DOCSLIB.ORG

Variation of Hydrological Regime with Permafrost Coverage Over Lena Basin in Siberia Baisheng Ye,1 Daqing Yang,2 Zhongliang Zhang,3 and Douglas L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Variation of Hydrological Regime with Permafrost Coverage Over Lena Basin in Siberia Baisheng Ye,1 Daqing Yang,2 Zhongliang Zhang,3 and Douglas L JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114, D07102, doi:10.1029/2008JD010537, 2009 Click Here for Full Article Variation of hydrological regime with permafrost coverage over Lena Basin in Siberia Baisheng Ye,1 Daqing Yang,2 Zhongliang Zhang,3 and Douglas L. Kane2 Received 3 June 2008; revised 18 November 2008; accepted 4 February 2009; published 2 April 2009. [1] We use monthly discharge and permafrost data to examine the relationship between discharge characteristics and basin permafrost coverage for the nested subbasins of the Lena River in Siberia. There are similarity and variation in streamflow regimes over the basin. The ratios of monthly maximum/minimum flows directly reflect discharge regimes. The ratios increase with drainage area from the headwaters to downstream within the Lena basin. This pattern is different from the nonpermafrost watersheds, and it clearly reflects permafrost effect on regional hydrological regime. There is a significant positive relationship between the ratio and basin permafrost coverage. This relationship indicates that permafrost condition does not significantly affect streamflow regime over the low permafrost (less than 40%) regions, and it strongly affects discharge regime for regions with high permafrost (greater than 60%). Temperature and precipitation have similar patterns among the subbasins. Basin precipitation has little association with permafrost conditions and an indirect relation with river flow regimes. There exists a good relation between the freezing index and permafrost extent over the basin, indicating that cold climate leads to high coverage of permafrost. This relation relates basin thermal condition with permafrost distribution. The combination of the relations between temperature versus permafrost extent, and permafrost extent versus flow ratio links temperature, permafrost, and flow regime over the Lena basin. Over the Aldan subbasin, the maximum/minimum discharge ratios significantly decrease during 1942–1998 due to increase in base flow; this change is consistent in general with permafrost degradation over eastern Siberia. Citation: Ye, B., D. Yang, Z. Zhang, and D. L. Kane (2009), Variation of hydrological regime with permafrost coverage over Lena Basin in Siberia, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07102, doi:10.1029/2008JD010537. 1. Introduction permafrost changes, and human impacts [Peterson et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2002; Ye et al., 2003; McClelland et [2] River runoff is the primary freshwater source to the al., 2004]. Arctic Ocean. Fresh water discharge from the northern- [3] In the cold regions, hydrological regime is closely flowing rivers plays an important role in regulating the related with permafrost conditions, such as permafrost thermohaline circulation of the world’s oceans [Aagaard extent and thermal characteristics. Ice-rich permafrost has and Carmack, 1989]. Both the amount and the timing of a very low hydraulic conductivity and commonly acts as a freshwater inflow to the ocean systems are important to barrier to deeper groundwater recharge or as a confining ocean circulation, salinity, and sea ice dynamics [Aagaard layer to deeper aquifers. Because it is a barrier to recharge, and Carmack, 1989; Macdonald, 2000]. Recent studies permafrost increases the surface runoff and decreases sub- report significant changes in arctic hydrologic system, surface flow. Permafrost extent over a region plays a key particularly cold season and annual discharge increases over role in the distribution of surface-subsurface interaction large Siberian watersheds. These changes indicate hydro- [Lemieux et al., 2008; Carey and Woo, 2001; Woo et al., logic regime shifts due to large-scale climate variations, 2008]. Permafrost and nonpermafrost rivers have very different hydrologic regimes. Relative to nonpermafrost basins, permafrost watersheds have higher peak flow and 1States Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of lower base flow [Woo, 1986; Kane, 1997]. In the permafrost Sciences, Lanzhou, China. regions, watersheds with higher permafrost coverage have 2Water and Environment Research Center, Civil and Environmental lower subsurface storage capacity and thus a lower winter Engineering Department, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, base flow and a higher summer peak flow [Woo, 1986; Alaska, USA. 3Department of Resources and Environment, Lanzhou University, Kane, 1997; Yang et al., 2003]. Lanzhou, China. [4] It is difficult to accurately determine changes in permafrost conditions. Our understanding of permafrost Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union. change and its effect on hydrological regime is incomplete. 