual control of all political power. African nationalists in all three countries comprising the Federation were quick to realise this and they rejected r Roy Welensky Welenskv's offer. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, established in 1953, broke up after 10 years. Welensky always maintained that the Federation disintegrated because of "persistent British nationalist pressure". Even when the Federation broke up, he still fought for political power. His final bid for powerended in humiliation when, in 1964, he stood and lost Parliamentary. elections agairst Ian Smith's Deputy Premier, Clifford Dupont. he was forced to retire from active politics. Former British Conservative Party MP, Harold Soref, said of Sir Roy: "He looked and sounded tough, -but was never tough enough to cope with the pace of change which overtook him in Africa." Sir Roy Welensky is survived by his second wife and four children. 1 Masire SThe 1resideVOf Botswanb. Sir Quett Masire T T ident of Botswana, Dr. Quett Ketumil ~sire has been knghe by Queen Elizabeth U of the United Kingdom. He was awarded this honour in a colourful ceremony at Buckingham palace in London. He can now be addressed as sir Ketumile, and his wife as Lady Ketumile. The honour of the Grand Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, is for distinguished public service, especiallyinForeign and commonwealth affairs. Sir Ketumile is now the second President of Botswana to be knighted The first was the late Sir Seretse Khama who was the first President. C Mozambi moving sl towards p By our correspond Vt he 15 million people of Mozambique have fire which resti been fighting one war after another for the corridors of Bei past 28 years. However, the latest warw Apparently,the the bandits of RENAMO has been the bloodiest ply point for Ziii and the mgst brutal. At last, this country is now side the outer lii slowly moving towards peace. (about 7,5 ,kilo Mr Domingos, the negotiator for RENAMO at the mission, chaire talks in Rome has now agreed to two important Maputo.. has m, principles: a) that the Frelimo government is the ceasefire is obse legitimate authority of Mozambiqueq; and b) that bly on ZimbabA registration of new political parties (in terms of the terms of the pa new Constitution of Mozambique) Will take place bandits have vii in Maputo, and not at theUN in New York. This edly day after opens the way for RENAMO to register as a politi. have describedt cal party and fight the general elections later in 1992. ' President R.G. A 1Monday Decerr Mr. Alfonso Dhlakama, the leader of the main fMc. uation with pre, tion of RENAMO, has also been busy. He talked bique. The Tell, to Mr Davidow, the deputy Assistant Secretary for al issues. One Africa at the State Department, USA, in Geneva progress made and Rome recently; and then travelled to Lisbon to speak to For eign Ministry Officials of Portugal. One of the prolt Dlakama had also met one of his chief backers tifying the bad the-presidefit of South Afric, Mr F.W. de Klerk, dur- been the main ing the latter's visit to Nairobi, Kenya. Those who other powers s know him say Dhlakama.has been talking more rightwing socik seriously about peace in the last few months. But, the goverr I Ioppose RENA It is believed that early in the new year a cease- as Kenya and r fire agreement will be signed. in December 1990, ed ways, but si the two parties only agreed to the partial cease. channels of cc

)etailed analysis of the discussions and conclusions of the convention for a democratic South Africa'- CODESA By Our Johannesburg Correspondent ut eiezi tion for a Democratic South Africa iok place at the World Trade Centre ,burg on December 20 and 21, 1991. he effective beginning of multiparty s aimed at drawing up a new and non-racial constitution for that ibaiiwe was a target of South African rnitary .1cmmando attacks for rrany yedrs. Irn5fs therefore keenly interested in the outthe political developments in that counour correspondent in Johannesburg. Comrade E Nxumola, has analysed in detail below discussed and agreed at CODESA. He a epined clearly the functions of the 5 amitteesthat are togo to work now, and report fgress (or lack of it) by the end of March. PAC has dissociated itself from the CODESA. foreign Sectretary, Comrade Gora Ibrahim, told eporter of the Zimbabwe News in Harare on -ember 23, that his party objected to the fact it the ANC had abandoned certain positions reed to by the Patriotic Front Alliance before talks started. He stressed that the fundamen. difference between the PAC and the South Afrin government is on (a) the question of an electconstituent assembly which the PAC insists on; and (b) the suspension of the apartheid 4th African constitution during the transition riod if those demands are not met, the PAC I continue with the armed struggle, Comrade ra said. r Correspondent, ]apson E Nxumalo, wrote as ows on CODESA. hlough the participants in ODESA did not ac ly embark upon any discussion of the comix and sensitive issues, the meeting did identithese as central to the peace, process and iuine democracy here in South Africa. CODEestablished multi-party structures (working- oups), whose task will be to address and fully ebate those issues, and to come up with specifrecommendations. These will be placed before e next full CODESSA meeting, due to take place arch 1992. total of five working groups have been estabshed by CODESA - each one with the mandate address itself to specific identified issue areas. Working Group One Removing the obstacles is working group will address itself to "the creion of a climate for free political participation", id to the question of the role to be by the interational Community. ith regard to the first assignment, areas of specifconcern to the working group will include. the release of remaining political prisoners, continuing political trials, the return of exiles and their families legislation which remains on the statute book and which is regarded as repressive or restrictive in terms of political acitivity remaining discriminatory legislation political intimidation political motivated violence the implementation of the recently-signed National Peace Accord - the political, neutrality of the state-controlled Cde. Nelson Mandela Presie,n7 de Klerk - the question of fair access to that media (in cludeding the media within the independent Bantustans; - the fundifig of politcal parties 'It is an important assignment. As was mentioned oftep during the CODESA debates; the unacceptable level of violpnce in the country, the apparent unwillingness or inability of the State to stop that .violence, and just general suspicion of Government and its motives cast a shadow across the entire peace process: Pretoria's failure to release all political prisoners; the delays caused by Pretoria with regard to the return of exiles programme; the revelations of, secret Government funding to Inkatha and other political/trade union movements lingering suspicions of state-sponsored death squads etc all of this has served to undermine the optimum and hope generated almost two years ago when de Klerk embarked upon his acilerated reform initiative. Concerns of the ANC For some time, the ANC refused to even consider beginning constitutional talks with the Government, simply because the Government h'ad not met the ANC's basic demands (in terms of piisoners/exiles/legislation etc) with regard to the creation of "an appropnate climate" within the ,country Although the ANC departed from this position in favour of engaging Pretoria (in negotiationsl and with the intention of pushing de Kierk into accepting the formation of a sovereign, interim government arrangement (which could then deal with these outstanding issues), the fact that the ANC still has people behind bars, on death-row, in exHe etc. is of deep concern to its leadership and con- DECEMBER, 1991

