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Home , Archie (search engine), Cello (web browser), Gopher (protocol), Links (web browser), Lynx (web browser), Mosaic (web browser)

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WEB BROWSERS: UNTANGLING THE

Joan Latta Konecky Carla Rosenquist-Bohler University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries

Abstract

Not only are resources expanding exponentially, but they are becoming more sophisticated, incorporating a variety of and hypertextcomponen ts. Internet documents on the World Wide We b may contain elaborately formatted text, color , audio, and as well as dynamic connections to other Internet resources via . In addition to providing -friendly access to resources, most We b browsers ( ) provide a rich graphical environment for authoring and displaying electronic documents locally. 1bis article describes the World Wide We b and a sampling of the available Web browsers. It then discusses a test project developed at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries designed to explore the potential, demands, and pitfalls of We b access to the Internet, as well as to investigate hypermedia document creation in an academic library environment. The experiences with thepro ject qonfirmed the importance of the World Wide We b and We b browsers to this environment, so much so that providing access to these Internetresources must be seen as mandatoryto any academic or upper level educational library providing electronic information access.

Introduction TheWorld Wide Web

In the rapidly evolving world of Internet, gained World Wi de We b (aka WWW, the We b, or W3) is a unique enormous recognition in the popular media during 1993 as one Internetresource which uses hypertext to link documents on the of the brightest stars in Cyberspace. Due to its vivid appearance, network. It was developed in 1989 at CERN, the European enhanced capabilities and searchfriend liness, it made the World Laboratory for Particle Physics in Switzerland, in order to Wide We b's hypermediacapabilities readily accessible, quickly distribute the literature of high energy physics electronically to eclipsing known but simple software . In fact , researchers from many countries.• "By creating media coverage of Mosaic led many to confuse the Mosaic linkage from the citations of an article to the corresponding software with the World Wide We b hypertext system that it source documents, users would be able to navigate through a searches. Mosaic is but one of many World Wide We b browsers body of related literature online simply by following the developed in rapid succession to take advantage of the 'electronic fo otnotes', which would lead readersto the full text multimedia and hypertext nature of the We b. 1bis article will of the materials cited in those notes" 2 describe both the World Wide We b and the client software As the World Wide We b evolved, the hypertext links designed to search it. It will also describe the We b Browser expanded beyond just footnotes in documents. Currently, Demonstration Project at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln hypertextlinks can appear anywherewithin a document, allowing Libraries, which used the Mosaic client software to explore the the user to make nonlinear jumps to related information capabilities and potential uses of World Wide We b browsing anywhere, simply by "clicking" on a "link" -- either some software in an academic library setting. highlighted text, a picture or an icon. The related information

Educetion Ubreri" • Vol 19, No. 1 13 - may be located in the same document or may be in a source on and the user's equipment. The Wo rld Wide We b isa multi-protocol a computer in a different country, To the user, the transition is system that supports most of the earlier Internet protocols; transparent. Thus, the effortless hypertext links of the World therefore, searchers can use a We b browser to access and retrieve Wide We b tum widely dispersed Internet sources into one vast Internet resources via Gopher, FTP, WA IS, , , seamless resource.3 Te lnet and bthers, without having to learnthe intricacies of these In developing the World Wide We b, CERN employed three other protocols.s There are a growing number of World Wide universal standards: HyperText (HTML), We b browser packages, but among the more popular browsers Uniform Resource Locator (URL), and HyperText Transfer are , , SlipKnot, Mosaic and . These will be Protocol (HTTP). HTML was based upon the Standard discussed briefly later. Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and adds formatting Access to the Wo rld Wide We b became an overnight tags to simple ASCIT files. These formatting tags enable the sensation when the phicalgra Wm dows-based We b browsers were document author to perform three functions: 1) to "display a developed, beginning with NCSA Mosaic, followed closely by variety offonts, images, and highlighting options", 2) to indicate Cornell's Cello, and later AirMosaic, Netscape, and a host of structural elements in the document, such as headers, lists, and other competitors. These powerful graphical Web browsers make paragrapm, and3) to provide hypertext linksto otherdocuments using Internet resources as easy as point and click. on the Internet. 4 With graphical We b browsers, users can access not only The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a unique identifier simple ASCII text but the full multimedia resources of the for each Internet resource and serves as the "address" for Internet, including atted text, full-screen color graphics, connecting to that resource. A URL has a standardized format audio recordings and video. These browsers use the WWW of: protocol:/lhostlpath/filename document "language," HTML,to display or print formatted text with headlines, subheadings, bold, italics, and different sizes and The firstpart of the URL,pro tocol, describes the type of Internet types of fonts. In most graphical browsers, the hypertext links resource, such as HTTP (WWW site or hypertext document), are displayed in one color while previously selected links are gopher, wais, , ftp or file. The second part, host, is the remembered and displayed in another color. Internetaddress andport of the computer where the information Most We b browsers are designed with an open framework, is stored. refers to the directory or subdirectory on that using external viewer programs to handle the different types of computer and filename refers to the specific file. It is very textual and multimedia data. This open framework allows the important to include the : and I punctuation in a URL.5 � browser software to 1) be customized with different individual The underlying protocol used to transfer documents on the viewer programs, 2) easily evolve to handle new data types, and

