1 SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL Systematic

Home , Bristolia, Chief Range, Funeral Mountains, Olenelloidea, Olenellus, Olenus (trilobite)

SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL

Systematic palaeontology

Olenellus gilberti Meek in White, 1874

Synonymy. 1874 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White: 7-8 1875 Olenus (Olenellus) Gilberti (Meek in White); Gilbert: ?181 [as Olenus gilberti, from Oquirrh Range], 182-183 1877 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; White (part): 44-46, pl. 2, figs. 3a-c only [?not pl. 2, figs. d, e = indeterminate thoracic segments] 1879 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; Brögger: 45 [mentioned] 1883 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; Hague: 256, 257 [mentioned] 1884 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; Walcott (part): 2, 29, 34, 38, 268, pl. 21, fig. 14 only [not pp. 36, 37; not pl. 9, fig. 16 = Olenellus nevadensis (Walcott, 1910), following Walcott 1910; not pl. 9, fig. 16a = olenellid sp. indet., note that this specimen was reassigned to Mesonacis fremonti (Walcott, 1910) by Walcott 1910; not pl. 21, fig. 13 = O. nevadensis, following Walcott 1910] [pl. 21, fig. 14 is the same specimen as White 1877, fig. 3c, and was erroneously reassigned to O. clarki (Resser, 1928) by Palmer & Halley 1979] 1886 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; Walcott (part): ?34 (Highland Range), ?35 (Highland Range), ?36 (Timpahute Range), ?38 (Silver Peak), ?40 (Kicking Horse Lake, British Columbia), 47, 55, 170-180, pl. 19, figs. 2, 2a, 2b only, pl. 20, fig. 4 only, pl. 21, ?figs. 1, 1a only [not p. 39; not pl. 18, figs. 1, 1a = Olenellus howelli Meek in White, 1874 following Palmer & Halley 1979; not p. 32; not pl. 18, fig. 1b = M. fremonti; not pl. 18, fig. 1c = olenelloid sp. indet., this was reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; not pl. 19, figs. 2c, 2g = O. nevadensis following Walcott 1910; not pl. 19, figs. 2d = ?Bristolia anteros Palmer in Palmer & Halley, 1979, this was erroneously reassigned to O. nevadensis by Walcott 1910; ?not pl. 19, fig. 2e = olenelloid sp. indet., this was

1 erroneously reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; ?not pl. 19, fig. 2f = olenelloid hypostome sp. indet., this was erroneously reassigned to O. nevadensis by Walcott 1910; not pl. 19, figs. 2h, 2i, 2k = indeterminate thoracic segments, some of these were erroneously reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; not pl. 20, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1i, 1k, 1l = various species of Bristolia and Paranephrolenellus following Palmer & Halley 1979 and Webster 2007c; not pl. 21, figs. 2, 2a = Bristolia fragilis Palmer in Palmer & Halley, 1979, this was erroneously reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910] 1886 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; Brögger: 183, 187 [mentioned] 1887 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Holm: 514-515 [mentioned] ?1888 Olenellus Gilberti Meek in White; Walcott: 162 [mentioned as occurrence in Highland Range] 1889 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Lesley (part): 490, pl. 21, ?figs. 1, 1a only [not pl. 21, fig. 2a = B. fragilis; not pl. 20, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 1f = various species of Bristolia and Paranephrolenellus following Palmer & Halley 1979 and Webster 2007c] 1890 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Walcott (part): 636, pl. 84, ?figs. 1, 1a only, pl. 85, figs. 1b, 1c, 1d only, pl. 86, fig. 4 only [not pl. 84, fig. 1b, 1c = O. howelli following Palmer & Halley 1979; not pl. 84, fig. 1d = olenelloid sp. indet., this was reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; not pl. 84, fig. 1e = ?B. anteros, this was erroneously reassigned to O. nevadensis by Walcott 1910; not pl. 84, fig. 1f = indeterminate thoracic segment, this was erroneously reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; not pl. 84, fig. 1g = olenelloid hypostome sp. indet., this was erroneously reassigned to O. nevadensis by Walcott 1910; not pl. 85, fig. 1, 1a = B. fragilis, this was erroneously reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; not pl. 85, figs. 1e, 1g = O. nevadensis, following Walcott 1910; not pl. 85, fig. 1f = olenelloid sp. indet., this was erroneously reassigned to M. fremonti by Walcott 1910; not pl. 86, figs. 1, 1a-m = various species of Bristolia and Paranephrolenellus following Palmer & Halley, 1979 and Webster 2007c]

2 1890 Olenellus (Elliptocephalus) gilberti Meek in White; Marcou (part): 100 [Pioche region occurrences only] [not p. 99; referring to Eureka District occurrence of Walcott] ?1890 Elliptocephalus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; Marcou: 101 [referring to supposed Oquirrh Range occurrence] 1893 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Vogdes: 326 [mentioned in taxonomic list] not 1894 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Peach: 671, pl. 32, figs. 9, 10 [pl. 32, fig. 9 = ?B. anteros; pl. 32, fig. 10 = Bristolia? sp.][these specimens were reassigned to Mesonacis fremonti by Walcott 1910, then reassigned back to ?Olenellus gilberti by Palmer & Halley 1979] 1906 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Pack: 292 [mentioned in faunal list for Pioche region, citing Walcott 1886] 1908a Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Walcott: pl. 2, fig. 1 not 1908a Olenellus canadensis Walcott, 1910; Walcott (part): 242 [supposed occurrence in Mount Whyte Formation; Walcott 1910, p. 325 stated that this collection contains both O. canadensis and O. gilberti] 1908b Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Walcott: 184, ?189 [listed in faunal lists for Pioche region and Barrel Spring section of Silver Peak, Nevada] ?1908b Holmia rowei Walcott, 1910; Walcott (part): 189 [listed in unit 3 of Barrel Spring section only; reassigned to Olenellus argentus Walcott, 1910 and O. gilberti by Walcott 1910, p. 325] not 1908b Olenellus canadensis Walcott; Walcott (part): 215 [supposed occurrence in Mount Whyte Formation; Walcott 1910, p. 325 stated that this collection contains both O. canadensis and O. gilberti] 1908b Olenellus claytoni Walcott, 1910; Walcott (part): 189 [listed in unit 6 of Barrel Spring section only; reassigned to O. claytoni and O. gilberti by Walcott 1910, p. 325] 1910 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Walcott (part): 324-330, pl. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3, ?6, ?9 only [not pl. 36, figs. 4, 4a = O. howelli, following Palmer & Halley 1979; not pl. 36., fig. 5 = olenelloid hypostome sp. indet.; not pl. 36, fig. 7 = Olenellus sp.; not pl. 36, fig. 8 = olenelloid sp. indet.; not pl. 36, fig. 10 = olenelloid sp. indet.;

