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Arizona Distribution of Three Sonoran Desert Anurans: Bufo Retiformis, Gastrophryne Olivacea, and Pternohyla Fodiens

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Arizona Distribution of Three Sonoran Desert Anurans: Bufo Retiformis, Gastrophryne Olivacea, and Pternohyla Fodiens Great Basin Naturalist Volume 56 Number 1 Article 5 1-31-1996 Arizona distribution of three Sonoran Desert anurans: Bufo retiformis, Gastrophryne olivacea, and Pternohyla fodiens Brian K. Sullivan Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona Robert W. Bowker Glendale Community College, Glendale, Arizona Keith B. Malmos Arizona State University, Tempe Erik W. A. Gergus Arizona State University, Tempe Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Sullivan, Brian K.; Bowker, Robert W.; Malmos, Keith B.; and Gergus, Erik W. A. (1996) "Arizona distribution of three Sonoran Desert anurans: Bufo retiformis, Gastrophryne olivacea, and Pternohyla fodiens," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 56 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol56/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Great Basin aturalist 56(1}, e 1996. pp. 38-47 ARIZONA DISTRIBUTION OF THREE SONORAN DESERT ANURANS, BUFO RETlFORMIS, GASTROPHRYNE OLIVACEA, AND PTERNOHYLA FOD/ENS Brian K. Sullivan1, Robert W Bowker2, Keith B. Malmos3, and Erik W A. Gergus3 ABSTRAGJ:-We surveyed historic collecting localities in south central Arizona during July; August, and September 1993-94 to determine the presence of 3 little-known Sonoran Desert anurans, Btifo retiformis, Gastrophryne oUvacea, and Ptemohyla fodiens. All 3 species were present at most historic localities visited under appropriate conditions (fol· lowing rainfall in July and August). Ptemohyla jodiens was restricted to San Stmon Wash and associated tributaries in south central Pima County, Castrophryne olivacea ranged from Vekol Valley in extreme southern Maricopa County south to the Mexican border, and southeast near Tucson and Nogales in Pima and Santa Cruz counties. Bufo l"etiformis occurred over the widest area, from southern Rainbow Valley in Maricopa County southwest to the vicinity of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, and southeast to the vicinity ofTuCSOll and Sasabe in Pima Counly. Key words: Bufo retiformis, Gastrophryne olivacea, Pternohyla fodiens, historic distributicn, present distribution, amphibian decline, Ariuma, Sonoran Desert. Three relatively little-known anurans, Bufo Cruz counties, Arizona. First, we describe retifonnis, Gastrophryne olivoeea, and Pterno­ methods used in conducting the survey. Then, hyla fodum", occur in the Sonoran Desert in for each target species surveyed, we describe south central Arizona. Although placed in sep­ distinguishing acoustic characteristics and out­ arate families (Bufonidae, Microhylidae, and line historic and present distributions. Last, Hylidae, respectively), they are superficially we present observations on breeding behavior. similar in hehavioral ecology. Each is inactive for more than 10 mon each year, emerging MATERIALS AND METHODS only to reproduce and forage following intense Survey Methods rainfall during the summer "monsoon" season. All exhibit "explosive" breeding behavior (Wells All surveys were conducted along paved 1977) in which males form high-density aggre­ roads throughout the known ranges of the 3 gations for a few nights (sometimes only one) target species following rainstorms during following a major rainstorm and call to attract July, Augus~ and September 1993-94. Given females. Within Ariwna all 3 species are largely the highly unpredictable and variable nature restricted to a small portion of the Sonoran of summer rainfall and the need for monitor­ Desert in the extreme south central part of the ing the entire south central portion ofArizona, state, so it is perhaps not surprising that they we could only crudely estimate (e.g., weather are relatively unknown. Indeed, Bufo retiformi" reports) the appropriateness of field condi­ was described in 1951 based on specimens tions (i.e., level of rainfall) for anuran activity collected southeast of Ajo in 1948 (Sanders prior to each field excursion. Whenever suffi­ and Smith 1951), and Ptemohyla fodiens was cient rainfall appeared to have fallen in the first documented in Arizona in 1957 (Chrapliwy study area, we traveled to that particular area and Williams 1957, Williams and Chrapliwy on the night of the rainfall event, or the fol­ 1958). lowing night, to survey for amphibians along Given limited information on these Arizona roadways. Frequently, 2--3 nights of surveying anurans, this investigation was undertaken in occurred for each rainfall evenl. Occasionally, 1993 and 1994 to ascertain their present dis­ survey plans were adjusted to take advantage tribution in Maricopa, Pima, Pinal, and Santa oflocai conditions (e.g., localized flooding). IDt.'fl'1rlmcnt ofL.:fe Scienot:S, Arlwna Stalll UlllverJity west, PO Bo.t 37100. Pboeni.