We b is HTTP. Unlike earlier Internetprotocols, HTTPpermits 3) be able to integrate improved viewers. The We b browser the transfer and retrieval of documents which have been software unifiesthese separate external programs, providing one form atted with HypertextMarkup Language (HTML)and which consistent and easy to use interface for accessing many different may contain graphic, audio or video elements.6 that types of Internet resources.9 use HTTPto send or deliver HTML documents to users of the We b browsers also provide many other capabilities. To Internetare called "Web servers." Users browse the We b using improve the speed of access, many browsers store previously "Web client" software (suchas Cello, Ly nx, SlipKnot, Netscape retrieved documents in memory on the local computer for or Mosaic) on their local computers. rapid rebrowsing. Anextremely valu able function of all the We b The World Wide Web is a "client/" system, composed browsers is the ability to develop personalized Internet resource of at least two separate computers, a "server" and a "client". A lists by saving theURLs to or "hotlist" filesfor future "server" is the central information provider which stores and, reference. The in the Bookmark lists are active hypertext upon request from a "client", provides either the specific links so that the user may jump directly from an entry in the information resources or the hypertext links which point to Bookmark file to the specifiedInternet resource . These lists may information sources at other sites. One ofthe advantages of a also be exported, loaded or appended fo r others to use. client/server system, such as the World Wide We b, is that the user may choose from a variety of client programs, tailored for different needs, preferences and computingplatform s.? Network Access Issues

There are several issues which must be confronted when Accessing the Web: Web Browsers accessing the World Wide We b, including type of network connection, network traffic load and operating equipment The We b (the way it looks, how it accesses requirements. First, there are several kinds of Internet the WWW site, and its ease of use) is determined by the We b connections from which to choose: dedicated or direct ethemet client or "browser" software. There are many different types of connection, SLIP or PPP connections and dial up "shell" ( Web browsers, tailored to the needs, or limitations, of the user or terminal) connections.