18 ZIMBABWE NEWS DEC~lY

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Cde. President R.G. Mugabe travelled exenyively during the -cause of the year. Among the major items on his agenda was the issue of mobilising internatioanu support for the Eeonamic Structuiral Adjustment Programme. (a) Cde. Mugabe with President G Bush of the USA. (b) Cde. Mugabe antd Atnal Sally with Presient and Mrs Van Wtezsacker of Germany. The President of the State of Palestine, Cde. Yassar Arafat, reiterated his people's commitment to the armed struggle in the occupied territories at the Islamic Conference summit in Dakar, However, the Conference resolved, rather supprisingly, to abandon the lihad (Holy War) against Israel. Soviets of the Russic in mid 199i. A few i wealth of Russian ZIMBABWE

EADLINES IN 1991" ntry soon after e is now faced Two of South Africa's "'Sharpervlle Six" prisoners were released after having been sentenced to death over six years ago for sharing common purpose in a political murder Left: Cdes Reid Mokoeho and Duma KhuMalo creation of a Presidency in the Republic ,is Yeltsin (now President of the Common- The South African Communist Party (SACP) changed leadership as the year came to a close. Cqe. Joe Slovo, forner Secretary-General, was replaced by Cde. Chris Hani, leader of the African No. tional Congress' military wing, Umkhonto weSizwe kBWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991 tinues to cause that leadership considerable problems/embarrassment within the rank and file/grass root membership of the organisation, not to mention within Umkhonto we Sizwe. Role of International Community The second assignment - namely, to consider and recommend what role can or could be played by the International Community in the overall peace process - is also an important one. Speaker after speaker at CODESA commented upon, and welcomed the presence at the Convention of the various international observers and it is clear that it is the wish of the majority of participants at CODESA that the International Commuiiity should continue such support of the process now under way in South Africa. The role of the International Community, is unlikely to extend beyond that of observer and/or monitor: but even that largely passive role is of considerible importance in this society which, for so long, has been the target of economic sanctions, boycotts and, isolation. " Working Group Two Drafting the New Constitution The second working group has two assignments. The first one is to draw up the general principles upon which the proposed new constitution will be based: The second, and far more complex assignment, is to formulate proposals and make recommendations "on the appropriate body to draft a new constitution for South Africa". The working group's first assignment is made somewhat easier by the fact that a series of - broadly'accepted principles (for a new democrat-- ic constitution) are contained in the Declaration of Intent signed by 17 of the 19 parties/organisations participating in CODESA Those principles were set out as follows; "South Africa will be a united, democratic, noh racial and non-sexist state in which sovereign authority is exercised over the whole of its territory; "The constitution wig be the supreme law and will be guarded over by an independent, non-racial and impartial judiciary; Guiding Principles "There will be a multi-party democracy with the right to form and join political parties and with regular elections on the basis of universal adult suffrage on a common voters roll: in general the basic electoral system shall be that of proportional representation; "There shall be a separation of powers between the legislature, executive and judiciary with appropriate checks and balances; "The diversity of languages, cultures and religions of the people of South Africa shall be acknowledged; "All shall enjoy universally accepted human rights, freedom and civil liberties including freedom of religion, speech and assembly protected by an entrenched and justifiable Bill of Rights and a legal system that guarantees equality of all before the law." The only two parties which did not sign the Declaration of Intent were Mangosuthu Buthelezi's Inkatha Freedom-Party (IFP) and Lucas Mangope's Government of Bophuthatswana. The main objec- tion of both parties centred around the emphasls being placed on a "united South Africa in whichf sovereign auLhority is exercised over thq Wh" of its territory." This principle, said both the #' and Bophuthatswana delegations, appeared to ex dude any possibility of a federal system of govern. ment (which both of them favour) in which the various component parts would retain consider-, able autonomy over\their own affairs. Elected Constituent Assembly The working group's second assignment - the constitution making body- is far more comple and sensitive in that it must seek to resolve the wide differences which exist between the ANC the Government on the questionof an elected constituent assembly. In his statement to CODESA, Nelson Mandela reiterated that ANC's call for an elected constituent assembly and said there was no reason why such an elect!pn could not take place next year. At that stage, he said, the Government should make way for an interim administration which would supervise the entire transition process. Although Government has always been anxiHs to avoid an elected constitution - making body which could be dominated by the ANC, in his ad-: dress to CODESA, President de Klerk appeared to concede some ground to the ANC's demand. He' said "we are prepared to begin negotiating inmi ate/y on amending the constitution of the Repui., lic to make a interim power-sharing model ps;r hie on a democratic basis. , - de Klerk's proposals and conditions "We are convinced that It is in the best interest: -m Management and Staff Of FORTY FOUR CONTRACTORS Box 359, Rusape, Tel: 2899, Ruape 44 Merry Christmas to all our customers and ..suppliers and have a very prosperous 1992 1 2NM .2 '.ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER. 1991

&we A tradition of caring. ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER,' 1991 LINTAS: ZIMBABWE 11378 23 of Sought Africa (..) for us to institute, as a first phase, a government that is broadly representative of the total population. Such a generally resepresentative government will not only see to the administration of the country, but will also be able to take the lead in further constitutional reform. "We are equally convinced that the composition of Parliament, too, should be changed during this initial phase to include the total population in an equitable manner. "What we are not prepared to cosrli--ider is the pircumvention or suspension of the present constitution of the Republic. Any substantive constitutional amendmentps even if they are aimed at transititional measures only, will have to be adopted by Parliament after a mandate has been obtained by means of a referendum. pect some form of renewed attempt at co-option by the Government, and are understandably extremely wary of this latest move by Pretoria. The National Party Government prososal is vague and lacking in focus. It is being presented in the South African media as a major concession by the Government to the ANCs demand for an elected constitution-making body. However, when the one strips away the veneer, there appears to be lte in the proposal to distinguish it, or the strategy behind it, from the co-option approach first mooted by P.W Botha over a decade ago. ANC - Rejects Co-optiof Arrangement, Both President Mandela and-Mr. Cyril Ramapho* sa Secretary General of the ANC, have already stated that if this is the underlying purpose or intention of de Klerk's proposals - and even if it is only designed to be a temporary measure - it is com- to create some of open-ended, multi-partY administration in which blacks would fin selves bearing