0148-0227/09/2008JD010537$09.00 D07102 1of12 D07102 YE ET AL.: STREAMFLOW REGIME VERSUS PERMAFROST COVERAGE D07102 Figure 1. The Lena River watershed and hydrological stations (A through K) used in this study. Also shown are the reservoir location on the Vilui River and the permafrost distribution [Brown et al., 1997, 2001] over the Lena basin. For instance, there are uncertainties regarding the impact of 15% of the total freshwater flow into the Arctic Ocean ground ice melt and its contribution to annual flow changes [Yang et al., 2002; Ye et al., 2003]. Relative to other large over large Siberian rivers [McClelland et al., 2004; Zhang et rivers, the Lena basin has less human activities and much al., 2005a]. Permafrost condition and streamflow character- less economic development [Dynesius and Nilsson, 1994]. istics vary within large watersheds in Siberia. Examination There is only one large reservoir in the Vilui subbasin. A and comparison of hydrological regimes between subbasins large dam (storage capacity 35.9 km3) and a power plant with various permafrost conditions can improve our under- were completed in 1967 near the Chernyshevskyi standing of impact of permafrost changes on cold region (112°150W, 62°450N). This reservoir is used primarily for hydrology. This paper examines the relationship between electric power generation: holding water in spring and hydrological regime and permafrost coverage over nested summer seasons to reduce snowmelt and rainfall floods subbasins within the Lena River in Siberia. It analyzes and releasing water to meet the higher demand for power in monthly discharge data, with a focus on the ratio of the winter [Ye et al., 2003]. Various type of permafrost exists maximum to minimum discharge (Qmax/Qmin) and its in the Lena basin, including sporadic, or isolated permafrost relation with permafrost condition, because this ratio in the source regions, and discontinuous and continuous reflects the hydrological regime. The objective of this study permafrost in downstream regions (Figure 1) [Brown et al., is to quantify the impact of permafrost on streamflow 1997]. Approximately 78–93% of the Lena basin is under- regime and change, and to specifically define a relationship lain by permafrost [Zhang et al., 1999; McClelland et al., between basin permafrost extent and streamflow conditions 2004]. over the Lena watershed. We also examine relationship [6] Since the late 1930s hydrological observations in the between basin air temperature and precipitation and their Siberian regions, such as discharge, stream water tempera- effect on permafrost extent and basin streamflow regimes. ture, river ice thickness, dates of river freezeup and breakup, The result of this study will shed light on our knowledge of have been carried out systematically by the Russian Hydro- cold region hydrology and its change due to climate impact meteorological Services and the observational records and human influence. were quality-controlled and archived by the same agency [Shiklomanov et al., 2000]. The discharge data are now 2. Basin Description, Data Sets, and Method available from the R-ArcticNet (v4.0), a database of Pan- of Analysis Arctic River Discharge during 1936–2000 [Lammers et al., 2001]. In this analysis, long-term monthly discharge records [5] The Lena River originates from the Baikal Mountains collected at 9 stations (A–H and K) along the main stem in the south central Siberian Plateau and flows northeast and and 2 tributary stations (I and J) were used (Figure 1). north, entering into the Arctic Ocean via the Laptev Sea Relevant information of these stations is given in Table 1. 2 (Figure 1). Its drainage area is about 2,430,000 km , mainly [7] Permafrost data and information were obtained from covered by forest and underlain by permafrost. The Lena the database of the digital permafrost map compiled by River contributes 524 km3 of freshwater per year, or about International Permafrost Association (IPA) [Brown et al., 2of12 D07102 YE ET AL.: STREAMFLOW REGIME VERSUS PERMAFROST COVERAGE D07102 Table 1. List of Hydrologic Stations Used in This Studya Station Code Latitude Longitude Drainage Area Annual Runoff (see Figure 1) Station Name/Location (°N) (°E) Data Period (Â1000 km2) %km3 mm % A Kachug 53.97 105.88 1936 1990 17 0.7 2.9 164.0 0.5 B Zhigalovo/Upper Lena 54.82 105.13 1969 1977 30 1.3 3.8 124.6 0.7 C Gruznovka/Upper Lena 55.13 105.23 1912 1990 42 1.7 6.2 148.0 1.2 D Ust’-Kut/Upper Lena 56.77 105.65 1936 1986 71 2.9 10.1 141.9 1.9 E Zmeinovo/Upper Lena 57.78 108.32 1936 1990 140 5.8 35.4 253.1 6.7 F Krestovskoe/Upper Lena 59.73 113.17 1936 1999 440 18.1 131.3 298.5 24.8 G Solyanka/Upper Lena 60.48 120.7 1933 1999 770 31.7 213.5 277.2 40.4 H Tabaga/Upper Lena 61.83 129.6 1936 1999 897 36.9 221.0 246.4 41.8 I Verkhoyanskiy Perevoz/ 63.32 132.02 1942 1999 696 28.6 166.0 238.5 31.4 Aldan subbasin outlet J Vilyuy/Vilui valley outlet 63.95 124.83 1936 1998 452 18.6 46.7 103.3 8.8 K Lena At Kusur 70.68 127.39 1934 2000 2430 100.0 528.6 217.5 100.0 aStations A–H are listed from upstream to downstream. 