- 14 Education Libraries • Vo l 19, No. 1 Dedicated connectionshave their own IPaddr ess, use TCP/ A Sampling of Web Browsers IPlang uage, have unlimited access for multiple users, are very fast and expensive. SLIP (Serial Line ) or PPP We b browsers are under rapid development. Within eight (Point-to-Point Protocol)connections are available for individual months, Mosaic, a browser that was hailed as a "killer dial up users and linkdirectly to theInternet through the phone application" in the mainstream media and popular journals, has line. SLIP/PPP connections have complex installations which been replaced by other critically acclaimed browsers. As new require the users to configure an IP address, load TCP/IP Web browsers emerge, new or improved capabilities are software, and, ifthey are using Wm dows, load Trumpet Wm sock introduced in rapid fire, leapfrog fashion. Here is a overview of software. "Shell" account connections are simple, individual a few of the better knownbrowsers. connections: the user connects to the UNIX host as a "dumb" terminal and uses the Internet software on the mainframe host, Lynx requiring little software or hardware investment. Typically, Ly nx was developed at the in Spring though, the "shell" account user can access only text-based 1993 and has DOS, VMS and UNIXversions available. It is a Internet resources, such as FI'P, , and Gopher, and has full-screen, terminal-basedclient . Because it is a non-graphical accessto the World WideWe b only through text-based browsers, (non-Wmdows) browser, it allows access to the WWW from such as Lynx and "WWW," sacrificing the multimedia aspects even the lowest common denominator VT100-based terminal of the We b documents. Recently though, the SlipKnot browser or older, slower computer. Though Lynx can searchand access has circumvented the limitations of a "shell" account, providing the hypertext resources on the We b, it cannot access any of the full graphical, multimedia access to the We b. graphic or multimediacomponents .l2 Because it does not have Second, the combination of graphics, multimediaand text to transfer the hypermedia content, it provides very rapid, in the same documentputs a heavy strain on the network traffic, efficientacc ess to predominately textual We b resources. producing a greatdeal of congestionat the most popular WWW sites. Transfer of multimedia and hypertext over the Internet Mosaic requires a great deal of bandwidth and can be excruciatingly The public domain Mosaic browser, created by theNational slow, especially video.IO This increased load can put a Center for SupercomputingAp plications, was first releasedas a tremendousburden on older network systems, producing system UNIX X-windows client in early 1993. By Fall of 1993, wide slow downs. It is barelytolerable even on a very powerful Macintoshand Wm dows versionsof Mosaic were available. This machine. � was the firstgrap hical browser that supported hypertext access The third considerationfor World Wide We b access are the to the WWWinform ation resources, while retaining supportfor equipment requirements. Generally speaking, though some the other Internet protocols such as Gopher, FI'P, and WA IS. graphical We b client software can be run on less powerful Originally, the Mosaic browser was problematic to install and equipment, the recommended operating requirements 11 are for configure, and was prone to crashing.B The latest version, a fast, well-equipped multimedia workstation: Enhanced NCSA Mosaic, is much more robust with improved capabilities and layout. Windows version: 80486 or Pentiumprocessor SuperVGA Color monitor Cello 8MG RAM Sound board and speakers Cello is a public domain WWW client designed primarily 200 MG hard drive Wmsock.DLL for the electronic distribution of legal information. It was Wmdows 3.2, and mouse 32 bit Wmdows extensions developed at The Legal Information Institute at Cornell (Wm32s) (NCSA Mosaic) University with a grant fromthe NationalCenter for Automated version: Information Research in mid-1993. It requires a direct Macintosh LCIII, 200 MG hard drive or SLIP/PPP connection to the Internet and only operates inthe Color monitor UNIX version: Wm dows environment. Cello has many of the same Any UNIXmachine with true color support fe atures as the NCSA Mosaic client, such as History lists and X-Wmdows Bookmark files, but also includes a straightforward print fe ature.l4 Despite these demands, the graphicalbrowsers, like Mosaic, SlipKnotand Netscape, havebecome wildly popular. In addition, Netscape for commercial purposes, Netscape Corporation is offering The current successor to the We b browser throne of technical support and more powerful server software which popularity is the browser. Netscape is provide secure and server authentication for multiplatformproduct ofNetscape Communications, a company commercial transactions over the Internet. Many of the emerging formed by many of the original Mosaic development team. Web browsers aredesigned to supportbusiness applicationsand Netscape also requires a directethe rnetor SLIP/PPP connection reflect the change of focus in the Internet community from to the Internet. The team reduced design flaws inherent in the academic/research to home and commercial users.