responsibility for, decisior whilst at the same time, they s4ould certa enjoy the power Iwithin the decision process) that their national majority- statu, warrant. ANC-PAC Rift it was suspicion from within the PAC that t and the South African Government had, L them, agreed to exactly this sort or inte operation arrangement which led to ,the and really quite serious rift between the tv ation movements and which seriously und the potential effectiveness of the Patrioti alliance. Infact, one can say that the Patriot is dead, until the Front line States are abl vive it. The Frontline States are meeting l ka on 20 January to choose a new leader to Members of the* Commonwealth Distinguished Observers Group wt 'Il assist South ANrica in its netotiations for transition to a multi-party democracy, (left to right); Mr. Shri Dines , (India); Professor Canaan Banana (ZimbabwE Mr. Tan Ghazali Shafie (Malaysia); Sir Nirian Stephen (Australia);4and Mr. Jusq . .Tford Georges (Bahamas) "Such a referendum will have to produce, among pletely unacceptable. Dr. Kaunda,',wfto discuss the South Africi other things, a positive mandate from the elec- Workng goup Three t . te Pmay b t e to stop t torates of each of the existing Houses of The between the PACandthe A Parliament." Co-option Atmngenaent Closer examination of the Presidnt's remarks, however, and a press-conference at which the local abd international media closely questioned three leading National Party and Government members on the exact meaning and implications of de Klerk's statements, indicate that what de Klerk is proposing may, in the end, merely turn out to be a rehashed co-option arrangement. None of the Government and National Party mem. bers Was able to clearly explain what de Klerk had in mind." This was simply a broad proposal, they said, the details of which will be discussed in CODESA. When asked whether de Klerk was in fact proposing the creation of a fourth Blacks parliamentary chamberhe Government representatives responed that this was unlikely but that it was "one possibility out of many." The ANC have said they are in the dark over de Klerk's proposals and await the full presentation thereof in due course. But they too appear to sus- This working group has a single, but absolutely crucial assignment: namely, to investigate and make recommendations with regard to" the manner in which the country may be governed and managed until thelintroduction of a new consti tution." As such, itViil have to seek some form of compromise betwelIn the ANC's demand for an interim government or transitional authority with sovereign powers, and the Government's refusal to meet such a demand on anything but its own terms and conditions, in his address to CODESA, President de Kierk appeared to give way to the ANC on the question of a democratically-elected interim government structure, which would not only govern the country during the transition, but which could also serve as a constituent assembly and draw up the detailed'4# /constitution. As explained above, the ANC senses in this new proposal nothing more than another attempt by the National Party to co-opt blacks into the existing parliamentary and government structures, and The lull details of de Klerk's proposals hav yet been made public. Nor indeed have they made available to other major players with internal political spectrum. The President sai ing CODESA that the full specifics would hi mitted to all other titerested parties in thE near future and that he hoped rapid and u progress could be made with regard tomulti negotiations thereupon. South Africa awaits those specifics with interest. Working Group Four The Hosseland Issue. Working Group Four will deal with the very tive issue of the future of the four nomi independent homelands, known here as the standing for Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Vend Ciskei.) Note that Bophuthatswana did not sign the iA Declaration of intent because it was no -py with the emphasis placed therein upon ti ,for a united South Africa, and one in which ZIMBABWE NEWS C etn authority will be exercised over the whole of its territory. Ciskei did not sign the Declaration on the first day of CODESA - for more or less the same reasons as Bophuthatswana - but gave way on day two and signed the document. Inkatha (a fundameritally Zulu-based political party, drawing its support from the KwaZulu homeland in Natal) also declined to sigh the Dedaration,-saying that it appeared to rule out any possibility of a federal system for the future South Africa - something which Inkatha regards as fundamental to its own political programme. Even if it is eventually accepted by all present homeland administrations that there is no viable alternative but to be re-incorporated back into - South Africa'" the process of dismantling or realigning the ten homeland bureaucratic structures with those existing in Pretoria. will be a massive and extremely complex issue, and will undoubtedly take some time to implement. Incorporating Bantustans Some homelands have different taxation laws and . indeed many other different laws to those prevailing in South Africa proper. Millions of rands have been nJested in, for example, Bophuthatswana, on the basis of these more liberal taxation laws, and serve to generate not o*sy foreign income for the government of Bophuthatswana, but employ. ment for its citizens. This sort of investment and the laws which have allowed for it cannot easily be removed. For example gambling is completely prohibited in'South Africa; lotteries are forbidden and, even cinemas are not permitted to operate on Sundays. But, Bophuthatswana has entertainment centres that are always open at Sun City and other centres. Other elements of this problem which working Group Four will have to examine are - the time frame for re-incorporation in these States which seek such re-incorporation. - disposal or transfer of assets or debts of the TVRD, States - optimal use of existing infrastractures - the future of the civil service in such States, - the orderly termination or amendment of existing bilateral and multilateral agreements and treatiesWhereas it is quite clear that some form of federal arrangement is probably the best or most appropriate system of governmet for a future South Africa, the main parties within the internal political spectrum are far from reaching consensus on the issue. Both the Nationalist Party and the ln katha Free-. doa Party want a vastly de- centralised system of government, with considerable powers being vested in regional government and even in local government structures. Whereas the ANC says it is not opposed to strong regional government, it nevertheless believes that too much decentralisation of power, and too much authority being accorded to regional and local administrations will seriously undermine the capacity of a post-apartheid central government to effectively tackle the nation's most pressing problems - virtually all of them the direct legacy of apartheid: lack of housing, lack of health facii- ties, inadequate schooling facilities, lack of employment opportunities etc. Such is the scope of these problems that only a massive, centrally-planied and executed national approach by an incoming post-apartheid administration will stand a chance of making any headway in alleviating the situa. tion. Failure to make such headway will cause serious problems for that first, post:apartheid administration. Working Group Five Implementing CODESA Resolutions This working group will be responsible for recording. and monitoring the implementation of all decisions reached by CODESA. It will also make recommendations, where appropriate, with regard to time frames and target completion dates for the implementation of those decisions and will keep CODESA informed as to progress being made. One very important function of this working group will be to identify areas of current legislation which will have to be amended in order for full effect to be given to decisions reached by CODESA. in addition, this working group will assist Governments legal experts in formulating the terms of those amendments. This is absolutely crucial to CODESA and indeed to the entire process. Unless a mechanism can be found whereby the decisions taken by CODESA can be made legally-binding upon the country as a whole, CODESA will amount to little more than a talkshop and will serve little effective purpose. This was the position adopted by the ANC and other anti-apartheid movements/organisations even prior to CODESA taking place. The Govern- ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991 7 DA.YsFREESTOPOVER INCLUDES HOTEL ACCOMMODATION IN MALTA AND SOFIA *That's right! Stopovers in either direction! 