3 not pl. 36, figs. 11-15 = olenelloid sp. indet. [these were treated as "Olenellus gilberti (?)" by Palmer 1957, p. 120]; not pl. 36, figs. 16, 17 = Olenellus spp. indet.; not pl. 43, figs. 5, 6 = olenelloid sp. indet.] 1910 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Grabau and Shimer (part): 263, ?fig. 1555c only [not figs. 1555d, e = O. howelli] 1912 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Walcott (part): ?130 (locality 35e), ?138 (localities 1m, 1p), 158, ?161 (locality 1l, 1m, 1p), 189, 192, ?197 (locality 35e) only [not p. 198 = locality 35f occurrence] 1914 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Burling: 97 [mentioned, as zone], ?99 [Oquirrh Range occurrence mentioned], 101 [mentioned, as zone], 111 [mentioned, as zone], 120, 121, 123, 127 [mentioned, as zone], 129 [mentioned, as zone] not 1916 Mesonacis gilberti (Meek in White); Walcott: 406-407, pl. 45, fig. 3 [= Olenellus sp. undet., following Palmer 1998, from locality 35n; specimen later reillustrated by Norford 1962] 1917 Mesonacis gilberti (Meek in White); Walcott (part): ?64 only [occurrence at locality 61d] [not pp. 65, 99 = Mount Whyte occurrences; not pl. 9, fig. 4 = Olenellus sp. undet., following Palmer 1998; specimen later reillustrated by Norford 1962] ?1921 Mesonacis gilberti (Meek in White); Clark: 6 [occurrence in Latham Shale and/or Cadiz Formation] not 1927 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Raw: 137 [mentioned; citing immature cephala described by Walcott] not 1927 Mesonacis gilberti (Meek in White); Poulsen: 256, pl. 15, fig. 2 [cephalic fragment listed as Olenellus sp. ind. and tentatively referred to Mesonacis gilberti; = olenelloid sp. indet.] 1931 Mesonacis gilberti (Meek in White); Bell: 10, 11, 20 [mentioned] 1932 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Westgate & Knopf: 10 [citing Walcott’s 1912 faunal list for Pioche] ?1932 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Gilluly: 11 [citing Walcott’s 1890 faunal list for the Oquirrh Range, Utah], 12 [citing Burling’s 1914 Olenellus gilberti zone] 1934 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Schwarzbach: 22 [mentioned in species comparison]

4 1936 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Kobayashi: 158, 162 [mentioned in species comparison] 1936 Mesonacis gilberti (Meek in White); Grabau (part): 66, 133 only [Pioche region occurrences only] [not occurrences listed on pp. 43, 44, 46, 56, 58, 64, 67, 70] not 1936 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Stubblefield: 424, 425 [mentioned; citing Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 12 and pl. 43, fig. 6], fig. 8f [reillustration of Walcott 1910, pl. 43, fig. 6] not 1937 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Raw: 582, 583, 588, 589 [mentioned, citing immature cephala and specimens since reassigned to other genera figured by Walcott] ?1937 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Callaghan: 18 [mentioned in faunal list for new collections in Delamar district] not 1937 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Öpik: 127 [mentioned; citing Walcott 1910, pl. 43, fig. 6] 1938 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Mason: 290 [mentioned in general faunal list of Olenellus fauna] ?1938 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Deiss: 1156, 1159, 1160, 1166 [listed and mentioned as tentative identification from new collection in Combined Metals Member of Highland Range] ?1939 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Wheeler & Lemmon: 18 [listed as tentative identification in uppermost 100 feet of Prospect Mountain Quartzite from Eureka], 54 [citing tentative occurrence in Combined Metals Member of Deiss 1938; mis-spelled Olenelus gilberti?] ?1940 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Wheeler: 12, 16 [citing tentative occurrence in Combined Metals Member of Deiss 1938] ?1943 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Wheeler: 1786 [listed in faunal list of Pioche Shale from Eureka], 1789, 1790 [citing tentative identification in Combined Metals Member of Deiss 1938], 1804 [citing identification in Delamar district of Callaghan 1937] 1944 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Shimer & Shrock: 613, pl. 253, figs. 2, 3

5 ?1947 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Hopper: 406 [tentative identification in new collection from Tucki Mountain], 407 [mentioned; citing occurrence of Westgate & Knopf 1932] ?1948 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Wheeler: 28 [citing tentative identification of Hopper 1947], 50 [citing occurrence of Callaghan 1937], 51 [citing tentative identification of Deiss 1938] not 1952 Olenellus (Olenellus) truemani Walcott, 1913; Lochman in Cooper et al.: pl. 18, figs. 9, 10 [= Olenellus sp. indet.; these specimens were reassigned to O. gilberti by Palmer & Halley 1979, p. 72, but are inadequate for species level identification] not 1952 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Best: 13, 15, 16, 17-18, pl. 1, figs. 13-17 [= Olenellus n. sp., following Palmer 1998] not 1952 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Riccio: 35 [mentioned; citing Raw 1937] not 1952 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Tasch: 487 [referring to Walcott 1910, pl. 43, p. 420] not 1953 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Hupé: 74 [referring to Walcott 1910, pl. 43, fig. 6] 1953 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Raw: 100 [mentioned] not 1956 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Okulitch: 715 [referring to occurrence in Eager Formation of Best 1952] not 1957 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Raw: 152 [referring to Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 4a, pl. 43, figs. 5, 6] not 1957 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Palmer: 114-120, text-figs. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, pl. 19, figs. 1-3, 6, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19 [= O. howelli by Palmer & Halley 1979; = O. fowleri by Palmer 1998; = O. aff. fowleri following Webster 2011b, c] not 1960 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Kielan: 87 [referring to O. cf. gilberti of Walcott 1910, pl. 41, fig. 1] not 1962 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Norford: 6, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9 [= Olenellus sp. undet., following Palmer 1998] ?1964 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Palmer in Merriam: 26 [in faunal list of Combined Metals Member]