Education Ubrariea • Vo l 19, No. 1 16- original NCSA Mosaic software and created a more efficient promoted the Libraries as aknowledgeable provider of electronic and powerfulprodu ct. Netscapeis visually more appealing, with information on campus, and the Libraries Gopher bas proved to improved structures, configuration options, andoperational be popular and dynamic. functionality. Most important, the Nets cape browser performs Gopher does not, however, support multimediaor hypertext. better. Netscape appears to run more quickly than NCSA Since the UNL Gopher was introduced, a number of more Mosaic, since the user can begin viewing a portion of the powerful programs have emerged which take advantage of document before file transfer is complete. In addition, actual Internet hypertext and multimedia capabilities. A Windows transfer speed was increased by improved screen layouts, Gopher client bas been developed which supports graphics, but automatic caching of previous , and streaming and not hypertext. A number of World Wide We b clients which compression techniquesbuilt into theNetscape browser client. IS support hypertext and, in many cases, multimedia, have also Netscape was designed for a commercial clientele, though the been introducedin breathtakingly rapid succession (e.g. Lynx, browser is available free of charge to educational sites. Cello, Mosaic and Netscape). Keeping pace with these rapid electronic developments and SlipKnot determining which are bestsuited to local needs are major issues SlipKnot is a program that was developed by for libraries with limited time, expertise and resources. In early Peter Brooks of MicroMind, Inc., when he become frustrated 1994, the UNLLibrarie s' Electronic Resources Program Group by the trouble and expense of setting up a SLIP connection to (ERPG) was charged with identifying, researching and making the Internet. Unlike Cello,Mosaic and Netscape, the SlipKnot recommendations on current uses and fu ture directions of We b browser does notrequire a direct ethernetor complex SLIP/ multimedia technology in an academic library setting. In some PPP (TCP/IP) connection to the Internet. SlipKnot operates ways this was similar to sketching an explosion, but, on the under MS-Wm dows and provides full multimedia, hypertext positive side, the project helped Library staff fe el more access to the World WideWeb through a dial in "shell" (terminal comfortable and well-informed about developing technologies. or UNIX) account. SlipKnot uses Ly nx or another text-based At that time, the World Wide We b was not well known, browser, "WWW'', to retrieve the Web documents and images. either by librarians or other faculty on campus, although the This "shell" or UNIX account access makes the World Wide We b browser, Ly nx--which supports hypertext but not We b resources readilyavailable to a whole newgroup of Internet multimedia--was available. Early on, the committee decided to users,who only have indirect access to the Internet, such as dial focus theirinve stigation on the capabilities anddesign flaws of in and home users. SlipKnot still requires a fairly powerfi,,Jl Mosaic, which was the most and highly acclaimed machine, at least a 386 with 8 megabytes of memory. We b browser then available. Though access is not as fast as aregular TCPliP connection, In order to explore the capabilities of Mosaic, ERPG SlipKnot can retrieve documents in the background while the decided to create a "demonstration project." They envisioned user continues to work on other tasks. SlipKnot candisplay up using Mosaic, with its expanded hypertext and multimedia to fivedocuments at once andqueues additional retrieval requests capabilities, to provide services similar to those that Gopher was in the background while the user is viewing those documents. already providing, i.e. connecting to remote Internet sites, as The retrieved documents may be saved on the local hard diskto well as the authoring and posting of library-related documents. be redisplayed at anytime, even offline.16 Although SlipKnot For this project, the ERPG Multimedia Demonstration currently supports the FfP and HITP (Web) protocols, it does Report was actually converted to a hypertext document using not yet supportGopher, or HTML"Form s" capabilities, Hypertext Markup Language and made accessible on the We b. though this willprobably be remedied in future versions. 17 The report included links to documents on other We b servers to demonstrate remote searching and to show examples of sites that others were developing. The project document also DemonstrationProj ect contained several multimedia components, including graphics and a brief video. In this way, key issues related to both Internet In the Fall of 1993, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln access and local hypermedia authoring were tested. (UNL) Libraries brought up the Internet Resources Gopher, The HTMLversion of the report is quite attractive,especially placing it as a menu option on the Libraries Electronic when compared to a simple ASCII gopher document. Graphics Information System/Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). In add visual interest and text is displayed in various font sizes and additionto providing access to Internetinformation sources, the types. Bold facing provides emphasis and increases eye appeal Libraries enhanced the Gopher by creating original cataloging and polish. The hypertext links allow users to access only the entries for the Internet resources placed on the Gopher. In information they have an interest in, by "clicking" on those links. cooperation with the campus Computing Resources Center, the Libraries also linked the OPAC with the Campus Wide Information System (CWIS). This cooperative Gopher project