7 days in a fully equipped apartment in Malta or 2 days half board in a 5 star hotel. FREE! Fly the bonus airline Discover old history, golden beaches, winter ski resorts and friendly people. 55 SAMORA MACHEL AVENUE HARARE: PH 729213 TELEX 4203 ment acknowledged the rationale behind that position but said that giving CODESA's decisions legal forte would sei'iously undermine the authority of Parliament and the entire corisistitution. Government was not prepared to allow this to happen. / CODESA dedsions However, after lengthy discussions vith the ANC and others, Government did agree to. declare itself "bound by theagreements reached together with other participants in CODESA*... and corm mitted itself to their implementation within its capacity, powers and authority" Government spokesmen said that the administration would be morally bound to uphold and detend any decisions taken by CODESA to which it was a party. and gave assurances that Government would cooperate with the other CODESA' where appropriate and where possible, to give force to those decisions. In addition to the establishment of working groups, standing rules and an overall management structure for CODESA. the meeting also decided that a second plenary session - to be known as CODESA it - will toke place not later than March 1992. At that time, the various working groups will report back to the plenary on progress being made with regard to their specific areas of responsibility. Overall then, although largely symbolic in nature, CODESA should be regarded as an optimistic and bold start to the multi-party negotiation process for a-new South Africa. Difficult Start On the negative side, the fact that the PAC were not there, that the right wing parties declined to participate, LMat Mangosuthu buthelezi boycotted the meeting lbut sent his deputy, Frank Mdlalose to-lead the jnkatha s delegationt and that Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk engaged in a public verbal sparring match; all of this served to detract from the otherwise optimistic atmosphere prevailing at CODESA . -The rift between Mandela and de Klerk, heated as it was, merely served to remind all present of the difficulties which lie ahead as the real bargaining begins, and of the senistivities lying beneath the surface. V The Declaration of Intent signed by CODESA Trhe delegates to the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA signed by 16 of the 18 political parties and orginsations that met in Johannesburg on December 20th to 21st, is quoted here in full for the information of our readers# I I we, the duly authorised representatives of political parties, political organisations administration and the South African Government, comihg together at this first meeting of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa, mindful of the awesome responsibility that rests on us at this moment in the history. of our country. Declare our solemn comritement. 1. to bring about an undivided South Africa with one nation sharing a common citizenship, patriotism and loyalty, pursuing amidst our diversity, freedom, equality and security for all irrespective of race, colour, sex or creed; a country free from apartheid or any form of discrimination or domination, 2 .to work to heal the divisions of the past, to se- cure the advancement of all, and to establish a free and open society based on democratic values where the dignity, worth and rights of every South African are protected by law; 3 .to strive to improve the quality of life of our people through policies that will promote economic growth and human development and ensure equal opportunities and social justice for all South Africans; 4 to create a climate conducive to peaceful constitutional change by eliminating violence, intimidation and destabilisation and by promoting free political participation, discussion and debate: S .to set in motion the process of drawing up and establishment a constitution that will ensure, inter alia: a) that South Africa will be a united, democratic, non-racial and non-sexist state in which sovereign authority is exercised over the " whole of its territory; bithat the Constitution will be the suprerne law and that it will be guarded over by an independent, non-rasal and impartial judidary, ,c)that there will be a multy-party democracy. with-the right to form and join political parties and with regular elections on the basis of universal adult suffrage on a' common voters roll; in general the basic electoral system - shall be that of propiortional representation; d )that there shall be a separation of powers between the legislature, executive and judiciary with appropriate checks and balances; e )that the diversity of languages, cultures and religions of the people of South Africa shall be acknowledged; fl that all shall enjoy universally accepted human nghts, freedoms and civil liberties induding freedom of religion, speech and assembly protected by an enten d and jble Bill of Rights .and a legal system " guarantees equality of all before the law. We agree 1 that the present and future participants shall be entitled to put forward freely to the Conven, tion any proposal consistent with democracy. 2 .that CODESA will establish a mechanism whose task will be, in co-operati6n with administration and the South African Government, to draft the texts of all legislation required to give effect to the agreement reached in CODESA. We,.the presentatives of political parties, political organisations and administrations, further solemnly commit ourselves to be bound by the agreement of CODESA and in good faith to take all such steps as are within our power and authority to realise their implementation. We, the South African Government, declare ourselves to be bound by agreement we reach togethei with other participants in CODESA in accordance with the standing rules and hereby commit ourselves to the implementation thereof within our capacity, powers and authority. Merry- Christmas to all our customers and suppliers and have a very prosperous 1992.. 9a, "C" Avenue, Mutate Zimbabwe. Telephone: 62353 P.O. Box 3084, Paulington Mutate Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991