6 ?1966 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Nelson & Durham: 15 [mentioned in faunal list of upper Saline Valley Formation and Mule Spring Limestone] not 1968 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Cowie: 12 [mentioned, referring to material figured by Walcott 1910, pls. 36 and 41 and Palmer 1957], 14 [mentioned, referring to Best 1952 and Palmer 1957], 17 [mentioned, referring to Palmer 1957] not 1968 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Fritz: 193, text-fig. 1 [in range chart], pl. 36, figs. 26-28 [tentatively identified as “O. gilberti?” in the original, but ocular lobes too long; = Olenellus sp. indet.] not 1969 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Campbell: appendix A fig. 1 [sketches based on Walcott 1886, pl. 18, fig. 1a; = O. howelli] not 1969 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Campbell & Kauffman: fig. 1 [sketches based on Walcott 1886, pl. 18, fig. 1a; = O. howelli] 1972 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Fritz: 15 [mentioned in species comparison] not 1973 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Bergström: 10 [referring to material of Palmer 1957; = O. aff. fowleri following Webster 2011b, c] not 1973 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Clarkson: 735, 736, 737, text-fig. 1a [= olenelloid sp. indet.; referring to meraspid from Canada figured by Walcott 1910] 1974 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Mount (part): 1, 2, 5 [Cadiz Formation occurrences only] [not fig. 12 = Olenellus n. sp.] not 1974 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Poulsen: 89, 90, 95 [included in statistical analysis; = O. aff. foweri] ?1975 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Fritz: 535 [listed as a tentative occurrence in the Portneuf Range, Idaho], p. 538 [occurrence in Marble Mountains] 1976 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Mount (part): 175, 176, 180 [Cadiz Formation occurrences only] [not fig. 8 = Olenellus n. sp.] not 1978 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Cowie & McNamara: 626 [mentioned, referring to material of Best 1952; = Olenellus n. sp.] not 1978 Olenellus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; McNamara: 641, 646, 648, 649, 650, 651 [referring to material of Palmer 1957; = O. aff. fowleri following Webster 2011b, c]

7 1979 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Palmer & Halley (part): 17, 60, 61, 66, 67, 71-72, [Pyramid Shale Member and Combined Metals Member occurrences only], pl. 3, figs. 6-8, 13 only [not pl. 3, figs. 9-12 = Olenellus n. sp.] not 1980 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Rowell: 3 [citing Fritz 1968; = Olenellus sp. indet.] 1980a Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Mount (part): 22 [Cadiz Formation occurrences only][not fig. 8 = Olenellus n. sp.] ?1980b Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Mount (part): 79, 80 [Pyramid Shale Member occurrences only] ?1984 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Stewart et al.: 29, 30 [apparent Mexican occurrence in Proveedora Quartzite] 1985 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Velechovsky (part): 62, 64, 65, 80, 81, 134, 136, 137, 138 [Combined Metals Member shale occurrences only] not 1985 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Hu: 121, 122, 123, 125-129, text-fig. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1-23 [= Olenellus n. sp., according to Palmer 1998][pl. 1, fig. 11 = Mesonacis eagerensis (Best, 1952); see Bohach 1997] ?1987 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; McMenamin: 740 [mentioned, referring to Mexican material of Stewart et al. 1984] not 1988 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Whittington: 581, text-fig. 4 [referring to material of Palmer 1957; = O. aff. fowleri following Webster 2011b, c] not 1989 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Zhang: 14 [referring to material of Palmer 1957; = O. aff. fowleri following Webster 2011b, c] 1991 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Fritz: 14 [mentioned in species comparison] 1997 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Sundberg & McCollum: 1068 [in range charts] 1998 Olenellus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; Palmer: 653, 656, 657, 667-668, 669, figs. 5.1, 8.1-11, 9.1-4, 11.6, 12.8 1999a Olenellus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; Palmer: fig. 20.1 1999b Olenellus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; Palmer: 27 [in range chart] 1999 Olenellus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; Webster & Hughes: 358-369, figs. 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

8 not 1999 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Zhang & Pratt: 120, 127 [referring to material of Palmer 1957; = O. aff. fowleri following Webster 2011b, c] 1999 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Lieberman (part): 13, 21 only [mentioned][not p. 35 = O. aff. fowleri; referring to work by Poulsen 1974] 2003 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster et al.: figs. 2, 6, 9, 10 [range and co- occurrence charts], table 1 2003 Olenellus (Olenellus) gilberti Meek in White; Babcock: 75 [listed in table] not 2004 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Dewing et al.: 1024 [mentioned, citing species comparison given by Cowie 1968] 2007b Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: fig. 1.2 [listed in range chart] 2007c Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: 41 [mentioned], fig. 2 [listed in range chart] 2008 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster et al.: 102, 110, 120, tables 1-4, figs. 2a, 2b, 2d, 8b 2009b Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: 373 [mentioned], figs. 9-12 [in range charts] 2009 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Landing et al.: 562 [mentioned] 2010 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster & Sheets: 182, figs. 1.1, 1.5, 2 [morphometric analysis], 3 [morphometric analysis], 4 [morphometric analysis], 5 [morphometric analysis], 6 [morphometric analysis], tables 1, 2, 3, 4 [morphometric analysis] 2011b Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: 142, 143, 144, fig. 12 [range chart] 2011c Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: 214, figs. 2.2 [range chart], 5 [range chart], 7.5 2011d Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: 201, fig. 2 [range chart] 2011 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; McCollum et al.: 224, fig. 2 [range chart] 2011 Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster et al.: 231, 234, fig. 3 [range chart] 2011e Olenellus gilberti Meek in White; Webster: 246, fig. 6.2 [range chart]

Type material. The original descriptions of Olenellus gilberti were based on three specimens (USNM 15411a-c) from from USNM locality 31a, a dark shale with thin