-16 Education Librariee • Vol 19, No. 1 structure. How does one maintain the intellectual integrity of ProjectFindings the document whenthe searcherhas access to a multidimensional maze of interconnected information? The report, which was completed in the Swnmer of 1994, The complexity of capturing the multimedia components demonstratedthat multimediareso urceson the Internetwere rapidly (audio, video, or graphics) in a digitized form at required access expanding, and recommended that the potential for more highly to additional multimedia production equipment, computer sophisticated academic uses justified continued investigations of support and training. Integrating these formats into a coherent Internet multimedia developments and World Wide Web use. and unified presentation was a real design challenge, for However, the report also identified a numberof key issues related visualizing and constructing a multimedia guide is vastly to the implementation of Web access in the Libraries. different from preparing a linear print document. There were The first issues had to do with hardware necessary for many questions about how various formats would coordinate implementation. Mosaic is resource intensive, needing fast, and how they would appear on the screen. powerful computers and a high speed campus network. The Structuringinf ormationusing hypertextrequires a new way network bandwidth required to transfer hypertext and/or of looking at document organization. When developing the multimedia is much greater than that of simple ASCII text via Gopher, the Libraries had applied existing collection Gopher. This was a major problem identified campus-wide. development policies to theresources of the Internet. Subject Even the limited use of Mosaic by one of the high technology specialists searched the Internet extensively to identify sites laboratories on campus produced a maiked degradation of the appropriate and useful to researchers. Gopher, through its two campus network. In response to this immediate problem, as dimensional, hierarchical structure,provides inherent structure well as to prepare for projected network needs, the University andcontrol ofInternet resources. Hypertext, however, provides embarked upon a complete re-wiring of the entire campus multi-dimensional search possibilities. Could/should. the network with high speedCategory 5 wiring. TheLibraries were Libraries attempt to structure and organize We b access in the identified as one of the firstsites to undergo rewiring. same manner as the hierarchical Gopher? Given the range of Before a could be implemented, however, the materials available, should (or could) the Libraries attempt to Libraries had to upgrade many ofthe older, slower computers. restrict or "censor" access in any way? This was already in process, due to the memory intensive In an attempt to improve access to Internet resources, the requirementsof many newer electronic resources. The Libraries Libraries had developed an Internet Resources Gopher that are moving from a terminal based OPAC environment to a more included a locally-developed catalog of the Internet sites added flexible and powerful workstation environment for both public to the Gopher. This catalog increased the access points to the and staff use. Due to the expense of equipment upgrades, Internetres ources. The Libraries wonderedif catalogers should however, thiswill be an ongoing process over a numberof years. also do thisfor We b sites? If so, should they continue cataloging Another set of issues in fashioning a World WideWe b site Gopher sites as well? In fact, should the Libraries continue to for the Libraries revolved around the administrationthe of We b maintainboth a Gopher and a Web site, or should therebe a plan site, i.e. the establishment andmaintenance of thesystem, creation to migrate to only a We b environment? . of a Homepage or Homepages for the libraries on campus, Providing public access to theWorld Wide We b has its own development of Web structure andselection of sites. Itwas clear set of issues, including training, time and control. How activea that the Libraries Automated Systems Office would assume role should librarians take in training the public? What would primary responsibility for We b Administration, as it had for the the training format be like (organized group sessions vs. on­ Gopher, since this fell withinthe existingresponsibilities. It was demand individual sessions), and would the Libraries have the less clear who should beresponsible for otherduties. It did seem ability to provide training support for classroom assignments necessary, however, that a numberof library staffwould need to and in-depth research projects? beinvolved with establishing theWe b site; this included learning Hypermedia documents are necessarily large files which HTML, setting up homepages, developing library-related require a great deal of time to transfer. With some browsers,all information screens, providing collection development and parts of the document, text and graphics, must be importedbef ore cataloginginf ormationand training other staff as well as the public. it will display. Even without a video component, this can be Issues relatedto authoring Hypermediadocuments were also quite a lengthy wait. The speed of transfer is also impacted by considered. At the time of the demonstration project, there was the traffic clogging the network. Should the Libraries attempt little HTML expertise in the Libraries or on campus and no to restrict the length of time a user can spend on a public access available documentation for convertinga document into HTML. We b station if others are waiting? How many workstations will Only months later, several hypertext guides were posted on the be needed to meet the public demand when sessions can be so Internet,somewhat easing thisprobl em. The task of converting lengthy? And a related issue, how many workstations can the a linear document into a nonlinear hypertext format was also a Libraries "afford" to dedicate to We b browsing, without conceptual challenge, requiringnew ways of lookingat document denigrating access to other electronicresource s?