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INTERNATIONAL '_.__ Famine remains one of the major killers in the Third World Staggering increases of refugees and hunger The year 1992 is going to be a very difficult year for many African countries and peoples. One of the major problems is going to be a staggeiing number of refugees in the world estimated at 20 million, the maoin ty in Africa. Africa has more refugees than any other continent They will be running away from internal fighting, cross-border violence, harsh rule, poverty, and natural disasters The office of the UN High Commissioner of Refu. gees has been working hard on the problem of refugees in Africa but the numbers continue to increase Britain and France are trying hard to limit the numher of refugees coming into their countries. Immigration is now a serious and sensitive issue in European politics it was high on the agenda of the Maarscrift Summit in the Netherlands in De. cember Britain a id France are saying that many of the people claiming to be refugees are not refu gees in fact, but persons simply seeking a better life. They wait legal macfhinery to gackdown on the on the so- called bogus refugees But while there may be a few of those the number of genuine refugees is still very large - and rowing.. While some African refugees are overflowing to some European countries as well. But the European countries have their hands full With refugees and seeers of political asylum from Eastein Eu rope, i ussa and Yugoslavia Fae esample, the number of people seeking asylum in Britain has risen from 5 000 in 1988 to more than 50 000 in 1992 It is estimated that well over 500 000 people will seek asylum in Western Europe in 1992 OAU in Addis Ababa The OAU must he preparing for a bhiy year ahead. One of the tasks is to begin buildingt regional economic organisatlons that will ed to build the African Economic Commur On January 30 through to 31, the PTA willbe ing in Lusaka to review its Progress. The new! tary General of the PTA, Mr. M. Mutharika, ting final touches to an important docume tended to consolidate the work and progra of the PTA. As far as the OAU is concerned, what stick dearly is the failure of that organisation to the internal fighting and killing of innocent pie in Liberia, and also in Somalia. In Liberi ECOWAS states had to set up their own p keeping operations. The OAU has no mach for peace-keeping or peace-making opera Therefore, when law and order breaks dow member state or region, all that the Secri General can do is to issue more statemeri pealing for peace and restraint. This is an a that needs to be thought about and imp upon. The OAU Summit to be held in June 1992 wi have to review the progress of their constit a! talks in the Republic of South Africa. By an interim government may have been s( Hopefully, the unity of the Patriotic Front wil been restored. The unity of the oppressed] es is the one weapon the OAU has in its I in the South African situation. Crossing the LIJipopo There is a brain drain, or ratheir haernorrage Zimbabwe to South Africa, Botwana, Namibi Lesotho. Our reporter met last month a wid a former school teacher in Highfield. He aske her two sons were doing at the University c babwe. She said they had all done well and their examinations in Accountancy last yei they had left the country to go.and work in Africa Many firms in South Africa are desr ly short ot chartered accountants. Her elde who qualified as a medical doctor in Cana years ago never returned to Zimbabwe. He i1 tising medicine there. We are told that there are many Zimbabv professional meih and women who are seekit getting employment in SouthrAfrica in par and, to a lesser extent, in Namibia and Bot The reason loi ihis mass brain haemorrag earn foreign currency with which to buy ca and furniture. In the field of salaries and conditions of s the University of Zimbabwe compares vw favourably with similar conditions offe Universities in Botswana, Lesotho, Swazila Namibia. Before the recent massive deva of the collar, salaries of lecturers and prot at the University of Zimbabwe were exac of what their counferparts gcot in Bot Lesotho and Swaziland. Furthermore, t several allowances which do nsot est University of Zimbabwe. Consequent university teachers are also crossing theLi ZIMBABWE

Iii[ ,il e reignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as Presient of the dissolved Union of Soviet Socialist .epublics (USSR) on Christmas DeCember 25, 1991 was the most imporent in a year that had many momentous in a low-key radio and television statement, hth ruler of USSR - one of the two super ;,in the world bowed out of office, ending irful but really tragic political career; for. the ven years he was both the President of the and General Secretary of the defunct CornParty of the Soviet Union (CPSU). isolution and disbandonment of the USSR red a super power that had supported the 3t world, or the alternative to, the capitalist ter Europe and the Americas for decades. shed in 1922 after the great October revoof 1917, thq union held together some 15 with a population of about 300 million peoe CPSU was organised in the 15 republics ecd as a cementing factor.-It also became ainstay of the worldwide movement of soand/or communist parties in different parts world, importantly, during the Second World War -45, it was the USSR that mobilised the Ruseople to oppose Hitler's Nazis outside the of Leningrad, persued them all the way to it was really the Red Army that played the ie role in the victory of the Allied Powers. !ave Joseph Stalin; the ruler of the USSR at ne, a place of honour at the peace confern Yalta, and elsewhere. dgement of African History is bound to be on Mikhail Gorbachev. In seven short years mantled the structures of a super power, and ?d it to nothing. He claims to have brought on and democracy to the Russian people. Wavo;? c ood bye to power Cde Gorbachev did not have Africa on his agenda That still has to be tested at the ballot box and in practice. in the meantime, the standard of living of the Russian people has dropped, and factional fighting has continued in some of the newly created republics. Parochial nationalism and tribalism have dismembered the federal state. The treaty of union prepared by Gorbachev was rejected by most states, and replaced by Boris Yeltsin's Ihe onginal plan for -glasnost" (openness) and "peres troika" (restructuring) has been thrown out of the Soviet Uniontaken over by Boris Yeltsin's Russia including the nuclear weapons. it has been replaced by a commonwealth which Gorbachev did not want; and given power to Boris Yeltsin whom Gorbachev dismissed from the CPSU in 1987. One of the biggest mistakes made by Gorbachev was to disband the CPSU after the abortive coup Form , USSR Foregi Minister, Cde. Eduard Shevardnadze, tried on several occasions to make Gorbachev aware of the fat that rt itie .him of late August. It was the CPSU that had held the republics. Without it, Gorbachev became a spent force in the Kremilin in Moscow without the means to reach the population. When he belatedly called the government leaders of the 15 republics to a meeting in Moscow to sign his new Union Treaty, only a few turned up and in any case refused to sign. Gorbachev had reached the end of the road. While Gorbachev has been widely aclaimed and praised as a statesman in Western Europe and America, Africa has nothing to mourn about. Gorbachev showed very little interest in Africa in particular. In his main book on "perestroka" he devoted only three pages to Africa in a 200-page manuscript. He never spoke on our problems at an international forum, nor did he spend much time consulting African leaders. In his 7 years rule, Africa was one continent he did not visit officially, excepting one stop-over in Cairo to see President Mubarak. The main thrust of his work was re-approachment with the USA at all costs History may have more to say on this singular thrust. Africa in particular, and the Third World in general, did not feature prominently in his thinking or planning for a new world order. Gorbachev's goverriment withdrew its military support from liberation movements in Southern Africa. The ANC- of South Africa which had relied on the USSR and its allies, was one of the first casualties. Consequently, Nelson Mandela, President of the ANC was unable to visit Moscow in 1991, but instead Pik Botha, the Foreign Minister of South (Africa, was welcomed there. President de Klerk himself was to visit Moscow last month. Even those political partibs that had had close relationships with the.CPSU and the USSR, such as MPLA of Angola, and the FrelimoI government of Mozambique, were quietly abandoned and denied military aid. ZIMBABWE I4WS DECEMBER, 1991

