The Surface Chemical Bond Whereas molecular orbitals in molecules are sharp and contain 0, 1 or 2 electrons, in the surface chemical bond orbitals are broadened (unless they fall in a band gap) and fill to the extent that they are below the Fermi energy.

G. Ertl, J. Küppers, Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry , 2nd ed., VCH, Weinheim, 1985. J. K. Nørskov, A. Houmøller, P. K. Johansson, B. I. Lundqvist, Adsorption and

Dissociation of H 2 on Mg Surfaces , Phys. Rev. Lett. 1981, 46, 257. 12 By understanding the nature of the surface chemical bond, we can understand basis of the Sabatier principle. Adsorbates have to interact strongly enough to be activated and have sufficient residence time. But not too strong so that the catalyst is not refreshed.

13 Foundations of Surface & Nanoscience

1932 Irving Langmuir "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistryry"

1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig,g Heinrich Rohrer In recognition of design of SEM and STM

1996 Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley "for their discovery of fullerenes"

14 Surface and Nanostructures Nobel Prize in Physics

Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 Jack S. Kilby ”for his part in the invention of the integrated circuituit” Herbert Kroemer & Zhores I. Alferov “for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”

Nobel Prize in Physicss 2010 Andre Geim & Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene ”

Nobel Prize in Physicss 2014 Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura “for the invention of efficient blue light- emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources” 15 https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/advanced-physicsprize2014.pdf The Surface Science Approach An essential method of probing the dynamics of adsorption and desorption it to measure the sticking coefficient

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) discovered at Bell Labs as a result of experiments to determine the sticking coefficient of metals on 16 semiconductors Haldor Topsøe BRIMTM desulfurization catalyst J. V. Lauritsen, R. T. Vang, F. Besenbacher, From atom-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies to the design of new catalysts , Catal. Today 2006, 111, 34- 43.

H. C. Manoharan, C. P. Lutz, D. L. Liu, K. T. Rim, D. M. Eigler, Quantum mirages Eom, T. F. Heinz, G. W. formed by coherent projection Flynn, Direct of electronic structure , Nature observation of atomic (London) 2000, 403, 512. scale graphitic layer growth , Nano Lett. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) 2008. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) Atomic layer deposition (ALD) Atom manipulation

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