Education Librariea • Vo l 19, No. 1 17 -

J DealingWith Issues should be completed in the Fall 1995, and can be used for We b training as well as training on many other electronic resources. The Mosaic demonstrationpro ject was extremely useful in However, plans have not been made yet for public training, giving the Libraries a greater understanding of the potentials rather, we are waiting to see what the need will be. The Libraries and problems in using a hypermediaWe b browser(either Mosaic are adopting a flexible policy similar to the one that worked well or a similar product), both for providing expanded Internet access in Gopher development; that is, NOT to attempt to have all the and as a document authoring tool. In order to deal with the answers or anticipate all the related issues when embarking on issues and questions described above, the Libraries formed the project. Although staffhave tried to anticipate problems, in several committees to overseevarious aspectsof the introducing such a rapidly changing environment it is impossible (and even We b Browsers. counter-productive) to plan for every eventuality. This is A MultimediaImplementation Committee wascharged with something of a paradigm shift for librarians who have in the past making recommendations about which browser to implement, been expected to be "experts" (and who are accustomed to the placement of browsers, staff training needs, and training knowing the answers). A willingness to experiment and take development. The Committee also developed Computer Use risks are valuable attributes for librarians in this evolving Guidelines to address issues such as time limitations and electronic environment. It is likely that the librarians will be appropriate use. A Homepage Committee was created to begin learningright along with (or even from)the users. developing the Libraries We b site. Anexisting Library Handouts Committee agreed to take on the task of creating informational documents using HI'ML. Conclusion The MultimediaImplementation Committee was still in the process of evaluating We b browsers when the first beta version The Internet continues to expand in resources and in of Netscape was released The capabilities of even the early complexity. To ols like Gopher, which seemed powerful and beta versions were so promising that the ComputingResources innovative only a fe w years ago, are being superseded by Center andthe Libraries quickly selected Netscape rather than generation client/serverprograms (Web browsers), which access Mosaic asthe browser of choice on campus. Currently,Nets cape the hypermedia resources on the Internet. Simple ASCII seems to be the most successful We b browser available. documents are enhanced with a broad range of multimedia However, in the rapidly changing Internet environment, another components and connected dynamically to other documents by browser could quickly take the lead. hypertext links. Multimedia adds an additional layer of As of this writing, the Libraries are in the process of information to documents, augmenting their educational establishing World WideWe b access on staffworks tations. Due potential. But, perhaps more important, hypertext is re defining to current wiring, bandwidth and equipment capabilities, the way Internet users find and use information, changing the however, not. all library staffwill begin with Netscape access. entire concept of what is meant by a "document" and eliminating Staffwho do not need multimedia capabilities will continue to traditional document boundaries. use Lynx, which functions well on existing equipment. Other The dynamic search potential of the World Wide We b staffmembers willuse SlipKnot, which does not require a direct browsers makes them critically important to scholarly pursuits. network connection and does not inhibit access to These browsers allow researchers a new freedom to relate and software. intellectually process pieces of information from The Libraries Homepage is ready, though certain links are multidisciplinary sources. Despite the challenges encountered still under construction. The first public access We b stations, in attempting to keep pace with increasingly sophisticated using the , should be available within weeks. technologies, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries are TheLibraries willstart with a small number(probably 3-4)public convinced that providing access to these resources is vitally browsers placed in the reference area of main library and one in important to any academic or educational library whlch aims to each of the larger branches. Asnew workstations are purchased stay at the forefront of scholarly inform ation access. and the campus re-wiring is completed, additional public and staffNetscape workstations will be added. Stafftraining is underwa y. Allstaff have had the opportunity to attend a general training session and, as they receive access to a We b browser, staffare given more in-depth training. In addition, the Libraries are in the process of building a new high-tech classroom. Recognizing the rapid proliferation of sophisticated electronic library research tools, as well as the increased training required to master thesetools, theLibraries plan to use thisroom extensively to provide more comprehensive, hands-on computer training opportunities to both library staff andusers . This room

