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Home , Glomerulus (kidney), Renal capsule, Renal column, Renal corpuscle, Renal cortex, Renal fascia

29 of the Answers to Pre- Lab Assignments Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1. a. renal b. c. d. renal e. renal f. renal g. 2. 1. e 2. c 3. f 4. b 5. d 6. g 7. a 8. h

Pre-Lab Activity 2: 1. frontal; anterior and posterior 2. indention on the medial surface; , , ure- ter

Pre-Lab Activity 3: 1. , glomerular capsule 2. visceral, parietal, capsular 3. c

Answers to Activity Questions Activity 1 Structure Descrip- Connections to Things I Have Already Learned tion/Function Renal capsule Outermost CT wrap- Other organs such as a and the ping of also have capsules.

Renal cortex Outer region of kid- and lymph node also have corti- ney cal regions.

Renal medulla Region of the kidney Adrenal gland and lymph node also have me- deep to the cortex dullary regions. • Renal col- Cortical tissue that Renal columns are similar to extensions of the umn dips down into me- lymph node capsule called trabeculae that di- dullary region vide the lymph node into compartments.

• Renal pyra- Contains Papilla (apex) means pointed; papilla points mid loops, collecting, inward toward minor calyx. ducts, and vasa rec- ta

Renal pelvis Kidney region that Major calyces converge to form . collects and directs it to the ure- ter

Minor calyx Small cavity that re- Contraction of cells in calyces ceives urine from the propel urine toward the renal pelvis. collecting duct

Major calyx Large cavity that re- Contraction of smooth muscle cells in calyces ceives urine from the propel urine toward the renal pelvis. minor calyx

Renal corpuscle Consists of glomeru- lus and glomerular capsule – filters

• Glomerular C-shaped structure Inner visceral layer contains with capsule with outer parietal foot-like processes (pedicels) that interdigitate layer and inner vis- to form slits. ceral layer

• Glomerulus Specialized blood Contains pores called fenestrations; along with ; filtration visceral layer of glomerular capsule, forms the filtration membrane.

Renal tubule , nephron loop, and distal tubule.

• Proximal tu- Region of tubule Composed of simple cuboidal ; cells bule nearest to the contain many microvilli. glomerulus.

• Nephron Region of tubule Composed of simple squamous epithelium and loop that forms hairpin simple cuboidal epithelium. loop; sets up intersti- tial concentration gradient.

• Distal tu- Receives filtrate Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium. bule from the nephron loop; filtrate then travels to the collect- ing duct.

Collecting duct Receives filtrate Cells contain aquaporins ( channels); from many neph- ADH stimulates insertion of aquaporins in cell rons; reabsorbs wa- membrane of cells lining the collecting duct. ter to concentrate urine.

Renal artery Transports oxygen- Branches from . ated blood to kid- ney.

Afferent Transports blood to Afferent neurons carry impulse toward the the glomerulus. CNS.

Glomerulus Specialized blood Glomerulus = ball; adrenal cortex has layer capillary; filtration called (produces aldoste- rone).

Efferent arteriole Transports blood Efferent neuron transmits impulse away for away from glomeru- CNS to the effector. lus.

Structure Descrip- Connections to Things I Have Already Learned tion/Function Peritubular capillar- that sur- Peri = around ies round cortical neph- rons; provide blood supply

Vasa recta Capillary associated Recta = straight with the nephron loop of juxtamedul- lary nephron Renal vein Transports deoxy- Empties into the inferior vena cava. genated blood away from kidney.

Ureter Transports urine Wall has three layers: inner epithelium, middle from kidney to uri- layer of smooth muscle, and outer layer of nary bladder. connective tissue. Stores urine; muscu- Inner lining composed of transitional epitheli- lar sac. um; hollow -contains smooth muscle lay- er Transports urine out – opens to the exterior of of the body in fe- the body males; transports urine and sperm out of the body in males.

Activity 2 4. What is the function of the renal capsule? protects the kid- ney from infection 5. State the function of each of these structures, and describe one way in which each is structurally adapted to its function. renal artery: transports oxygenated blood to kidney; thick muscular wall for higher renal vein: transports deoxygenated blood away from kidney; contain valves to prevent backflow of blood ureter: transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder; thick muscu- lar wall aids in transport of urine via peristalsis

Activity 3 1. Kidney b. What is the function of these microvilli? increases surface area for in the proximal tubules 2. a. On which structure do the podocytes sit? glomerulus b. Which structure leads into the glomerulus? afferent arteriole Which structure extends from the glomerulus? c. How are these two structures different? Afferent arteriole is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. Predict a physiological consequence of this difference. Blood flows into glomerulus faster than it flows out resulting in increased blood pres- sure in the glomerulus. 3. Urinary Bladder a. mucosa muscularis smooth muscle b. Which epithelial cell shapes are visible in the transitional epithelium? squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and dome-shaped What unique ability do these cells of the transitional epithelium pos- sess? ability to stretch Why are the apical cells sometimes flat and sometimes dome shaped? If bladder is full, they are flat. If bladder is empty, they are dome-shaped.

Answers to Post- Lab Assignments Part I. Check Your Understanding Activity 1: Exploring the Organs of the Urinary System 1. Label the kidney and its associated structures. a. adrenal gland b. renal capsule c. renal pyramid d. minor calyx e. major calyx f. renal pelvis g. renal artery h. renal vein i. ureter j. renal medulla k. l.

2. Which urinary organ: a. produces urine? kidney b. transports urine out of the body? urethra c. stores urine? urinary bladder d. transports urine from the kidney to the bladder? ureter

Activity 2: Dissecting a Mammalian Kidney 1. Which connective tissue wrapping: renal capsule a. protects the kidney from infection? adipose capsule b. cushions the kidney? 2. Which kidney structure: renal cortex a. houses the renal corpuscles? renal pelvis b. is continuous with the ureter? renal column c. separates renal pyramids? minor calyx d. collects urine as it drains from a papilla? Activity 3: Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary Bladder 1. Label the structures indicated in the following microscopic view of a kidney. a. Visceral layer of glomerular capsule/glomerulus b. Capsular space c. Parietal layer of glomerular capsule

2. The inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of cells called podocytes . These cells have foot-like processes called pedi- cels that interdigitate to form filtration slits . The visceral layer of the glo- merular capsule lies on top of the glomerulus, which is studded with pores called fenestrations . Collectively, the inner visceral layer of the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus comprise the filtration membrane. 3. Label the structures indicated in the following microscopic view of the urinary bladder. a. transitional epithelium b. c. connective tissue

Part II. Putting It All Together A. Review Questions Answer the following questions using your lecture notes, your textbook, and your lab notes. 1. List the connective tissue wrappings surrounding the kidney from the deepest to the most superficial wrapping. renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal 2. Trace the pathway of blood from the left ventricle to the glomerulus. LV → ascending aorta →aortic arch → descending thoracic aorta → descending abdominal aorta → renal a. → segmental a. interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a. → afferent arteriole → glomerulus 3. What is the physiological consequence of the afferent arteriole being larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole? Hydrostatic pressure builds up in the glomerulus, thus facilitating pressure filtration. 4. How is the specialized epithelium of the urinary bladder relat- ed to its function? Transitional epithelium has the unique ability to stretch as the bladder fills with urine.