Arctic Ocean ESTONIA LATVIA LITHUANIA - DOVA Sea The former cen4ally-controlled union is now a Commonwealth of autonomous republics Since 1917, and moreso after the Second World War, the USSR became the cornerstone of anticolonial struggles in Africa, Asia Latin America, the Carribean, and the Middle East. The campaign culminated in the famous UN Declaration Against Colonialism of December 1960 moved by Nildta Xbrnshchivtheft nGeeral Seactary o! the CPSU, and supported by all Third World nations. The Western Powers abstained, but none voted against the declaration. The CPSU intensified the anti-colonial campaign by giving material support to organisations of op: by the writings Of Karl Marx and V.1 Le pressed people, and setting up Afro-Asian Solidarity oppressed people elsewhqre. The doctrin Committees in many Third World countries where been discredited by the counter writin the Western Powers would have intervened bachev and his supporters, but there cE indeed, the main social forces that intiated and doubt that it gave directidn to the an! accelerated the decolonisatin process after the and anti-imperialist struggle. Gorbache, Second World War were (a) the ti-colonial posi- troika" gives no such direction, infact ii tion of the USSR and its allies; and (b) the mass fuses the readers. tarugffles of the colonised people themselves. Given ne constant interaction between the leaders of Thoposed institutional reform (an d the USSR and those of anti-colonial movements, tion in the USSR. was long overdue, bu the role of the former was enormo, us. 'that Gprbachev's writings do not enligl body. Arican history will be harsh in its jt Finally, there was the ideological direction given of the work and life of Mikhail Gorbac CHRONOLOGY OF USSR SINCE 1.917 1917 Revolution begins in February. Czar Nicholas abdicates in March. Bplsheviks take control in October. 1918 Lenin establishes Soviet Republic of Russia and moves Capital to Moscow from Petrograd (St. Pitersburg). Nicholas * _ _ mily executed. 1919 Ukrajnian and Byelorrussian Soviet Socialist Republics are established. Kointer, the Soialist intemational, is crea( 1920 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan proclaimed Soviet Socialist Republics. 1921 10th Communist Party Congress creates one-party system. Georgia is forcibly absorbeo into the Soviet Union. 1922 Joseph Stalin elected General-Secretary of Communist Party's Central Committee. 1924 Lenin dies. Troika comprised of Stalin, and two others takes over, but Stalin manages to outmaneuver the others. 1 bek, Turkmen and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republics are formed. 1929 The Tadzhik Republic admitted to the Soviet Union. 1936 Stalin begins bloody purges to consolidate his power. Kirghizia admitted to Soviet Union as constituent Republic. 1939 Soviets invade Finland. Nazi Germany and Soviet Union sign Non- Aggression Pact. 1940 Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are annexed-to Soviet Union as a result of a Soviet-German agreement. 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union. Soviets switch to allied side. An estimated 27 million Soviets die in war. 1945 World War il ends. Soviets assert Control over Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Rom a, Bul and Eastern Germany. *,B 1949 ZIMBABWE Soviet Union is first Foreign nation to recognise People's Republic of China led by 1949

CHRONOLOGY OF USSR SINCE 1917 1953 Stalin dies. Ntkita Khrushchev comes to power 1956 Khrushchev denounces Stalin. Chinese accuse Soviets of revisionism. Warsaw Pact tanks end uprising in .Hungary. 1960 Kremlin withdraws all 1 300 Soviet technicians assigned to China, heralding a split. S1 ,.902 Khrushchev backs away from brink of'war with the United States 'over Cuban missile crisis. 1964 Khrushchev is deposed and replaced by Leonid 1. Brezhnrev. 1968 , Warsaw Pact crush "Prague Spring" uprising in Czechoslovakia. 1979 "'. Soviets invade Afghanistan to prop up friendly government.. 1982 Brezhnev dies, replaced by Yuri Andropov, former head of the KGB. -1984 Andropov dies, replaced by Xonstantin Chernenko. 1985 Chernenko dies, Mikhail S. Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of Communist Party. which adopts his platform of *'Perestroika." oi restructuring of the Soviet system.. 1989 Governments in Eastern Europe fall afte'r Gorbachev says he won't use force to save them. Soviet trdops complete pullout from Afghanistan. 1990 Luthuania. Latvia and Estonia declare independence. Boris Yeltsin is elected president of Russian Republic, which declares, sovereignty. By year's end, all 15 Soviet Republics declare some form of sovereignty and Gorbachev proposes 'a union treaty to retain a form of central control. Yeltsin and other radicals quit party. Gorbachev purges several'ard-line mebers from politburo. * '1991 Jan. 13 Fourteen people are killed when Soviet tanks attack the main televisign tower in Vilnius, Uthuania. arch 17 Union Treaty is approved in nationwide referendum April 2 Consumer goods prices increase, some by as much as 1 g0o percent. June 27 Ukraine'lawmakers reject Union Treaty I July 26 Leaders overwhelmingly approve Gorbachev's new party platform. August 18 One day, before' Girbachev plans to sign Union Tre-ty conservative group tries to overthrow him. August 21 Coup fails: Gorbachev returns te Moscow. August 22 Lithuania outlaws Communist Party August 24 - Gorbachev resigns as head of Communist Party and urges it to be disbanded. Ukraine becomes seventh of 15 Soviet Republics to declare itself independent. August 27" Gorbachev appeals to 15 Soviet Republics to preserve military and economic "Union. European Community recognizes in, dependence of Baltic republics. August 29 Soviet lawmakers suspend Communist Party activities nationwide and freeze its bank accounts because of Party's role in railed coup attempt. Russia and Ukraihe bypass Kremlin to form military and economic alliance.August 30 Azerbaijan declares independence and begins forming own army. Atgust 31 Uzbekistan and Kirgizia become ninth 'and 10th Republics to declare independence. Septemer 2 Congress of People's Deputies approves plan to reduce Kremlin authority in the Soviet Union but retain a loose Federation of States. United States formally recognises Baltic Republics. September 5 Soviet Lawmarers approve creation of inientm government to usher in new confederation of sovereign states. September 6 Soviet Union recognizes independence of Baltic States Selitember 12 Officials of Baltic states and 12 Soviet Republics agree.to maintain collective defence framework and single control over Soviet Union's nuclear arsenalSeptember'21 Armenia votes in favour of independence from Soviet Government October 1 Twelve Soviet Republics agree to new economic union to coordinate everything from &orTmunlcations to defenceOctober 18 Gorbachev and Presidents of the eight Soviet Republics sign Treaty to create economic union. October '28 Twelve Soviet Rtepublics agree to share responsibility for repaying nation's foreign debt. November 16 Yeltsin issues 10 decrees declaring Russian Federation's control over Soviet money supply and trade in oil, gold., diamonds and foreign currencyNovember 22 World's richest capitalists defer 3.6 billion in debt payments, and eight of the 12 republics agree to repay entire Soviet debt, estimated at more than t0 billion November 25 Seven republics fail, to endorse union treaty but promise to send it to their individual legislatures for consideration. December 1 Ukraine voters approve referendum declaring independence. December 3 Gorbachev issues appeal to save Soviet Union, warning of pd sible warfare and "catastrophe for al mankind" December 4 Supreme Soviet endorses.union Treaty Seven Republics 'say they will sign December 8 Russia, Ukrain. Bylorussia form a "commonwealth" and declare Gorbachev's Government and the Soviet Union dead., 3L December 17 Yeltsm and Gorbachev agree to dissolve Sovitt Union and proclaim new Commonwealth by new year. December 21 Leaders of 11 Soyereign Republics meet in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, to sign a Commonwealth agreement. Georgia is the only Republic not to loin the Commonwealth December 22 European Community agrees-to recognile the Russian republics as the successor to the.Soviet Union. December 23 Gorbachev's formal resignation as president of the Soviet Union Is expected within days and United States recognition of Russian Republics expected to follow quickly. ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991'