1997, 2001]. The shapefiles were derived from the original itation and temperature and their relationships with basin 1:10,000,000 printed map.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fluvial Geochemistry of the Rivers of Eastern Siberia: I. Tributaries Of
    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 62, No. 10, pp. 1657–1676, 1998 Copyright © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd Pergamon Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0016-7037/98 $19.00 1 .00 PII S0016-7037(98)00107-0 The fluvial geochemistry of the rivers of Eastern Siberia: I. Tributaries of the Lena River draining the sedimentary platform of the Siberian Craton 1, 1 2 1 YOUNGSOOK HUH, *MAI-YIN TSOI, ALEXANDR ZAITSEV, and JOHN M. EDMONd 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 2Laboratory of Erosion and Fluvial Processes, Department of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia (Received June 11, 1997; accepted in revised form February 12, 1998) ABSTRACT—The response of continental weathering rates to changing climate and atmospheric PCO2 is of considerable importance both to the interpretation of the geological sedimentary record and to predictions of the effects of future anthropogenic influences. While comprehensive work on the controlling mechanisms of contemporary chemical and mechanical weathering has been carried out in the tropics and, to a lesser extent, in the strongly perturbed northern temperate latitudes, very little is known about the peri-glacial environments in the subarctic and arctic. Thus, the effects of climate, essentially temperature and runoff, on the rates of atmospheric CO2 consumption by weathering are not well quantified at this climatic extreme. To remedy this lack a comprehensive survey has been carried out of the geochemistry of the large rivers of Eastern Siberia, the Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, and numerous lesser streams which drain a pristine, high-latitude region that has not experienced the pervasive effects of glaciation and subsequent anthropogenic impacts common to western Eurasia and North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Atmospheric Conditions
    Th or collective redistirbution of any portion article of any by of this or collective redistirbution SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE JAPAN/EAST SEA articleis has been in published Oceanography Winter 19, Number journal of Th 3, a quarterly , Volume Atmospheric Conditions only permitted is means reposting, or other machine, photocopy over the Japan/East Sea Th e Structure and Impact of 2006 by Th e Oceanography Society. Copyright Severe Cold-Air Outbreaks with the approval of Th approval the with BY CLIVE E. DORMAN, CARL A. FRIEHE, DJAMAL KHELIF, ALBERTO SCOTTI, JAMES EDSON, ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, gran e Oceanography is Society. All rights reserved. Permission or Th e Oceanography [email protected] Society. Send to: all correspondence RICHARD LIMEBURNER, AND SHUYI S. CHEN The Japan/East Sea is a marginal sea strategically placed phy of the Japan/East Sea and its surface forcing. During between the world’s largest land mass and the world’s this program, we made atmospheric observations with largest ocean. The Eurasian land mass extending to a research aircraft and ships to understand the lower high latitudes generates several unique winter synoptic atmosphere and surface air-sea fl uxes. We report here weather features, the most notable being the vast Siberian several highlights of these investigations with a focus on Anticyclone that covers much of the northeast Asian land the dramatic severe cold-air outbreaks that occur three ted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Repu article for use and research. this copy in teaching to ted mass. The Japan/East Sea’s very distinctive winter condi- to fi ve times a winter month.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Transport to the Laptev Sea-Hydrology and Geochemistry of the Lena River
