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Fungus Gnats in Estonia (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, Keroplatidae, Macroceridae, Ditomyiidae, Diadocidiidae, Mycetophilidae)

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Fungus Gnats in Estonia (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, Keroplatidae, Macroceridae, Ditomyiidae, Diadocidiidae, Mycetophilidae) DISSERTATIONES BIOLOGICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 38 FUNGUS GNATS IN ESTONIA (DIPTERA: BOLITOPHILIDAE, KEROPLATIDAE, MACROCERIDAE, DITOMYIIDAE, DIADOCIDIIDAE, MYCETOPHILIDAE) OLAVI KURINA TARTU 1998 DISSERTATIONES BIOLOGICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 38 DISSERTATIONES BIOLOGICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 38 FUNGUS GNATS IN ESTONIA (DIPTERA: BOLITOPHILIDAE, KEROPLATIDAE, MACROCERIDAE, DITOMYIIDAE, DIADOCIDIIDAE, MYCETOPHILIDAE) OLAVI KURINA TAKTUU>OVBMnY PRESS Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia Dissertation is accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in zoological systematics) on April 29, 1998 by the Council of the Faculty of Biology and Geography, University of Tartu Opponent: Emilia P. Nartshuk, Dr. Sei (biol.), Russia, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences Commencement: October 07, 1998 The publication of this dissertation is granted by the University of Tartu © Olavi Kurina, 1998 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastuse trükikoda Tiigi 78, EE2400 Tartu Tellimus nr. 225 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS......................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 8 1.1. Objectives of study and structure of thesis ......................................... 8 1.2. General characterization and classification of fungus gnats.............. 8 1.3. Earlier studies in Estonia and in neighbouring areas......................... 11 1.4. Material and methods............................................................................ 12 2. ABSTRACTS OF THE PAPERS INCLUDED......................................... 15 3. ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES............................................................ 18 Family Bolitophilidae.................................................................................... 21 Family Keroplatidae...................................................................................... 25 Family Macroceridae..................................................................................... 28 Family Ditomyiidae....................................................................................... 30 Family Diadocidiidae .................................................................................... 31 Family Mycetophilidae ................................................................................. 31 Subfamily Sciophilinae............................................................................. 31 Tribe Mycomyini ................................................................................... 31 Tribe Sciophilini .................................................................................... 39 Tribe Gnoristini...................................................................................... 43 Tribe Leiini ............................................................................................ 48 Subfamily Mycetophilinae ....................................................................... 51 Tribe Mycetophilini .............................................................................. 51 Tribe Exechiini....................................................................................... 70 4. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 91 4.1. Species diversity and zoogeography .................................................... 91 4.2. Ecological aspects.................................................................................. 95 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 97 SEENESÄÄSKLASED EESTIS (DIPTERA, NEMATOCERA: BOLITOPHILIDAE, KEROPLATIDAE, MACROCERIDAE DITOMYIIDAE, DIADOCIDIIDAE, MYCETOPHILIDAE). Kokkuvõte...................................................................................................... 103 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. 104 PUBLICATIONS .............................................................................................. 