Garlock Fault: an Intracontinental Transform Structure, Southern California
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Slip Rate of the Western Garlock Fault, at Clark Wash, Near Lone Tree Canyon, Mojave Desert, California
Slip rate of the western Garlock fault, at Clark Wash, near Lone Tree Canyon, Mojave Desert, California Sally F. McGill1†, Stephen G. Wells2, Sarah K. Fortner3*, Heidi Anderson Kuzma1**, John D. McGill4 1Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, California 92407-2397, USA 2Desert Research Institute, PO Box 60220, Reno, Nevada 89506-0220, USA 3Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 W Dayton St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA 4Department of Physics, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, California 92407-2397, USA *Now at School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA **Now at Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 760 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1710, USA ABSTRACT than rates inferred from geodetic data. The ously published slip-rate estimates from a simi- high rate of motion on the western Garlock lar time period along the central section of the The precise tectonic role of the left-lateral fault is most consistent with a model in which fault (Clark and Lajoie, 1974; McGill and Sieh, Garlock fault in southern California has the western Garlock fault acts as a conju- 1993). This allows us to assess how the slip rate been controversial. Three proposed tectonic gate shear to the San Andreas fault. Other changes as a function of distance along strike. models yield signifi cantly different predic- mechanisms, involving extension north of the Our results also fi ll an important temporal niche tions for the slip rate, history, orientation, Garlock fault and block rotation at the east- between slip rates estimated at geodetic time and total bedrock offset as a function of dis- ern end of the fault may be relevant to the scales (past decade or two) and fault motions tance along strike. -
The Climate of Death Valley, California
THE CLIMATE OF DEATH VALLEY, CALIFORNIA BY STEVEN ROOF AND CHARLIE CALLAGAN The notoriously extreme climate of Death Valley records shows significant variability in the long-term, including a 35% increase in precipitation in the last 40 years. eath Valley National Park, California, is widely known for its extreme hot and Ddry climate. High summer temperatures, low humidity, high evaporation, and low pre- cipitation characterize the valley, of which over 1300 km2 (500 mi2) are below sea level (Fig. 1). The extreme summer climate attracts great interest: July and August visitation in Death Valley National Park has doubled in the last 10 years. From June through August, the average temperature at Furnace Creek, Death Valley [54 m (177 ft) below sea level] is 98°F (37°C).1 Daytime high temperatures typically exceed 90°F (32°C) more than half of the year, and temperatures above 120°F (49°C) occur 1 Weather data are reported here in their original units in to order retain the original level of precision re- corded by the observers. FIG. I. Location map of the Death Valley region. Death Valley National Park is outlined in blue, main roads shown in red, and the portion of the park below sea level is highlighted in white. AFFILIATIONS: ROOF—School of Natural Science, Hampshire E-mail: [email protected] College, Amherst, Massachusetts; CALLAGAN—National Park Service, DOI: 10.1 175/BAMS-84-12-1725 Death Valley National Park, Death Valley, California. In final form 17 January 2003 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. Steve Roof, School of Natural © 2003 American Meteorological Society Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA 01002 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY DECEMBER 2003 BAfft I 1725 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/09/21 10:14 PM UTC 5-20 times each year. -
Tectonic Influences on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of the Walker Lane: an Incipient Transform Fault Along the Evolving Pacific – North American Plate Boundary
Arizona Geological Society Digest 22 2008 Tectonic influences on the spatial and temporal evolution of the Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the evolving Pacific – North American plate boundary James E. Faulds and Christopher D. Henry Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA ABSTRACT Since ~30 Ma, western North America has been evolving from an Andean type mar- gin to a dextral transform boundary. Transform growth has been marked by retreat of magmatic arcs, gravitational collapse of orogenic highlands, and periodic inland steps of the San Andreas fault system. In the western Great Basin, a system of dextral faults, known as the Walker Lane (WL) in the north and eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) in the south, currently accommodates ~20% of the Pacific – North America dextral motion. In contrast to the continuous 1100-km-long San Andreas system, discontinuous dextral faults with relatively short lengths (<10-250 km) characterize the