    Sediment transport to the Laptev Sea-hydrology and geochemistry of the Lena River V. RACHOLD, A. ALABYAN, H.-W. HUBBERTEN, V. N. KOROTAEV and A. A, ZAITSEV Rachold, V., Alabyan, A., Hubberten, H.-W., Korotaev, V. N. & Zaitsev, A. A. 1996: Sediment transport to the Laptev Sea-hydrology and geochemistry of the Lena River. Polar Research 15(2), 183-196. This study focuses on the fluvial sediment input to the Laptev Sea and concentrates on the hydrology of the Lena basin and the geochemistry of the suspended particulate material. The paper presents data on annual water discharge, sediment transport and seasonal variations of sediment transport. The data are based on daily measurements of hydrometeorological stations and additional analyses of the SPM concentrations carried out during expeditions from 1975 to 1981. Samples of the SPM collected during an expedition in 1994 were analysed for major, trace, and rare earth elements by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Approximately 700 h3freshwater and 27 x lo6 tons of sediment per year are supplied to the Laptev Sea by Siberian rivers, mainly by the Lena River. Due to the climatic situation of the drainage area, almost the entire material is transported between June and September. However, only a minor part of the sediments transported by the Lena River enters the Laptev Sea shelf through the main channels of the delta, while the rest is dispersed within the network of the Lena Delta. Because the Lena River drains a large basin of 2.5 x lo6 km2,the chemical composition of the SPM shows a very uniform composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Quaternary Environment of Central Yakutia (NE' Siberia
    Late Quaternary environment of Central Yakutia (NE’ Siberia): Signals in frozen ground and terrestrial sediments Spätquartäre Umweltentwicklung in Zentral-Jakutien (NO-Sibirien): Hinweise aus Permafrost und terrestrischen Sedimentarchiven Steffen Popp Steffen Popp Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Forschungsstelle Potsdam Telegrafenberg A43 D-14473 Potsdam Diese Arbeit ist die leicht veränderte Fassung einer Dissertation, die im März 2006 dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Potsdam vorgelegt wurde. 1. Introduction Contents Contents..............................................................................................................................i Abstract............................................................................................................................ iii Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................iv List of Figures...................................................................................................................vi List of Tables.................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 2. Regional Setting and Climate...................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography
    [H.N.S.C. No. 104-41] OCEANOGRAPHY JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE FISHERIES, WILDLIFE AND OCEANS SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOURCES [Serial No. H.J.-2] HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD DECEMBER 6, 1995 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 35--799 WASIDNGTON : 1996 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office, Washington, DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-053903-X MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVEWPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania, Chairman. JAMES V. HANSEN, Utah JOHN M. SPRATT, JR., South Carolina TODD TIAHRT, Kansas PATRICIA SCHROEDER, Colorado RICHARD 'DOC' HASTINGS, Washington SOLOMON P. ORTIZ, Texas JOHN R. KASICH, Ohio JOHN TANNER, Tennessee HERBERT H. BATEMAN, Virginia GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi ROBERT K. DORNAN, California MARTIN T. MEEHAN, Massachusetts JOEL HEFLEY, Colorado ROBERT A. UNDERWOOD, Guam RANDY "DUKE" CUNNINGHAM, California JANE HARMAN, California JOHN M. McHUGH, New York PAUL McHALE, Pennsylvania JOHN N. HOSTETTLER, Indiana PETE GEREN, Texas VAN HILLEARY, Tennessee PATRICK J. KENNEDY, Rhode Islan... JOE SCARBOROUGH, Florida WALTER B. JONES, JR., North Carolina DOUGLAS C . RoACH, Professional Staff Member WilLIAM J. ANDAHAZY, Professional Staff Member JEAN D. REED, Professional Staff Member CHRISl'OPHER A. WILLIAMS, Professional Staff Member JOHN RAYFIEW, Professional Staff Member TRACY W . FINCK, Staff Assistant COMMITTEE ON RESOURCES DON YOUNG, Alaska, Chairman W.J. (BILLY) TAUZIN, Louisiana GEORGE MILLER, California JAMES V. HANSEN, Utah EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts JIM SAXTON, New Jersey NICK J . RAHALL II, West Virginia ELTON GALLEGLY, California BRUCE F.
