University of Kent Universidade do Porto / University of Porto School of English (Kent) Faculdade de Letras / Faculty of Arts (Porto) Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (Kent) Centre for English, Translation and Anglo-Portuguese Studies (Porto) Text and Event in Early Modern Europe (TEEME) An Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Ph.D. dissertation Englishing The Lusiad. Richard Fanshaweʼs translation of Os Lusíadas and its relation with the contemporary English political context Tiago Sousa Garcia Supervisors: Professor Bernhard Klein (University of Kent) Professor Zulmira Santos (University of Porto) 2016 Abstract Os Lusíadas, by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões, was first translated into English at a time of profound social and political uncertainty. Published in 1655 during the Interregnum, and translated by Sir Richard Fanshawe (1608-1666), a loyal royalist and courtier of Charles I, The Lusiad became the first translation of the epic to be made outside of the Iberian Peninsula, and the first major literary exchange between Portugal and England. In addition to its foundational role in bringing Portuguese literature into England, the timing of The Lusiad’s publication and the political allegiances of its translator raise the possibility that, in its first iteration in English, Camões’s epic was re-shaped by the political context in which it was produced. This thesis re-visits the first English translation of Os Lusíadas in order to ascertain to what extent and in what way the Portuguese epic was shaped by the British political environment of the 1650s. It closely examines the life and career path of Richard Fanshawe that led to the choice of Camões’s epic as an object of translation and how that choice changed his life in the aftermath of the Restoration, effectively making him the ideal candidate for the post of Ambassador to Portugal. It performs a close reading of the translation and its accompanying paratexts in relation to the context of the publication, identifying and highlighting the elements that Fanshawe consciously refashioned to address the specific problems Britain faced in the mid-seventeenth century. Englishing The Lusiad argues that Richard Fanshawe performed a specific kind of appropriation of its object by subtly redirecting themes and scenes in the original Portuguese text towards the events of the English Civil Wars and the Interregnum. Resumo A primeira tradução inglesa de Os Lusíadas, do poeta português Luís de Camões, chegou à Grã-Bretanha num tempo de profunda incerteza política e social. Publicada em 1655, durante o Interregno, traduzida por Sir Richard Fanshawe (1608-1666), um cortesão royalist leal a Carlos I, The Lusiad tornou-se na primeira tradução da epopeia a ser publicada fora da Península Ibérica e na primeira grande troca literária entre Portugal e Inglaterra. Para além do seu papel fundador em trazer literatura Portuguesa para Inglaterra, o timing da publicação de The Lusiad, em conjunto com a aliança política do seu tradutor, levanta a possibilidade de que, na sua primeira forma em inglês, a epopeia de Camões tenha sido reformada pelo contexto político em que foi produzida. Esta tese revisita a primeira tradução inglesa de Os Lusíadas para averiguar até que ponto a epopeia portuguesa foi transformada pelo ambiente político da década de 1650. A tese examina minuciosamente a vida e carreira de Richard Fanshawe, os eventos que levaram à escolha da epopeia de Camões como objecto de tradução, e de como essa escolha influenciou a vida de Fanshawe na sequência da Restauração, tornando-o no candidato ideal para o posto de embaixador em Portugal. A tese efectua uma leitura próxima da tradução e dos paratextos que a acompanham, relacionando-os com o contexto de publicação, identificando e realçando os elementos que Fanshawe conscientemente transformou para visar problemas especificamente Britânicos no século XVII. Englishing The Lusiad procura provar que Richard Fanshawe reconfigurou o texto criando subtis ligações entre cenas e temas do original português e acontecimentos da guerra civil inglesa e do interregno. Acknowledgements In acknowledging the many people who helped me along these past few years of research, pride of place must be given to my two supervisors, Professor Bernhard Klein in Kent, and Professor Zulmira Santos in Porto. Their kind advice and firm guiding hands were of tremendous importance during the more difficult moments, their unique perspectives opened new avenues of research for my initial project, and their incisive comments contributed to final product that is vastly better than anything I could have done on my own. A special word of thanks to Professor Donna Landry, whose notes during my review meetings greatly strengthened and clarified my often confused thoughts. I am also in debt of gratitude to the many academics with whom I discussed my work in conferences, workshops or in fortuitous meetings. Those small snippets of conversation were of immense help, giving me new ideas to pursue or convincing me to discard old ones. I am also grateful for the institutional support that I received during my time in the TEEME project. The European Union was a crucial part of this, in financing both the project in its inception and in its continuous grant that allowed me to undertake research without extra worries. In the troubled year of 2016, its importance is to me ever more evident, and if this thesis does nothing else, I hope it contributes to an idea and an ideal of a united Europe. A renewed thank you to Bernhard Klein for creating the TEEME project, the perfect home for my humble project, as well as to his partners in academic daring, Professor Rui Carvalho Homem in Porto, Professor Sabine Schülting in Berlin, and Professor Martin Procházka in Prague. To these, an extra word of thank you for the great welcome I received when at different times I was hosted by the Freie Universität Berlin, the Universidade do Porto, and the Univerzita Karlova v Praze. I could not have finished this project without the support my friends and family gave to me. One of the most significant features of the TEEME project is the feeling that comes from being part of the group, and for that I thank all my colleagues in all cohorts of TEEME. I was particularly lucky in having been a part of the third cohort of TEEME, and in my colleagues of that year of 2013 I have found the perfect companions for the journey. Special thanks then to Diviya, David, Djamila, Jelena, Natacha, Somnath and Yi-Chun. Our many days and nights together were the highlight of my social life, and I have missed you all terribly since we all went our separate ways. Thank you to my friends back in Porto, particularly Miguel and Helena, as well as my friends who, like me, decided to leave Portugal in search of a better academic life, Pedro and Maria Inês. Like family, we now only see each other at Christmas, but it is the most special time of the year, after all. To my father, mother and brother, who had to learn about diaspora the hard way, my immense gratitude for everything they have done for me during my whole life. Without their support, I would not have been here today. Finally, to Kate. You make me a better academic and a much better person. Your passion for your work is contagious, your constantly curious and critical spirit is inspiring, and your unending and forgiving love have lifted me more times than I can count. There are no words to thank you for everything that you have done for me. Table of Contents Introduction – The foreign epic of our current troubles..............................................10 1. How The Lusiad got Englishʼd................................................................................32 2. How to frame a foreign epic....................................................................................68 3. Reading The Lusiad in Interregnum Britain..........................................................105 4. The afterlife of The Lusiad....................................................................................147 Conclusion – ʻThat servile path thou nobly dost declineʼ.........................................182 Appendix: Images......................................................................................................190 Bibliography..............................................................................................................203 Introduction – The foreign epic of our current troubles In 1655, an established London stationer, Humphrey Moseley, registered and published The Lusiad, or Portugallʼs Historical Poem,1 translated from the Portuguese by one ‘Richard Fanshawe, Esq.’ The publication of this book – how and why it was translated into English at that moment in history – as well as its repercussions in the life of its translator Richard Fanshawe, are the subject of this thesis. In a word, this is an attempt at writing the micro-history of The Lusiad. Why this micro- history is necessary and interesting can better be understood by first considering some contextual elements surrounding it, essentially a short primer on The Lusiad and its translator Fanshawe, as well as the original Os Lusíadas and its author, the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões. Luís de Camões is unanimously considered the foremost poet of the Portuguese language – at least from a Eurocentric perspective. Born c. 1524-5 into a family of the lower nobility, Camões was the first early modern western European poet to visit Africa and the East, the places he would memorialise in