9 interbedded limestones in the Pioche Formation at Pioche, Nevada (Meek in White 1874; White 1877, figs. 3a-c; Walcott 1910, pl. 36, figs. 1-3). The best preserved of these syntypes (USNM 15411a; figured by White 1877, pl. 2, fig. 3b; Walcott 1886, pl. 19, fig. 2; Walcott 1890, pl. 85, fig. 1b; Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 1) is herein selected as the lectotype, and the other two specimens (USNM 15411b [figured by White 1877, pl. 2, fig. 3c; Walcott 1884, pl. 21, fig. 14; Walcott 1886, pl. 19, fig. 2b, pl. 20, fig. 4; Walcott 1890, pl. 85, fig. 1d, pl. 86, fig. 4; Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 2; Shimer & Shrock 1944, pl. 253, fig. 3] and USNM 15411c [figured by White 1877, pl. 2, fig. 3a; Walcott 1886, pl. 19, fig. 2a; Walcott 1890, pl. 85, fig. 1c; Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 3; Shimer & Shrock 1944, pl. 253, fig. 2]) become paralectotypes. Rocks matching those containing the type specimens of O. gilberti occur in the uppermost Combined Metals Member, within the upper portion of Upper Dyeran depositional sequence III or within depositional sequence IV of Webster (2011b), in the banks of a mining roadcut on the northeastern flanks of the Pioche Hills, immediately southwest of the town of Pioche (personal observation; Fig. 1). This age assignment is consistent with other occurrences of O. gilberti (below), and is further supported by the trilobite fauna associated with the type specimens. USNM 15411 is a lot collection that also contains (unfigured) specimens of O. chiefensis Palmer, 1998, O. fowleri, and O. terminatus Palmer, 1998 in addition to O. gilberti (personal observation). Trilobites within another lot collection, USNM 15412, were also collected from USNM locality 31a and are preserved on shale slabs that are lithologically indistinguishable from those containing USNM 15411a-c. Collection USNM 15412 contains at least four specimens of O. gilberti and at least two specimens of O. terminatus (personal observation). An assemblage containing O. gilberti, O. chiefensis, O. terminatus, and O. fowleri is typical of the uppermost Dyeran (Webster 2011b).

Occurrence. NEVADA: Pioche Hills, Lincoln County. USNM locality 31a (type locality), limestone and interbedded siliceous shales of the Pioche Formation, just above the quartzite on the east side of the anticline, near Pioche, Nevada (see Meek in White 1874; also Walcott 1910, 1912; Sundberg & McCollum 1997). Palmer in Merriam (1964) also reports occurrences in USGS collections 1391-CO, 1392-CO, and 1399-CO from Pioche Divide and the Pioche Hills, although none of the figured material from these sites

10 unambiguously represents this species (Palmer 1957, pl. 19, figs. 9, 18) and these supposed occurrences have not been verified. Highland Range, Lincoln County. Several horizons within the One Wheel Canyon section (see Webster 2011c for detailed occurrences). ?USNM locality 30, western slope of the Highland Range, 8 miles (12.8 km) north of Bennett’s Spring and about 8 miles (12.8 km) west of Pioche, Nevada (based on a tentatively identified specimen [USNM 15416a] figured by Walcott 1886, pl. 21, figs. 1, 1a; Lesley 1889, pl. 21, figs. 1, 1a; Walcott 1890, pl. 84, figs. 1, 1a; Walcott 1908a, pl. 2, fig. 1; Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 9; Grabau & Shimer 1910, fig. 1555c). All confirmed occurrences are in the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member, Pioche Formation. Deiss (1938; subsequently copied by Wheeler & Lemmon [1939] and Wheeler [1940]) also mentioned an occurrence in the Highland Range, although this material was not illustrated and the supposed occurrence has not been verified. Chief Range, Lincoln County. Several horizons within the Ruin Wash section (see Palmer 1998, 1999a; Webster & Hughes 1999; Webster et al. 2008; Webster & Sheets 2010; Webster 2011c; herein) Several horizons within measured section E at Klondike Gap (see Webster 2007c for detailed occurrences). All occurrences are in the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member, Pioche Formation. Burnt Springs Range, Lincoln County. Several horizons within the Hidden Valley section (see Webster 2007b for detailed occurences; also Palmer 1998; Webster & Hughes 1999; Webster 2009b; herein). Several horizons within the Seven Oaks Spring section (see Webster 2009b for detailed occurrences). All occurrences are in the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member, Pioche Formation. Delamar Mountains, Lincoln County. Several horizons within the Oak Spring Summit section (see Webster 2011c for detailed occurrences; also Palmer 1998, 1999b; Webster 2009b). Several horizons within the Grassy Spring section (see Webster 2009b for detailed occurrences). All occurrences are in the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member, Pioche Formation. Callaghan (1937) also mentions an occurrence within an isolated block of shale faulted in quartzite, probably within 300 feet of the base of the Pioche Formation, 1.7 miles northeast of Delamar, although this material was not illustrated and the supposed occurrence has not been verified. Groom Range, Lincoln County. Several horizons within the Combined Metals Member, Pioche Formation (see Webster et al. 2011 for detailed occurrences; also Sundberg & McCollum

