11/9 La Cospirazione Impossibile

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11/9 La Cospirazione Impossibile Copyright © 2014 CICAP e rispettivi autori. Tutti i diritti riservati. Piergiorgio Odifreddi Umberto Eco Michael Shermer James Randi Paolo Attivissimo Lorenzo Montali Francesco Grassi Andrea Ferrero Stefano Bagnasco 11/9 LA COSPIRAZIONE IMPOSSIBILE a cura di Massimo Polidoro Nuova edizione CICAP Il complotto ci fa delirare perché ci libera da tutto il peso di confrontarci da soli con la verità. Pier Paolo Pasolini Matthew: It's a conspiracy. Jack: What's a conspiracy? Matthew: Everything. Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 1978 INTRODUZIONE L’11 settembre 2001 quattro aeroplani dirottati da 19 terroristi arabi si schiantarono contro le Torri Gemelle a New York, contro il Pentagono a Washington e solo per poco non riuscirono a distruggere anche la Casa Bianca o il Campidoglio. Fu il più grande attacco subìto dagli Stati Uniti d’America sul proprio suolo dopo quello di Pearl Harbor, nel 1941, una devastazione che provocò la morte di quasi 3.000 persone e mise in ginocchio la più grande potenza mondiale. Fu anche la tragedia meglio documentata della storia. Ciò nonostante, a sei anni di distanza da quegli eventi, un sondaggio della Scripps News Service e dell’Università dell’Ohio rivelava che un americano su tre era convinto che dietro gli attentati ci fosse, in un modo o nell’altro, il Governo statunitense. Negli anni seguenti, la percentuale è scesa, attestandosi però pur sempre tra il 6 e il 15% nel 2010. Già il giorno dopo, con le ceneri ancora fumanti, si diffuse la prima insinuazione. Al-Manar, la rete televisiva di Hezbollah, e il quotidiano siriano al-Thawra informarono i loro lettori e telespettatori che 4.000 israeliani che lavoravano al World Trade Center erano stati avvertiti in anticipo degli attentati e non si erano presentati al lavoro, scampando così alla morte. Conclusione: l’attacco era stato programmato dagli israeliani e dagli ebrei d’America che avevano pensato bene di avvertire la propria gente di mettersi in salvo. Non importava nulla che fosse solo una mostruosa falsità e che, anzi, tra le vittime di quella mattina, a Manhattan, ci fossero oltre 400 tra cittadini israeliani e americani di religione israelita o etnia ebraica. Lo accertarono e lo confermarono la polizia di New York, i vigili del fuoco, l’obitorio, il coroner, il medico legale, il Dipartimento di Stato, le occhiutissime compagnie di assicurazione e tutti i giornali più importanti. Non importava nulla. L’idea del “complotto sionista” aveva già messo radici e aveva dato la stura a una valanga inarrestabile di ipotesi cospirazioniste di ogni tipo. Oggi, se si cercano con Google le parole 9/11 e conspiracy si trovano quattordici milioni di pagine web dedicate a sostenere questa o quella teoria del complotto. A questo si aggiungono oltre 3.000 saggi e decine di film e documentari pubblicati su Internet o su DVD che propagandano la “vera storia” dell’11 settembre, in contrapposizione con la versione ufficiale. Ancora una volta, poco importa che quella che viene presentata come la “versione ufficiale” o la “versione governativa” non sia il frutto del lavoro di un manipolo di oscuri personaggi che, dopo essersi chiusi per un po’ in una stanza fumosa, se ne sono usciti con una verità preconfezionata da spacciare al mondo. La ricostruzione di ciò che avvenne quel giorno, infatti, è il frutto di innumerevoli fonti: non solo la Commissione d’inchiesta governativa sull’11/9 e le indagini promosse dal Congresso degli Stati Uniti, ma anche le verifiche, le ricerche e le indagini condotte da organizzazioni e istituzioni indipendenti, come l’American Society of Civil Engineers, la National Fire Protection Association, la Federal Emergency Management Agency, gli Underwriters Laboratories, il National Institute of Standards and Technologies; facoltà universitarie come quella di Columbia, la Purdue University, il Massachusetts Institute of Technology o la Northwestern University; il lavoro e le inchieste di migliaia di giornalisti provenienti da ogni parte del mondo; i resoconti di migliaia di testimoni oculari; migliaia di fotografie e ore di filmati disponibili; le trascrizioni e le registrazioni di conversazioni telefoniche, trasmissioni sul controllo aereo e altri tipi di comunicazioni e, non ultime, le parole dello stesso Osama bin Laden, il leader del gruppo terroristico di al-Qaeda ritenuto responsabile degli attentati. Bin Laden ha più volte discusso nei suoi messaggi al mondo i dettagli dell’operazione e ha pubblicamente dichiarato: «Sono io responsabile per avere assegnato i ruoli ai 19 fratelli che hanno condotto queste conquiste». Un consenso enorme, insomma, che non può essere in alcun modo ricondotto solo a quello che il presidente George W. Bush o chi per lui avrebbe voluto fosse raccontato. Tra