105 2 5 ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the faunistic aspects of the Estonian fauna of fungus gnats (Diptera, Nematocera: Bolitophilidae, Keroplatidae, Macroceridae, Dito­ myiidae, Diadocidiidae, Mycetophilidae). A list of 444 recorded species is given: Bolitophilidae — 20 species, Keroplatidae — 14 species, Macroceri­ dae — 18 species, Ditomyiidae — 2 species, Diadocidiidae — 3 species and Mycetophilidae — 387 species. The studies included contain a record of 270 species found to be new to Estonia: Bolitophilidae — 16 species, Kero­ platidae — 5 species, Macroceridae — 6 species, Ditomyiidae — 1 species, Diadocidiidae — 2 species and Mycetophilidae — 240 species. The study is based on the material including 16 991 specimens, 13 013 of which have been identified to species level. Three new species — Sciophila pseudoflexuosa Kurina, 1991, Mycetophila estonica Kurina, 1992 and Allodia (Allodia) zaitzevi Kurina, 1997 — are described. The description of the first two species is based on Estonian material only. A. (A.) zaitzevi is described after the revision of type series of Allodia (Allodia) pyxidiiformis A. Zaitzev, 1983 and it is also recorded in Russia: the Leningrad and Amur Districts. Eight species — Neuratelia subulata A. Zaitzev, 1994, Syntemna stylatoides A. Zaitzev, 1994, Boletina gusakovae A. Zaitzev, 1994, Allodia (Brachycampta) vernalis Polevoi, 1995, Anatella crispa A. Zaitzev, 1994, Exechia repandoides Caspers, 1984, Pseudexechia hamulata (Lackschewitz, 1937), Zygomyia jakovlevi A. Zaitzev, 1989 — are recorded for the first time after their original descriptions. For fungus gnats registered in Estonia three basic distribution types can be described: the Holarctic type (115 species), the Transpalaearctic type (178 species) and the European type (117 species). Nine Bolitophilid and 68 Mycetophilid species have been recorded as mycetophagous. Three species — Boletina gripha Dziedzicki, 1885, Allodia (Allodia) lundstroemi Edwards, 1921 and Phthinia winnertzi Mik, 1869 — were found from macrofungi for the first time. A new genus of host macrofungi was reported for 22 Mycetophilid species. Mycomya (Mycomya) cinerascens (Macquart, 1826) and Sciophila modesta A. Zaitzev, 1982 were reared from Agaricales s. 1. for the first time. For 15 species of fungus gnats probable larval host use preference was observed. The hibernation as imagos was recorded for 30 species of fungus gnats: 28 species of them were hibernating in caves and two species in broken umbelliferous stems. The prevalence of genus Exechiopsis Tuomikoski, 1966 is reported among Mycetophilids, hibernating in caves. Two species — Exechia parva Lundström, 1909 and E. repanda Johannsen, 1912 — overwintered in broken umbelliferous stems. 6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PAPERS The papers are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I. Kurina, O. 1991. Mycetophilidae (Diptera) reared from macrofungi in Estonia. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sei. Biol., 40, N 2, 84-90. II. Kurina, O. 1992. A new species of the genus Mycetophila Meigen (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) found in Estonia. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sei. Biol., 41, N 3, 127-130. III. Kurina, O. 1994. New records of Mycetophilidae (Diptera) reared from macrofungi in Estonia. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sei. Biol., 43, 4, 216-220. IV. Kurina, O. 1996. Hibernation of fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) in Estonian caves. Studia Dipterologica (Halle, Saale), 3, 2, 221-229. V. Kurina, O. 1996. On the Estonian Brevicomu Marshall (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). International Dipterological Research (St.-Peterburg, Helsinki), 1, 2, 71-73. VI. Kurina, O. 1997. Fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophiloidae) collected by Aleksander Stackelberg in Estonia. International Dipterological Research (St.-Peterburg, Helsinki), 8, 1, 3-8. VII. Kurina, O. 1997. A review of the Estonian Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae and Diadocidiidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Proc. Estonian Acad. Sei. Biol., 46, 1/2, 80-87. VIII. Kurina, O. 1997. Greenomyia mongolica Laštovka et Matile, 1974 (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) found in Estonia. International Dipterological Research (St.-Peterburg, Helsinki), 8, 2, 69-71. IX. Kurina, O. 1997. Мицетофилоидные грибные комары (Diptera: Mycetophilidae, Bolitophilidae) лесах Эстонии. В кн: Место и роль двукрыльных насекомых в экосистемах. Санкт-Петербург, 70-71. X. Kurina, О. 1997. A new species of fungus gnats from the genus Allodia Winnertz, 1863 (Diptera Mycetophilidae) found in Estonia. Studia Dipterologica (Halle, Saale), 4, 2, 275-279. XI. Kurina, O. 1997. Two species from the genus Exechia Winn. (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) new to Estonia. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sei. Biol., 46, 4, 256-259. XII. Kurina, O. Notes on fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) reared from macrofungi in Estonia. Lepid. Inform., accepted. 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Objectives of study and structure of thesis Taking into account the limited scope of previous fungus gnats studies in Estonia the primary aim of this work was to revise the Estonian fauna of fungus gnats. Following the traditions of earlier investigations (see 1.2.) nine out of ten families were considered, the family Sciaridae was omitted intentionally. Another goal was to improve of the knowledge of the biology of Mycetophi- loids. Specifically, possible hibernating as imagoes and larval host use were put forward in
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