11 1997). Walcott (1886) reported an occurrence near the south end of the Timpahute Range in the Groom District, although this material was not illustrated and the supposed occurrence has not been verified. Frenchman Mountain, Clark County. Several horizons within the Pioche Formation, Lake Mead Boulevard section (see Webster 2011d for detailed occurrences). Desert Range, Clark County. Tentative occurrence in USGS collection 3696-CO, lower portion of the Pyramid Shale Member, Carrara Formation (see Palmer & Halley 1979). Clayton Ridge, Esmeralda County. UCR 10273, 0.95 metres above the base of the Emigrant Formation, Split Mountain West section (see Webster 2011e). ?USNM locality 1y, fine, arenaceous shales in small buttes in Clayton Valley, about 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of Silver Peak, Nevada (based on a tentatively identified specimen [USNM 56826a] figured by Walcott 1910, pl. 36, fig. 6). CALIFORNIA: Marble Mountains, San Bernardino County. Several horizons within the Cadiz Formation (see Webster et al. 2003 for detailed occurrences). Clark (1921), Mount (1974, 1976, 1980) and Fritz (1975) also mention occurrences from here, although these include supposed occurrences within the Latham Shale that are now assigned to a new species (see below). Eagle Mountain, Inyo County. USGS collection 3681-CO, lower portion of the Pyramid Shale Member, Carrara Formation (see Palmer & Halley 1979). Grapevine Mountains, Inyo County. USGS collection 3698-CO, lower portion of the Pyramid Shale Member, Carrara Formation, Titanothere Canyon section (see Palmer & Halley 1979). Funeral Mountains, Inyo County. USGS collection 2304-CO, lower portion of the Pyramid Shale Member, Carrara Formation, Echo Canyon section (see Palmer & Halley 1979). Several horizons within the lower portion of the Pyramid Shale Member, Carrara Formation, Pyramid Peak section (unpublished data). Palmer & Halley (1979) document an occurrence within USGS collection 4153-CO from the Thimble Limestone Member of the Carrara Formation at the Echo Canyon section, but this supposed occurrence represents a new species (see below). Resting Springs Range, Inyo County. USGS collection 3676-CO, lower portion of the Pyramid Shale Member, Carrara Formation (see Palmer & Halley 1979). Olenellus gilberti has also been reported from the upper Prospect Mountain Quartzite of the Eureka district, Eureka County, Nevada (Wheeler & Lemmon 1939; Wheeler 1943), USNM locality 16g at the Paymaster mining camp, Esmeralda County,

12 Nevada (Walcott 1910), USNM localities 1i, 1l, 1m, 1o, and 1p in the Barrel Spring section, Silver Peak region, Esmeralda County, Nevada (Walcott 1886, 1908b, 1910), the upper Saline Valley Formation and Mule Spring Limestone of eastern California and western Nevada (Nelson & Durham 1966), Tucki Mountain, Inyo County, California (Hopper 1947; Wheeler 1948), Emigrant Pass in the Nopah Range, Inyo County, California (Mount 1980), the Oquirrh Range, Utah (White 1877; Hague 1883), the Portneuf Range, Idaho (a tentative identification by Fritz 1975), the Proveedora Quartzite, Sonora, Mexico (Stewart et al. 1984; McMenamin 1987), USNM locality 60c at Ptarmigan Pass, Alberta, Canada (Walcott 1910), USNM locality 35e, near Lake Louise, Alberta (Walcott 1910, 1912), USNM locality 35h, on Mount Bosworth, British Columbia, Canada (Walcott 1910), Kicking Horse Lake, British Columbia (Walcott 1886), USNM locality 57i, Mount Stephen, British Columbia (Walcott 1910), and USNM locality 61d, Mount Shaffer, British Columbia (Walcott 1917). However, no material was illustrated to support these identifications and the supposed occurrences cannot be verified. Several other supposed occurrences can be definitively rejected based on more recent taxonomic revisions. Material formerly assigned to O. gilberti from the Eureka district, Nevada (Walcott 1884, 1886) has since been reassigned to O. nevadensis and indeterminate olenellids (Walcott 1910; Palmer & Halley 1979; Webster 2007c). Material from locality 1085 at the Campbell Ranch section in the northern Egan Range, White Pine County, Nevada (Fritz 1968) was tentatively assigned to O. gilberti in the original, but possesses ocular lobes that are too long and is thus excluded from this species. A supposed occurrence at Locality 30a’ in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Utah (Walcott 1886, 1910) was later corrected by Walcott (1912). Material from locality 35l at Ptarmigan Pass, Alberta (Walcott 1910) possesses procranidial spines and has since been excluded from the species (Palmer & Halley 1979). Material from locality 35f on Mount Stephen, British Columbia (Walcott 1908a, 1908b, 1910) and illustrated by Walcott (1910, pl. 36, figs. 15-17) can only be identified as indeterminate olenellids. Material from locality 35n on Mount Odaray, British Columbia (Walcott 1916, pl. 45, fig. 3; Walcott 1917, pl. 9, fig. 4; Norford 1962, pl. 1, fig. 8) has since been reassigned to an indeterminate species of Olenellus (Palmer 1998). Material from locality 43318 near Rogers Lake, British Columbia (Norford 1962, pl. 1, fig. 9) has since been reassigned to

13 an indeterminate species of Olenellus (Palmer 1998). Material from the Eager Formation near Cranbrook, British Columbia (Best 1952; Hu 1985) has since been reassigned to a new species of Olenellus (Palmer 1998). Poulsen (1927) tentatively identified O. gilberti from the Cape Kent Formation of northwest Greenland, but the illustrated specimens are not identifiable to even the genus level. Palmer & Halley (1979, p. 72) reassigned to O. gilberti specimens from locality 807c in the Buelna Formation of the Buelna Hills, Sonora, Mexico, that had originally been figured as “Olenellus truemani” by Lochman in Cooper (1952, pl. 18, figs. 9, 10). However, these specimens are inadequate for species level identification. Palmer & Halley (1979) documented an occurrence within USGS collection 4168-CO from the Carrara Formation at the Salt Spring Hills, California, but this supposed occurrence represents a new species (see below). Palmer (1998) included within O. gilberti specimens from both the ‘Bristolia Zonule’ (now Arcuolenellus arcuatus Zone through Bristolia insolens Zone, following Webster 2011b) and the uppermost Dyeran (now Bolbolenellus euryparia Zone and Nephrolenellus multinodus Zone, following Webster 2011b). Palmer (1998, pp. 667-668) noted that morphologically mature specimens from the stratigraphically lower interval possess a distinct intergenal spine (rather than an intergenal node or swelling) and slightly more abaxially located posterior tips of the ocular lobes relative to those from the stratigraphically higher interval, but considered these differences to be of subspecific value. Subsequent work, utilizing many new collections from both intervals, indicates that the older forms consistently differ from the younger forms in these and other traits, and that the stratigraphically lower morphotype should be recognized as a new species (“Olenellus aff. gilberti A” of Webster et al. 2003; “Olenellus n. sp. 3” of Webster 2011b; to be formally described elsewhere). All confirmed occurrences of O. gilberti are therefore in the upper portion of the Bolbolenellus euryparia Zone and overlying Nephrolenellus multinodus Zone of the southwestern United States, within upper Dyeran depositional sequences III and IV of Webster (2011b, fig. 12). Locations of these sites are shown on Fig. 1A. The present paper focuses on collections from Hidden Valley and Ruin Wash only (see Material, above); geographic and stratigraphic variation within this species will be explored in a future work. Burling (1914) defined an “Olenellus gilberti zone” that was characteristic

14 of the lower Cambrian portion of the Pioche Formation in eastern Nevada and in Utah. However, this was based on an overly inclusive concept of the species (e.g., Walcott 1886, 1910; see above), and Burling’s (1914) zone would surely extend far beyond the currently accepted stratigraphic range of O. gilberti (Webster 2011b).