coloro che ritengono di avere scoperto la “verità”, invece, sono in molti quelli che sostengono che l’amministrazione Bush avrebbe concepito e realizzato un complicatissimo piano per colpire gli Stati Uniti e avere così il pretesto di scatenare una guerra in Afghanistan e in Iraq, per poi mettere le mani sul petrolio di quella nazione. Proprio come alcuni ritengono che, nel 1941, il presidente americano Roosevelt lasciò che i giapponesi colpissero Pearl Harbor ottenendo così la giustificazione decisiva agli occhi del Congresso e dell’opinione pubblica per fare entrare gli Stati Uniti in guerra. Che Bush e i suoi abbiano letteralmente approfittato degli attentati per i loro più o meno nascosti interessi di parte sono in pochi a dubitarlo. Saddam Hussein non nascondeva armi chimiche e non aveva collaborato in alcun modo agli attentati, eppure Bush riuscì a fare approvare una nuova guerra contro l’Iraq approfittando del dolore e dell’indignazione di una nazione ferita e presentando prove che si sono poi rivelate false. Ma che il presidente americano e i suoi sodali abbiano mentito su tante cose, soprattutto sulle vere ragioni della guerra, non prova in alcun modo che gli attacchi dell’11 settembre siano stati provocati dallo stesso governo. Invece, sulla base di una manciata di anomalie, una serie di interpretazioni errate, alcune manomissioni e tante ricostruzioni selettive, si sostiene che nulla di quello che ci dicono giornali e TV sarebbe vero. Si tratterebbe insomma di un gigantesco complotto che coinvolge anche tutti quelli che si mostrano scettici verso le tante ipotesi alternative. Sì, perché, come in ogni teoria del complotto che si rispetti, non c’è un’unica teoria valida e onnicomprensiva, ma piuttosto tante versioni. C’è chi ritiene responsabili Bush e i suoi cortigiani e chi invece lo vede come un complotto israeliano. Chi lo interpreta come una cospirazione ordita dai baroni del petrolio e dai fabbricanti di armi e chi invece dà la colpa alla CIA e ai servizi deviati. C’è chi pensa che gli attentatori sarebbero stati partner volontari, chili considera involontari complici manipolati dall’alto e chi addirittura afferma che non sarebbero mai esistiti. Così come non sarebbero nemmeno mai esistite le 265 persone imbarcatesi sui quattro voli schiantatisi quella mattina. O, se sono esistite, ora sarebbero state uccise dall’esercito o traslocate in qualche base segreta e isolata dal resto del mondo. Credere a una teoria cospiratoria piuttosto che un’altra porta a dovere accettare ipotesi sempre più drastiche e sempre meno probabili. Quante centinaia di migliaia di persone dovrebbero essere necessarie per realizzare tutto questo? Forse qualche milione, visto che solo i dipendenti del Governo federale sono un milione e novecentomila. Possibile che non ci sia nemmeno una “gola profonda” che si faccia avanti per spifferare tutto? Non una sola persona rosa dal rimorso per essersi resa complice di uno dei più grandi crimini dell’umanità. È possibile credere questo? Probabilmente, l’idea che l’11 settembre sia stato un complotto governativo, piuttosto che un attacco terroristico arabo, va ricercata nella idealizzazione che molti hanno degli Stati Uniti e dei loro mezzi militari. Se i caccia non si sono alzati in volo immediatamente per abbattere gli aerei dirottati significa che qualcuno aveva ordinato loro di non farlo. Il fatto che il sistema di difesa aerea americano fosse progettato per difendersi da attacchi esterni e non interni; il fatto che i terroristi disattivarono il transponder quasi subito dopo il dirottamento, impedendo così di localizzare i loro aerei; il fatto che i protocolli burocratici e le catene decisionali allungassero in maniera spropositata i tempi di reazione; il fatto che nessuno avesse previsto un attacco di quel tipo e non fosse in alcun modo preparato a reagire di conseguenza; il fatto insomma che abbiamo a che fare con persone, capaci di sbagliare come tutti quanti, e non con supereroi infallibili non viene preso minimamente in considerazione da chi sostiene le ipotesi di complotto[1]. [1] L’unica volta prima dell’11 settembre 2001 in cui l'aviazione americana si trovò costretta a intercettare un aereo che non rispondeva alle chiamate dei controllori di volo fu nell’ottobre del 1999, quando sul jet del campione di golf Payne Stewart, che volava a 12.000 metri d’altezza, ci fu una depressurizzazione e passeggeri ed equipaggio persero conoscenza. Un caccia F-16, che oltretutto si trovava già in volo per una missione di addestramento, impiegò ben un’ora e 19 minuti per raggiungere l’aereo in panne. E il transponder del jet era pure acceso. Si arriva insomma al paradosso per cui chi mira ad addossare agli Stati Uniti l'orribile colpa degli attentati subiti lo fa sulla base di un’irreale idealizzazione della potenza e dell'infallibilità
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