More Palestinians injured Israel soldiers Israeli soldiers wounded four Palestimans in es in the occupied territories on December 2 cording to Egypt's Middle East News Aeenc The clashes occured in the refugee camps ofRi and A Bariej as well as in Gaza strip where Isr Security Forces rounded up Palestinians in as rity sweep. In Ramall h area in the lsraeli-occupied temtO Israeli occupation forces arrested three Palesl ans because of their resistance to the occupal troops. Meanwhile, on the same day, Israeli authon declared a curfew in the Downtowpi of Herb: West Bank. The Curfew required regidents tos at home from 5 pm to 4 am, according to lsr radio reports. The administrative ruler of Herbron said the d L sion to lift curfew at daytime was made response to a request of Hashem Abdel Nabi Netcha, Chairman of the chamber of Commei A curfew was also imposed on Beit Dagen villi in Nablus after a bus was set on fire in the at Two masked men hijacked the bus after forc DesptL current efforts at a negotiateo peace settlement in the Middle East, it to stop near the Acre refugee camp. the Intifada shows no. signs of ending Manica Motors 1980) (Pvt.) Ltd Phone 63976 Mutare Box 107 PEUGEOT SPECIALISTS Management and Staff wish all our customers a happy Christmas and a very prosperous New Year, ZIMBABWE NEWS

CITY OF MUTARE The City of Mutare, wish all the residents of Mutare and everyone in Zimbabwe a merry Christmas and a 'Happy New Year ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991 33

,SPORT he year 1991 will go down in history as yet another evehtful year on th international sporting calendar The highlight of that calendar is probably set in the United States of America's New York city in September when American sprintstar Carl Lewis dashed in a 1 00-metre race to a world record of 9.86 seconds. He ran at close to 48 kilometres (30 miles) per hour beating Leroy Burrel in just 43 leaps. He broke his own previous world record of 9.92 seconds. January G Atlanta is confirmed as the venue for the 1996 TOt Olympic Games by the international Olympic Committee and former England first choice goalkeep- There wa er. Peter Shilton quits, soccer. The month also saw country 1 the resumption of horse-racing in the Lebanese while the capital Beirut. About 25 000 people converged to doned m see Arabian steels race. complica bile labor Ben Johnson, labelled 'superchear by the Australians for using steroids at the Seoul Olympics, to impler failed in two comeback races after the end of his As Febru suspension. He finished second in 50-metre and nounced 5S-metre dashes in Ottawa, Canada. He came fifth South Ak in Seville and fell to Linford Christie, Andrea Simon and Andrea Carson. Come Ma February Ruddock February saw Dutch Socer star Ruud Gullit agree. Richard ing to pay Z$45 000 to enstranged wife Yvonne camp arg to settle a lengthy'divorce battle. He wed Italian but Steel Cristina. The deal will cost him Z$25 million if he son was lives to be 75. He is 28. Still on the soccer super- later in t stars, French giants Marseille offer Liverpool lad, Back hon John Barnes £2 million (Z$10 million) signing on Baxaque fee but Liverpool flashed £8 000 (Z$40 000) a week Maxaqu to retaih him. leg of thi babwean It was also announced that month that the first the returr Olympics for former Olympic veterans will be Bulawayc staged in Greece in 1996 to celebrate the cente- fell to Gor nary of the modern Olympic Games. ca Cup o It was also a month of achievements as Cameroon ed the Ke soccer ace and World Cup hero, Roger Milla was through voted the African footballer of the year receiving and Rah 103 votes in a joint poll conducted by France Foot Another v boll and Afrique Football. Second was Algerian dian Marl Sherif El Onazani with 64 votes. During that peri- stroke w od, Tanzania's Simba did themselves and their country a lot of good when they were crowned the new East and Central Africa champions after lambasting Uganda's Villa 3-0. Still on soccer, FIFA issued the rule that players will be sent off for deliberate fouls hindering a scoring opportunity. A penalty will be awarded if the foul is committed in the penalty box. 1991 became one of boxing's most dark years with Sugar Ray Leonard being pounded into resignation by Terry Norris at New York's Madison Square Garden. Leonard had become boxing's richest fight- D er with career earnings of about £55 million (Z$275 million). He is 33 years and was born in Texas, 'VPH California. II: finyvai goona world record in the 1 00-metre Medley t international swim meet. Tewksbury wa at 52.21 seconds bettering the previous wc of 52.89 seconds, Hladky was timed at April The Zimbabwe National Soccer squad spE 'ed by Moses Chunga, Henry Mckop and Khumalo humiliated Malawi 4 - 0 in the Af of Nations of Group G. The national socce was to meet Congo in July. Top seed Gwinyai Tongoona became the fv Sarah-lane Zimbabwean and the youngest player to h Mu'rphy a major tournament when he beat Stig H, 6 -2 6 -0 in the Vaseline Lipice Open M s celebration in the Soviet Union as the oi~ed the International Rugby federation Internaional Olympic Commitee abanobile dope-testing fearing possible legal tions and problems of unannounced moatories crossing borders proved difficult ment. ary came to a close, New Zealand anthat it would resume rugby contacts with rIca by June next year. March rch and Mike Tyson beat Donovan Razor in a controversial stoppage by referee teel in the seventh round. The Ruddock ued that their boxer was able to continue said the boxer "was seriously hurt". Tylater to win the rematch with Ruddock he year. he, local soccer giants Dynamos played ne of Mozambique in the first round, first e Africa Cup Winners Cup and the ims won S - 1. Dynamos were later to win leg in Maputo's Machava stadium 2 - 0. -based Zimbabwean giants, Highlanders Mahia 0 - 1 in Nairobi, Kenya in the Aftif Club Champions. Highlanders lambastnyas 4-0 in the return leg in Bulawayo goals by Adam Ndlovu (2), Peter Ndlovu man Gumbo. vorld record was set in March when Cana. Tewsbury swam in the 100-metre backhile German's Josef Hladky broke the )avid Gary Mandy ughton gles final. Coaches of various sports rejoiced in April as United Nations sub-committee on the implen tation of UN resolutions and collaboration South Africa announced the exemption of coat from the register of sports contacts with Sc Africa. One player Who will not like to remember the) 1991 is Argentine super soccer star, Diego M dona. Maradona, who played in the Italian I division for Napoli was suspended by the Ita league for 15 months after testing positive foi caine after a March 17 game between Napoji Bar He went on to be arrested in his home c( try Argentina after being found in possessio 2 kilogrammes-of cocaine. He was accused of] sassing and distributing cocaine but was relec on US$20 000 bail. The disgraced soccer star arrested on April 26 in a police raid on a BUE Aires apartment. May Highlanders, one of the local soccer giants fell' to National PC of Egypt ir Egypt in the first of the second round of the Africa Cup of Champions. The Zimbabweans complained t& clear Peter Ndlovu goal was disallowed and one of the Egyptians' goals was scored usin hand. Across town in Harare, archnvals