References

The following references are cited in this SOM document. They supplement the references provided in the main article.

Babcock, L. E. 2003. Trilobites in Paleozoic predator-prey systems, and their role in reorganization of Early Paleozoic ecosystems. Pp. 55-92 in P. H. Kelley, M. Kowalewski, & T. A. Hansen (eds.), Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record. Kluwer Academics/Plenum Publishers, New York. Bell, G. K., Jr. 1931. The disputed structures of the Mesonacidae and their significance. American Museum Novitates, 475, 1-23. Bergström, J. 1973. Organization, life, and systematics of trilobites. Fossils and Strata 2, 1-69. Best, R. V. 1952. Two new species of Olenellus from British Columbia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 46, 13-22. Bohach, L. L. 1997. Systematics and biostratigraphy of Lower Cambrian trilobites of western Laurentia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Victoria, 491 pp. Brögger, W. C. 1879. Om paradoxidesskifrene ved Krekling. Nyt Magazin for Natur videnskaberne, 24, 18-88. Brögger, W. C. 1886. Om alderen af Olenelluszonen i Nordamerika. Geologiska föreningens i Stockholm förhandlingen, 8, 182-213. Burling, L. D. 1914. Early Cambrian stratigraphy in the North American Cordillera, with discussion of Albertella and related faunas. Canada Geological Survey Museum Bulletin, 2, 93-129.

15 Callaghan, E. 1937. Geology of the Delamar District, Lincoln County, Nevada. Univeristy of Nevada Bulletin, 31 (5), 72 pp. Campbell, L. D. 1969. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Kinzers Formation, southeastern Pennsylvania. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Campbell, L., & Kauffman, M. E. 1969. Olenellus fauna of the Kinzers Formation, southeastern Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 43, 172-176. Clark, C. W. 1921. Lower and Middle Cambrian formations of the Mohave Desert. Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, 13 (1), 1-7. Clarkson, E. N. K. 1973. Morphology and evolution of the eye in Upper Cambrian Olenidae (Trilobita). Palaeontology, 16, 735-763. Cooper, G. A., Arellano, A. R. V., Johnson, J. H., Okulitch, V. J., Stoyanow, A., & Lochman, C. 1952. Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology near Caborca, northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 119 (1), 1- 184. Cowie, J. W. 1968. Lower Cambrian faunas from Ellesmere Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 163, 1-27. Cowie, J., & McNamara, K. J. 1978. Olenellus (Trilobita) from the Lower Cambrian strata of north-west Scotland. Palaeontology, 21, 615-634. Deiss, C. 1938. Cambrian formations and sections in part of Cordilleran trough. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 49, 1067-1168. Dewing, K., Harrison, J. C., Pratt, B. R., & Mayr, U. 2004. A probable late Neoproterozoic age for the Kennedy Channel and Ella Bay formations, northeastern Ellesmere Island and its implications for passive margin history of the Canadian Arctic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41, 1013-1025. Fritz, W. H. 1968. Lower and early Middle Cambrian trilobites from the Pioche Shale, east-central Nevada, U.S.A. Palaeontology, 11, 183-235.

16 Fritz, W. H. 1972. Lower Cambrian trilobites from the Sekwi Formation type section, Mackenzie Mountains, northwest Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 212, 1-90. Fritz, W. H. 1975. Broad correlations of some Lower and Middle Cambrian strata in the North American Cordillera. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 75-1, Part A, 533-540. Fritz, W. H. 1991. Lower Cambrian trilobites from the Illtyd Formation, Wernecke Mountains, Yukon Territory. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 409, 1-77. Gilbert, G. K. 1875. Report upon the geology of portions of Nevada, Utah, California, and Arizona, examined in the years 1871 and 1872. Pp. 21-187 in Report upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Volume 3.- Geology. Gilluly, J. 1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Stockton and Fairfield quadrangles, Utah. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 173, 1-171. Grabau, A. W. 1936. Palaeozoic Formations in the Light of the Pulsation Theory. Volume I. Lower and Middle Cambrian Pulsations (second edition). University Press, National University of Peking. Grabau, A. W., & Shimer, H. W. 1910. North American Index Fossils. Invertebrates. Volume II. A. G. Seiler and Company, New York, 909 pp. Hague, A. 1883. Abstract of report on geology of the Eureka District, Nevada. Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1881-1882, 237-290. Holm, G. 1887. Om Olenellus Kjerulfi Linrs. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 9, 493-522. Hopper, R. H. 1947. Geologic section from the Sierra Nevada to Death Valley, California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 58, 393-432. Hu, C.-H. 1985. Ontogenetic development of Cambrian trilobites from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, (Part I). Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 38, 121-158. Hupé, P. 1953. Classification des Trilobites. Annales de Paléontologie, 39, 61-168. Kielan, Z. 1960. On two olenellid trilobites from Hornsund, Vestspitsbergen. Studia Geologica Polonica, 4, 83-92.