-18 Education Ubreriea • Vol 19, No. 1 Bibliography s Morgan, Eric Lease. op cit. 9 Machovec, George S. op cit. ' Herbst, Kris.( 1994 ). The Master We aver: an interview with 1o Polly, Jean Armour and Steve Cisler. (1994) Internet@LJ: Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World-Wide We b. Internet What's wrong with Mosaic? Library Journal, 119, (12), July, Wo rld, 5, (7), October, p.78-79. p.32-33. 2 Barry, Jeff. (1994). The HyperText Markup Language u Morgan, Eric Lease. op cit. (HTML)and Wthe orld-Wide We b: Raising ASCIITe xt to a New Level ofUsability. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review, 12 Notess, Greg R. (1994) Lynx to the World Wide We b. 5, (5), p.5-62. ONUNE 18,(4), July,p.78-82. To retrieve this article, send the fo llowing e-mail message to 13 Wiggins, Richard W. op cit. [email protected]: 14 GET BARRYPRV5N5 F=MAIL Eager, Bill. (1994). Using the World Wide We b. Indianapolis, Or use the fo llowing URL: IN: Que Corporation. gopher:// info.lib.uh.edu:70/00/articles/e-journals/ 15 Smith, Ben. (1995). Internet with Style. Byte,20,(1),January, uhlibrary/pacsreview/v5/n5/barry.5n5 p.197-200. 16 3 McKenna, Patrick. SlipKnot, Wr ndows Browser for the Powell, James. (1994). Adventures with the World Wide We b. Newsbytes. October 14, 1994. We b: creating a hypertext library information system , 17,(1), February, p.59-66. 17 Dern,Daniel P. ComDex, Socks and SlipKnot. .net--the 4 ibid. internet magazine. February, 1995. p. 28. 5 Morgan, Eric Lease. (1994). The World Wide We b and Mosaic: An Overview for Librarians. Public-Access Computer Systems Review, 5, (6), p.5-26. To retrieve this article, send the fo llowing e-mail message to [email protected]: GETMORGAN PRV5NS F=MAIL Joan Latta Konecky is the Coordinator for Electronic Or usethe fo llowing URL: Reference Services and a member of the Electronic gopher://info.lib.uh.edu:70/00/articles/e-journals/ Reference Program Group. Carla Rosenquist-Buhler is a uhlibrary/pacsreview/v5/n6/morgan.5n6 Reference and Education Liaison Librarian and a member 6 Machovec, George S. (1994). Mosaic: NCSA Internet of the Multimedia Implementation Te am. Both have been Network Navigational Tool. Online Libraries and actively involved in Gopher and World Wide Web Microcomputers, 12,(3), March,p. 1-5. development at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln 7 Baker, Frank M. (1994 ). Navigating the Networlcwith NCSA Libraries. The authors may be reached via e-mail: Mosaic. Educom Review, 29,(1), January/February,p. 46-5 1. [email protected] [email protected]

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