Dynamos pl Diadles Noirs of Congo in the first leg, second rt of the Africa Cup Winners Cup and the Congc fell 2-0 through goals by Claudius Zviripayi Memory Mucherahowa. Champaigne cocks were popping in Paris as Fr soccer greats Marseille clinched their third secutive league title when they beat Auxierre with only one match to go. May 18 had mixed fortunes for Zimbabwe as babwean boxing promoter Phillip Chiyan staged international bouts featuring local an ternational boxers. in the ABC heavyweight e nator, Bombamphani Bonyongo Destroyer fi the first round to Britain-based Nigerian Big James. And in an eight-round lightweight rect tion fight, Zimbabwean Aaron Ncube defe ZIMBABWE NEWS inaye Garande Dowson Aetlcai Martin Galvan limenez and Ambrose Mlio itilated another Mexican lose Torres in the third Dundof a scheduled eight-round bout. They were ihig for *world recognition in the lightnddleweight category. )n the same day, it was glory all the way to the )kas English side Tottenham Hotspurs humole Nottingham Forest in the English Football As3ociatiQn cup final at Wembley stadium. Spurs her P ul 'Gazza' Gascoigne vas carried off the pit ie 17th minute after being injured in a J eous foul on Forest Gary Charles. Spurs won with goals from Stuart Pearce (Forest), Paul (ewart (Spurs), and during the extra time, Forest kefnder DesWalker glanced a stinging header off comer kick under pressure and beat his own Joalkeeper. June tmealty shootoutp at future World Cup finals could is Scrapped off if a radical proposal by the Unitd States to replace them for the 1994 soccer tourlament is approved, The US World Cup organisers iave proposed that the final match should be eplayed until a winner emerges was all smiles in Namibia as the hosts walloped imbabwe 34-15 in their first rugby test match the South West Stadium in Windhoek. The home ide trailed the visitors 9-15 at half-time. The ame pattern of glory continued in Portugal as that ation won their second successive world youth ixcer title by beating Brazil 4-2 on penalties afer 120 minutes ola goalless draw in Lisbon. Ii1 the local scene, the former chairman of the now efunct Zimbabwe Sports and Recreational Council, obaiwa Mudede made history when he was electIthe first African committee member of the Trim nd Fitness International Organisation (TAFISA) in ordeaux, France. TAFISA emphasisessports for all. July espite that trend of achievements and happiness, was all gloom in Zimbabwe as the national socer team blew the most glorious chance to 4ualifor the Africa Cup of Nations finals when the ongolese held the local boys to a 2 - 2 draw. HenIM kop and Peter Ndovu scored for Zimbabwe Fhile F. Makita and D. Mbemba scored for the isitors. However at club level, Dynamos FC managed to sail through to the quarter-finals of the Africa up Winners Cup by accounting for Diadles Noirs on a 3- 1 aggregate. The local giants went on to bow out to 8CC Lions of Nigeria on a 4 - 1 aggregate. August Still at club level, local minnows Wankie FC surprised giants CAPS United to lift the Castrol Heroes Trophy, their first cup in 13 years. September The International Table Tennis Federation readmited breakaway-Soviet republics Latvia and Lithuania while the Soviet XXI Century Association bought an American National Hockey League club. After the readmission of South Africa (in July) into the International Federation of Amateur Cycling after 21 years, that country scored yet another victory as the International Olympic Committee, allowed it to participate in the next Barcelona Games scheduled for Spain. Boxing has never gone through a bad year like 1991. Britons debate the sport's future after Chris Eubank punched fellow Briton Michael Watson unconscious. Wats6n was carried uncbnscious from ,the ring after the 12th round battering from Eubank-in the WBO super middleweight championship. He was immediately put on a life support machine as doctors fought for his life. It is feared he may never fully recover. Six years after its fans rioted and caused the deaths of 39 people, Liverpool returned to European soccer action late in September. They had been banned since the 1985 Heysel (Brussels) stadium disaster and UEFA put them against Kuusysi LAthi of Finland in the first round. Boxing was again called into question as Nigeri, an boxer Nojim Gbadegesin, 27 die on September 30 from brain damage following his sixth round knockout by fellow countryman, Kelvin Onwudiwe. He had begun his career in 1983 and had 35 fights as an amateur. He lost his life in just his second professional fight. His death made him the second Nigerian in ten years. In 1982, All died after being knocked out by British Barry Mcguigan in London. And doctors studying an outbreak of herpes gladitorium say they have confirmed the long-held belief that the skin disease can be spread among wrestlers. South Africa, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were admitted into the International Weightifting Federation. The Federation awarded the 1993 championship to Melbourne, Australia. The highlight of Zimbabwe's international sport'ing calendar was probably the All Africa Games where the under-23 soccer team and swimmers Sarah-lane Murphy and Carolyn Zwonnikoff acquited themselves very well. Murphy won three gold medals and broke two African records in the 1 00m and 200 backstroke events. Zwonnikoff collected two gold medals. The entire Zimbabwe outfit amassed 20 medals. October The International Tennis Federation provisionally granted South Africa full membership to send a tefam to Barcelona in 1992 and for a team to compete in the Davis Cup. In the United States, Stephan Edberg won the US open, beating Jim Courier 6-2, 6-4, 6-0 ano earned himself US$600 000. jnspite of the poor performance of local soccer sides Dynamos and Highlanders at continental level, the yiar ended on a brighter note as the national under-23 soccer squad demolished, at first, north African giants.Egypt and later Tunisia. It all began in September at the All Africa Games in Egypt when the young lads beat Uganda 2 - 1 in their opening match. With the confidence and morale obtained from their victory on Uganda, the Young Warriors went on to trounce.hosts Egypt 3 -2 to book a date with Nigeria in the semi-finals. Despite losing their last group match 0- 1 to Nigeria, they became the first local soccer side to qualify for the semimfinals of a continental championship. They bowed out 0 -3 to Nigeria and 1 -3 to Tunisia, Cameroon went On to lift the trophy after a 1 -0 drubbing of Nigeria. Zimbabwe still had a score to settle with Tunisia. On October 27, the Warriors went down to Tunisia 1 -3 in the first leg of an Olympic qualifying tie. Come November 10, the Warriors turned the tables on the Tunisians, and they sailed through to meet Egypt in the final qualifying tie on February 7, 8 or 9 and the second leg set for February 21, 22 or 23. The Ndlovu brothers Peter and Adam, each scored a double and Agent Sawu one to make it 5 - 2 for Zimbabwe. The goal aggregate stood at 6-5. December With the end of the year, the stage is set for the preliminary ties of the 1994 World Cup finals in the United States as the draw is conducted in New York. Zimbabwe are in Group C with Egypt, Angola and Sierra Leone. The otlier groups for the Africa zone are as follows: Group A - Algeria, Ghana, Uganda, Burundi Group B - Cameroon. Zaire, Liberia, Swaziland Group D - Nigeria, Congo, Libya, Togo or Sao Tome and Principe Group E - Cote d'Ivoire, Sudan, Niger, Botswana Group F - Morocoo, Tunisia, Malawi, Ethiopia Group G -Senegal, Gabon, Mozambique, Mauritania Group H - Zambia, Madagascar, Burkiia Faso, Tanzania .and Group I - Kenya, Guinea, Mali and Gambia. The preliminary rounds will be played on a league basis with home and away matches. 0 Barry Daka Emmerson Chitakatira ZIMBABWE NEWS DECEMBER, 1991

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