17 Kobayashi, T. 1936. Cambrian and Lower Ordovician trilobites from northwestern Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 10, 157-167. Landing, E., Amati, L., & Franzi, D. A. 2009. Epeirogenic transgression near a triple junction: the oldest (latest early-middle Cambrian) marine onlap of cratonic New York and Quebec. Geological Magazine, 146, 552-566. Lesley, J. P. 1889. A dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania and neighboring states named in the reports and catalogues of the survey. Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Report P4. Volume 2. Lieberman, B. S. 1999. Systematic revision of the Olenelloidea (Trilobita, Cambrian). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 35, 1-150. Marcou, J. 1890. The Lower and Middle Taconic of Europe and North America. American Geologist, 5 + 6, 78-102, 221-233. Mason, J. F. 1938. Cambrian faunal succession in Nevada and California. Journal of Paleontology, 12, 287-294. McCollum, L. B., McCollum, M. B., & Sundberg, F. A. 2011. Discussion of the stratigraphy of the Laurentian Dyeran and Delamaran stage boundary interval in the Pioche-Caliente region, eastern Nevada. Pp. 215-224 in J. S. Hollingsworth, F. A. Sundberg, & J. R. Foster (eds.), Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Northern Arizona and Southern Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 67. Flagstaff, Arizona. McMenamin, M. A. S. 1987. Lower Cambrian trilobites, zonation, and correlation of the Puerto Blanco Formation, Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 61, 738-749. McNamara, K. J. 1978. Paedomorphosis in Scottish olenellid trilobites (Early Cambrian). Palaeontology, 21, 635-655. Merriam, C. W. 1964. Cambrian rocks of the Pioche Mining District Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 469, 1-59. Mount, J. D. 1974. Early Cambrian faunas from the Marble and Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California. Bulletin of the Southern California Paleontological Society, 6, 1-5.

18 Mount, J. D. 1976. Early Cambrian faunas from eastern San Bernardino County, California. Bulletin of the Southern California Paleontological Society, 8, 173- 182. Mount, J. D. 1980a. Characteristics of Early Cambrian faunas from eastern San Bernardino County, California. Pp. 19-29 in J. D. Mount (ed.), Paleontological Tour of the Mojave Desert, California-Nevada. Southern California Paleontological Society Special Publications, Number 2. Mount, J. D. 1980b. An Early Cambrian fauna from the Carrara Formation, Emigrant Pass, Nopah Range, Inyo County, California: A preliminary note. Pp. 78-80 in J. D. Mount (ed.), Paleontological Tour of the Mojave Desert, California-Nevada. Southern California Paleontological Society Special Publications, Number 2. Nelson, C., & Durham, J. W. 1966. Guidebook for field trip to Precambrian-Cambrian succession, White-Inyo Mountains, California. Geological Society of America, Guidebook, 1966 Annual Meeting at San Francisco, California, 17 pp., 5 pls. Norford, B. S. 1962. Illustrations of Canadian fossils - Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian of the western Cordillera. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 62-14, 1- 25. Okulitch, V. J. 1956. The Lower Cambrian of western Canada and Alaska. XX Congreso Geológico Internacional XX Sesión, México. El Sistema Cámbrico, su Paleogeografía y el problema de su base. Part II: Australia, América, 701-734. Öpik, A. 1937. Trilobiten aus Estland. Acta et commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis). A: Mathematica, Physica, Medica, 32. Pack, F. J. 1906. Cambrian fossils from the Pioche Mountains, Nevada. Journal of Geology, 14, 290-302. Palmer, A. R. 1957. Ontogenetic development of two olenellid trilobites. Journal of Paleontology, 31, 105-128. Palmer, A. R. 1998. Terminal Early Cambrian extinction of the Olenellina: Documentation from the Pioche Formation, Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 72, 650-672. Palmer, A. R. 1999a. Stop 7. Ruin Wash, Chief Range, Nevada. Pp. 24-25 in A. R. Palmer (ed.), Laurentia 99: V Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage

19 Subdivision Working Group. International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy. Utah, Nevada, California, U.S.A., September 12-22, 1999. Institute for Cambrian Studies, Boulder, Colorado. Palmer, A. R. 1999b. Stop 8. Oak Springs Summit section, type locality for the base of the Delamaran Stage. Pp. 26-28 in A. R. Palmer (ed.), Laurentia 99: V Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group. International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy. Utah, Nevada, California, U.S.A., September 12-22, 1999. Institute for Cambrian Studies, Boulder, Colorado. Palmer, A. R., & Halley, R. B. 1979. Physical stratigraphy and trilobite biostratigraphy of the Carrara Formation (Lower and Middle Cambrian) in the southern Great Basin. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1047, 1-131. Peach, B. N. 1894. Additions to the fauna of the Olenellus-Zone of the Northwest Highlands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 50, 661-676. Poulsen, C. 1927. The Cambrian, Ozarkian and Canadian faunas of northwest Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 70, 233-343. Poulsen, V. 1974. Olenellacean trilobites from eastern North Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 23, 79-101. Raw, F. 1927. The ontogenies of trilobites, and their significance. American Journal of Science, Fifth Series 14 (Whole Number 214), 131-149. Raw, F. 1937. Systematic position of the Olenellidae (Mesonacidae). Journal of Paleontology, 11, 575-597. Raw, F. 1953. The external morphology of the trilobite and its significance. Journal of Paleontology, 27, 82-129. Raw, F. 1957. Origin of chelicerates. Journal of Paleontology, 31, 139-192. Resser, C. E. 1928. Cambrian fossils from the Mohave Desert. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 81 (2), 1-14. Riccio, J. F. 1952. The Lower Cambrian Olenellidae of the southern Marble Mountains, California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 51, 25-49. Rowell, A. J. 1980. Inarticulate brachiopods of the Lower and Middle Cambrian Pioche Shale of the Pioche District, Nevada. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 98, 1-26.

20 Schwarzbach, M. 1934. Das Cambrium der Oberlausitz. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Görlitz, 32, 7-54. Shimer, H. W., & Shrock, R. R. 1944. Index fossils of North America. Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 837 pp. Stewart, J. H., McMenamin, M. A. S., & Morales-Ramirez, J. M. 1984. Upper Proterozoic and Cambrian rocks in the Caborca region, Sonora, Mexico - Physical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, paleocurrent studies, and regional relations. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1309, 1-36. Stubblefield, C. J. 1936. Cephalic sutures and their bearing on current classifications of trilobites. Biological Reviews, 11, 407-440. Sundberg, F. A., & McCollum, L. B. 1997. Oryctocephalids (Corynexochida: Trilobita) of the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval from California and Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 71, 1065-1090. Tasch, P. 1952. Adaptive trend in eyeline development in the Olenellidae. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 484-488. Velechovsky, M. 1985. Depositional environments and paleontology of the Lower Cambrian Combined Metals and parts of the C-Shale Members of the Pioche Shale from Delamar Mountains and Highland Range, Nevada. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 138 pp. Vogdes, A. W. 1893. A classed and annotated bibliography of the Palaeozoic Crustacea 1698-1892 to which is added a catalogue of North American species. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 4. Walcott, C. D. 1884. Paleontology of the Eureka District. United States Geological Survey Monographs, 8, 1-298. Walcott, C. D. 1886. Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 30, 369 pp. Walcott, C. D. 1888. Cambrian fossils from Mount Stephens, Northwest Territory of Canada. American Journal of Science, Third Series, 36, 161-166.