~ AZ 55069. 2Dcpartment ofBi(lIQlO" ClencWe Commullity Conege. Gle~e. AZ 653Q2.. 30epaJ tmeul Qf2".oQlogy, Arlrol'\:l St;Lte University, Tt'm~. AX 85287. 38 1996] SONORAN DESERT ANURANS 39 To conduct surveys we drove slowly (40-65 with a Weber quick-recording thermometer kmph) along paved roadways scanning for within 5 sec of recording the final advertise­ anurans on the road surface and listening for ment call or release call. Water and air tem­ chorus activity adjacent to the roadway. Most peratures were generally within 3 0 C of cloacal roads in the study area are located in valley temperatures during field recordings. floodplains crossed by numerous washes so that Acoustic Analysis collection of large rain pools immediately ad­ jacent to roadways occurs commonly. If insuf­ Advertisement calls were digitized with a ficient rainfall had occurred so that anuran DATA Precision model 610 plug-in digitizer at surface activity was initiated but no chorusing a sampling rate of 10 kHz (Nyquist frequency activity was apparent (i.e., no calling or breed­ = 5 kHz) and analyzed with a DATA Precision ing), we continued driving, scanning for and 6000 waveform analyzer. Release calls were recording all anurans found on the road. When digitized at a capture rate of22 kHz on a Macin­ activity was relatively high (e.g., >20 anurans/ tosh LC computer using a Farallon Corpora­ km) and/or associated with an area of interest tion MacRecorder and analyzed with Sound­ (e.g., historic or suspected locality for one of Edit software (version 2.03). Call durations the target species), we recorded every individ­ were measured to the nearest 0.01 sec with ual anuran seen on the roadway (for a minimum the Waveform analyzer «2 sec) or with a stop­ of 1 km) until lack of moisture resulted in watch. Pulse rates of advertisement calls were reduced anuran activity (e.g., <5 anuranslkm). measured over a 0.5-sec interval spanning the Whenever we detected chorusing activity or call midpoint; all pulses were counted to deter­ pools of water along the roadway, we stopped mine the pulse rate of release calls using the and scanned the area adjacent to the roadway. oscilloscope mode ofSoundEdit. Dominant fre­ If none of the target species were detected quencies were estimated to the nearest 10 Hz either visually or acoustically, we resumed the over a 0.25-sec interval spaoning call mid­ road survey. If target species were present, we points using the waveform analyzer. Neither attempted to record a series of voucher calls advertisement nor release calls are frequency (see below) and collect a small series ofvoucher modulated to any large extent in any of the 3 specimens (N < 10). Unfortunately, summer anurans under study. For each male used in rainfall in south central Arizona was below analysis of advertisement and release calls, average during the survey period, resulting in mean values were generated for each of the 3 few actual breeding aggregations. All speci­ call variables from 3 or more calls. mens are deposited in the ASU Vertebrate Historic Distributions Collection. We obtained specimen listings from the fol­ Field Observations lowing institutions: American Museum of Nat­ Each target species possesses distinctive ural History (AMNH), Arizona State Univer­ vocalizations. Advertisement calls were recorded sity (ASU), Brigham Young University (BYU), in the field with a Marantz PMD 430 stereo California Academy of Sciences (CAS), Carne­ recorder and Sennheiser ME 80 microphone gie Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Los with K3-U power module, or a Sony WM-D6C Angeles County Museum (LACM), Museum cassette recorder and Sony ECM-909 stereo of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ), University of microphone. Males generally ceased calling Arizona (UA), University of Michigan Museum when they were approached (Gastrophryne of Zoology (UMMZ), University of New Mex­ and Ptemohyla were easily disturbed); only if ico (UNM), and United States National Muse­ the observer remained relatively motionless um (USNM). It is important to note that we would apparently normal calling behavior be examined only specimens deposited in the ASU resumed. Release calls were recorded either collection and a portion ofthose housed at the in the field or in the laboratory by gently com­ USNM. We assume that anurans listed by the pressing the sides of a male held between other institutions are correctly identified. Given thumb and forefinger directly above a micro­ that these 3 anurans are quite distinct from phone (following Sullivan 1992). Only slight other Sonoran Desert
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