    [Show full text]
  • AAR Chapter 2
    Go back to opening screen 9 Chapter 2 Physical/Geographical Characteristics of the Arctic –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Contents 2.2.1. Climate boundaries 2.1. Introduction . 9 On the basis of temperature, the Arctic is defined as the area 2.2. Definitions of the Arctic region . 9 2.2.1. Climate boundaries . 9 north of the 10°C July isotherm, i.e., north of the region 2.2.2. Vegetation boundaries . 9 which has a mean July temperature of 10°C (Figure 2·1) 2.2.3. Marine boundary . 10 (Linell and Tedrow 1981, Stonehouse 1989, Woo and Gre- 2.2.4. Geographical coverage of the AMAP assessment . 10 gor 1992). This isotherm encloses the Arctic Ocean, Green- 2.3. Climate and meteorology . 10 2.3.1. Climate . 10 land, Svalbard, most of Iceland and the northern coasts and 2.3.2. Atmospheric circulation . 11 islands of Russia, Canada and Alaska (Stonehouse 1989, 2.3.3. Meteorological conditions . 11 European Climate Support Network and National Meteoro- 2.3.3.1. Air temperature . 11 2.3.3.2. Ocean temperature . 12 logical Services 1995). In the Atlantic Ocean west of Nor- 2.3.3.3. Precipitation . 12 way, the heat transport of the North Atlantic Current (Gulf 2.3.3.4. Cloud cover . 13 Stream extension) deflects this isotherm northward so that 2.3.3.5. Fog . 13 2.3.3.6. Wind . 13 only the northernmost parts of Scandinavia are included. 2.4. Physical/geographical description of the terrestrial Arctic 13 Cold water and air from the Arctic Ocean Basin in turn 2.4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Debris Flow Hazards for Mountain Regions of Russia: Regional Features
    Nat Hazards (2017) 88:S199–S235 DOI 10.1007/s11069-017-2841-3 ORIGINAL PAPER Debris flow hazards for mountain regions of Russia: regional features and key events 1 1 1 Veniamin Perov • Sergey Chernomorets • Olga Budarina • 1 1 Elena Savernyuk • Tatiana Leontyeva Received: 10 December 2016 / Accepted: 21 March 2017 / Published online: 29 March 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017 Abstract The total area of debris flow territories of the Russian Federation accounts for about 10% of the area of the country. The highest debris flow activity areas located in Kamchatka-Kuril, North Caucasus and Baikal debris flow provinces. The largest debris flow events connected with volcano eruptions. Maximum volume of debris flow deposits per one event reached 500 9 106 m3 (lahar formed during the eruption of Bezymyanny volcano in Kamchatka in 1956). In the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, the maximum volume of transported debris material reached 3 9 106 m3; the largest debris flows here had glacial reasons. In the Baikal debris flow province, the highest debris flow activity located in the ridges of the Baikal rift zone (the East Sayan Mountains, the Khamar-Daban Ridge and the ridges of the Stanovoye Highland). Spatial features of debris flow processes within the territory of Russia are analyzed, and the map of Debris Flow Hazard in Russia is presented. We classified the debris flow hazard areas into 2 zones, 6 regions and 15 provinces. Warm and cold zones are distinguished. The warm zone covers mountainous areas within the southern part of Russia with temperate climate; rain-induced debris flows are predominant there.
    [Show full text]
  • Intra‐Metropolitan Crime Patterning and Prediction, Final Report
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Intra‐Metropolitan Crime Patterning and Prediction, Final Report Author(s): Ralph B. Taylor, Elizabeth R. Groff, David Elesh, Lallen Johnson Document No.: 249739 Date Received: February 2016 Award Number: 2009-IJ-CX-0026 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this federally funded grant report available electronically. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Intra‐Metropolitan Crime Patterning and Prediction Ralph B. Taylor & Elizabeth R. Groff Department of Criminal Justice Temple University David Elesh Department of Sociology Temple University Lallen Johnson Criminal Justice Drexel University FINAL REPORT: GRANT: 2009-IJ-CX-0026 from the National Institute of Justice REVISIONS: October 30, 2014, June 26, 2015 ALL MATERIALS © 2015 BY RALPH B. TAYLOR The opinions stated here are solely those of the authors, and do not reflect the opinions or policies of the National Institute of Justice, the Department of Justice, or Temple University. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Population History of Northeastern Siberia Since the Pleistocene Martin Sikora1,43*, Vladimir V
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene Martin Sikora1,43*, Vladimir V. Pitulko2,43*, Vitor C. Sousa3,4,5,43, Morten E. Allentoft1,43, Lasse Vinner1, Simon Rasmussen6,41, Ashot Margaryan1, Peter de Barros Damgaard1, Constanza de la Fuente1,42, Gabriel Renaud1, Melinda A. Yang7, Qiaomei Fu7, Isabelle Dupanloup8, Konstantinos Giampoudakis9, David Nogués-Bravo9, Carsten Rahbek9, Guus Kroonen10,11, Michaël Peyrot11, Hugh McColl1, Sergey V. Vasilyev12, Elizaveta Veselovskaya12,13, Margarita Gerasimova12, Elena Y. Pavlova2,14, Vyacheslav G. Chasnyk15, Pavel A. Nikolskiy2,16, Andrei V. Gromov17, Valeriy I. Khartanovich17, Vyacheslav Moiseyev17, Pavel S. Grebenyuk18,19, Alexander Yu. Fedorchenko20, Alexander I. Lebedintsev18, Sergey B. Slobodin18, Boris A. Malyarchuk21, Rui Martiniano22, Morten Meldgaard1,23, Laura Arppe24, Jukka U. Palo25,26, Tarja Sundell27,28, Kristiina Mannermaa27, Mikko Putkonen25, Verner Alexandersen29, Charlotte Primeau29, Nurbol Baimukhanov30, Ripan S. Malhi31,32, Karl-Göran Sjögren33, Kristian Kristiansen33, Anna Wessman27,34, Antti Sajantila25, Marta Mirazon Lahr1,35, Richard Durbin22,36, Rasmus Nielsen1,37, David J. Meltzer1,38, Laurent Excoffier4,5* & Eske Willerslev1,36,39,40* Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient
    [Show full text]
  • GEOMORPHIC ASPECT of HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING Dr
    GEOMORPHIC ASPECT OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING Dr. N.L. Dongre, IPS Omkareshwar Dam on The Narbada River rift valley ABSTRACT- To explain the geomorphic aspects, examples are given from well known Jaypee Groups Dam and hydraulic constructions and Worlds important river project. Morphology may be defined as the science of structure or form "and fluvial may be defined as produced by the action of flowing water." Since rivers can hardly be said to have structure, fluvial morphology is therefore, the science of the form as produced by the action of flowing water. It is a branch of geomorphology, the science of the form of the earth's surface. Geomorphology has also been called physiography. Fluvial morphology is particularly important to the hydraulic engineering because many of his greatest problems arise because of the form of streams brought about by the transportation and deposition of sediment by them. For the proper solution of these problems, knowledge of the principles of fluvial morphology is often necessary. Among the problems in which fluvial morphology is a very important factor are many of those dealing with water resources development and include some of the most important river problems in the world. Among these is flood control on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, Periyar, Kaveri, Sutlaj, Narmada, Kosi, Tawa and Chambal (India), lower Mississippi and lower Colorado Rivers (USA). The development of the Hydraulic resources all over the world are ensured and commissioned. The Yellow and Huai River flood problems are solved by China. As streams become highly developed, and changes in sediment movement due to stream developments slowly become evident, the importance of the morphological aspect of river control problems will be increasingly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Central Siberian Plateau with Particular
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656181; this version posted May 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Central Siberian Plateau with Particular Reference to Prehistory of Northernmost Eurasia S. V. Dryomov*,1, A. M. Nazhmidenova*,1, E. B. Starikovskaya*,1, S. A. Shalaurova1, N. Rohland2, S. Mallick2,3,4, R. Bernardos2, A. P. Derevianko5, D. Reich2,3,4, R. I. Sukernik1. 1 Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation 2 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 5 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation Corresponding author: Rem Sukernik ([email protected]) * These authors contributed equally to this work. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656181; this version posted May 31, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The Central Siberian Plateau was last geographic area in Eurasia to become habitable by modern humans after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
    [Show full text]
  • PLNY TEXT (2.432Mb)
    Faculty of Electrical Engineering Department of Economics, Management and Humanities Hybrid electric supply system for Baikalskoe village Study program: Electrical engineering, power engineering and management Field of study: Economics and management of power engineering Scientific adviser: Sherzod Tashpulatov, Ph.D. Aleksei Pliusnin Prague 2017 2 Declaration: I hereby declare that this master’s thesis is the product of my own independent work and that I have clearly stated all information sources used in the thesis according to Methodological Instruction No. 1/2009 – “On maintaining ethical principles when working on a university final project, CTU in Prague. Date Signature 3 Abstract At present time a conventional solution for electricity supply is to set up an overhead transmission line from the nearest substation. Baikalskoe village is connected to centralized electricity grid via single- circuit transmission line with length of more than 35 km and nominal voltage of 10 kV. However, in order to avoid high power and voltage losses which do affect quality of electricity supplied, recommended voltage class for such a length should be at least 35 kV. To follow the conventional solution it is necessary to switch to a higher voltage power line. Considering the fact that there are two main types of line supports, it falls into alternatives with application of either steel or reinforced concrete poles. There are some exceptions which require nonconventional solutions like a construction of a hybrid electric power supply system which. In this particular case such a system should combine centralized power supply with local generation based on renewables. In this work, the conventional and nonconventional solutions for electricity supply in Baikalskoe village are compared.
    [Show full text]