21 Walcott, C. D. 1890. The fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone. Pp. 509-774 in Tenth Annual Report of the Director, 1888-1889, United States Geological Survey. Walcott, C. D. 1908a. Mount Stephen rocks and fossils. Canadian Alpine Journal, 1, 232-248. Walcott, C. D. 1908b. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. No. 5. - Cambrian sections of the Cordillera area. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 53 (5), 167-230. Walcott, C. D. 1910. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology, Number 6: Olenellus and other genera of the Mesonacidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 53, 231-422. Walcott, C. D. 1912. Cambrian Brachiopoda. United States Geological Survey Monograph. Walcott, C. D. 1913. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. II. No. 11. New Lower Cambrian Subfauna. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 57 (11), 309-327. Walcott, C. D. 1916. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. III. No. 5. Cambrian Trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 64 (5), 303-457. Walcott, C. D. 1917. Cambrian geology and paleontology IV. No. 3. Fauna of the Mount Whyte Formation. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 67 (3), 61-114. Webster, M. 2007b. Ontogeny and evolution of the Early Cambrian trilobite genus Nephrolenellus (Olenelloidea). Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1168-1193. Webster, M. 2007c. Paranephrolenellus, a new genus of Early Cambrian olenelloid trilobite. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 34, 31-59. Webster, M. 2009b. Systematic revision of the Cambrian trilobite Bathynotus Hall, 1860, with documentation of new occurrences in western Laurentia and implications for intercontinental biostratigraphic correlation. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 37, 369-406. Webster, M. 2011b. Trilobite biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Dyeran (traditional Laurentian “Lower Cambrian”) in the southern Great Basin, U.S.A. Pp. 121-154 in J. S. Hollingsworth, F. A. Sundberg, & J. R. Foster (eds.), Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Northern Arizona and Southern Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 67. Flagstaff, Arizona.

22 Webster, M. 2011c. Litho- and biostratigraphy of the Dyeran-Delamaran boundary interval in the Pioche-Caliente region, Nevada. Pp. 203-215 in J. S. Hollingsworth, F. A. Sundberg, & J. R. Foster (eds.), Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Northern Arizona and Southern Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 67. Flagstaff, Arizona. Webster, M. 2011d. Litho- and biostratigraphy of the Dyeran-Delamaran boundary interval at Frenchman Mountain, Nevada. Pp. 195-203 in J. S. Hollingsworth, F. A. Sundberg, & J. R. Foster (eds.), Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Northern Arizona and Southern Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 67. Flagstaff, Arizona. Webster, M. 2011e. Upper Dyeran litho- and biostratigraphy of the Split Mountain area, Nevada. Pp. 236-246 in J. S. Hollingsworth, F. A. Sundberg, & J. R. Foster (eds.), Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Northern Arizona and Southern Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 67. Flagstaff, Arizona. Webster, M., & Hughes, N. C. 1999. Compaction-related deformation in Cambrian olenelloid trilobites and its implications for fossil morphometry. Journal of Paleontology, 73, 355-371. Webster, M., & Sheets, H. D. 2010. A practical introduction to landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Pp. 163-188 in J. Alroy & G. Hunt (eds.), Quantitative Methods in Paleobiology. Paleontological Society Papers, Volume 16. Webster, M., Sadler, P. M., Kooser, M. A., & Fowler, E. 2003. Combining stratigraphic sections and museum collections to increase biostratigraphic resolution. Pp. 95-128 in P. J. Harries (ed.), High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology. Topics In Geobiology, Volume 21. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Webster, M., Gaines, R. R., & Hughes, N. C. 2008. Microstratigraphy, trilobite biostratinomy, and depositional environment of the “Lower Cambrian” Ruin Wash Lagerstätte, Pioche Formation, Nevada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 264, 100-122. Webster, M., McCollum, L. B., & Sundberg, F. A. 2011. Upper Dyeran and lower Delamaran lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the northern Groom Range,

23 Nevada. Pp. 226-236 in J. S. Hollingsworth, F. A. Sundberg, & J. R. Foster (eds.), Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Northern Arizona and Southern Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 67. Flagstaff, Arizona. Westgate, L. G., & Knopf, A. 1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche District, Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 171, 1-79. Wheeler, H. E. 1940. Revisions in the Cambrian stratigraphy of the Pioche District, Nevada. University of Nevada Bulletin, 34 (8): 1-40. Wheeler, H. E. 1943. Lower and Middle Cambrian stratigraphy in the Great Basin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 54, 1781-1822. Wheeler, H. E. 1948. Late pre-Cambrian - Cambrian stratigraphic cross section through southern Nevada. University of Nevada Bulletin, 42 (3), 1-58. Wheeler, H. E., & Lemmon, D. M. 1939. Cambrian formations of the Eureka and Pioche Districts, Nevada. University of Nevada Bulletin, 33 (3), 1-60. White, C. A. 1874. Preliminary report upon invertebrate fossils collected by the expeditions of 1871, 1872, and 1873, with descriptions of new species. U. S. Geographic and Geologic Surveys West of the 100th Meridian Report, 5-27. White, C. D. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. U. S. Geographic and Geologic Surveys West of the 100th Meridian Report, 4, 3-219. Whittington, H. B. 1988. Hypostomes and ventral cephalic sutures in Cambrian trilobites. Palaeontology, 31, 577-609. Zhang, X.-g. 1989. Ontogeny of an Early Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite from Henan, China. Lethaia, 22, 13-29. Zhang, X.-G., & Pratt, B. R. 1999. Early Cambrian trilobite larvae and ontogeny of Ichangia ichangensis Chang, 1957 (Protolenidae) from Henan, China. Journal of Paleontology, 73, 117-128.