WL-ECSZ. Cumulative dextral displacement across the WL-ECSZ generally decreases northward from ≥60 km in southern and east-central California, to ~25 km in northwest Nevada, to negligible in northeast California. GPS geodetic strain rates average ~10 mm/yr across the WL-ECSZ in the western Great Basin but are much less in the eastern WL near Las Vegas (<2 mm/ yr) and along the northwest terminus in northeast California (~2.5 mm/yr). The spatial and temporal evolution of the WL-ECSZ is closely linked to major plate boundary events along the San Andreas fault system. For example, the early Miocene elimination of microplates along the southern California coast, southward steps in the Rivera triple junction at 19-16 Ma and 13 Ma, and an increase in relative plate motions ~12 Ma collectively induced the first major episode of deformation in the WL-ECSZ, which began ~13 Ma along the N60°W-trending Las Vegas Valley shear zone. -
Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada
Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 466 Alluvial Fans in the Death Valley Region California and Nevada By CHARLES S. DENNY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 466 A survey and interpretation of some aspects of desert geomorphology UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publications as follows: Denny, Charles Storrow, 1911- Alluvial fans in the Death Valley region, California and Nevada. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iv, 61 p. illus., maps (5 fold. col. in pocket) diagrs., profiles, tables. 30 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 466) Bibliography: p. 59. 1. Physical geography California Death Valley region. 2. Physi cal geography Nevada Death Valley region. 3. Sedimentation and deposition. 4. Alluvium. I. Title. II. Title: Death Valley region. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.. _ ________________ 1 Shadow Mountain fan Continued Introduction. ______________ 2 Origin of the Shadow Mountain fan. 21 Method of study________ 2 Fan east of Alkali Flat- ___-__---.__-_- 25 Definitions and symbols. 6 Fans surrounding hills near Devils Hole_ 25 Geography _________________ 6 Bat Mountain fan___-____-___--___-__ 25 Shadow Mountain fan..______ 7 Fans east of Greenwater Range___ ______ 30 Geology.______________ 9 Fans in Greenwater Valley..-----_____. 32 Death Valley fans.__________--___-__- 32 Geomorpholo gy ______ 9 Characteristics of fans.._______-___-__- 38 Modern washes____. -
Lesson 3 Forces That Build the Land Main Idea
Lesson 3 Forces That Build the Land Main Idea Many landforms result from changes and movements in Earth’s crust. Objectives Identify types of landforms and the processes that form them. Describe what happens when an earthquake occurs. Vocabulary fault focus aftershock seismic wave epicenter seismograph magnitude vent What forces change Earth’s crust? At transform boundaries, the pieces of rock rub together in a force called shearing, like the blades of a pair of scissors, causing the rock to break. At convergent boundaries, plates collide and this force is called compression, squeezing the rock together. At divergent boundaries, plates separate causing tension, making the crust longer and thinner eventually breaking and creating a fault. Faults are usually located along the boundaries between tectonic plates. Three Kinds of Faults Shearing forms strike-slip faults. Tension forms normal faults. The rock above the fault moves down. Compression forms reverse faults. The rock above the fault moves up. Uplifted Landforms Folded mountains are mostly made up of rock layers folded by being squeezed together. Fault-block mountains are made by huge, tilted blocks of rock separated from the surrounding rock by faults. The Colorado Plateau was formed when rock layers were pushed upward. The Colorado River eventually formed the Grand Canyon. Quick Check Infer Why are faults often produced along plate boundaries? Forces act on the crust most directly at plate boundaries, because these locations are where plates are moving, relative to each other. Critical Thinking Why do some mountains form as folded mountains and others form as fault-block mountains? Compression forces form folded mountains, and tension forms fault- block mountains. -
Rockwell International Corporation 1049 Camino Dos Rios (P.O
SC543.J6FR "Mads available under NASA sponsrislP in the interest of early and wide dis *ninatf of Earth Resources Survey Program information and without liaoility IDENTIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF jOr my ou mAOthereot." TECTONIC FEATURES FROM ERTS-1 IMAGERY Southwestern North America and The Red Sea Area may be purchased ftohu Oriinal photograPhY EROS D-aa Center Avenue 1thSioux ad Falls. OanOta So, 7 - ' ... +=,+. Monem Abdel-Gawad and Linda Tubbesing -l Science Center, Rockwell International Corporation 1049 Camino Dos Rios (P.O. Box 1085) Thousand Oaks, California 91360 U.S.A. N75-252 3 9 , (E75-10 2 9 1 ) IDENTIFICATION AND FROM INTERPRETATION OF TECTONIC FEATURES AMERICA ERTS-1 IMAGERY: SOUTHWESTERN NORTH Unclas THE RED SEA AREA Final Report, 30 May !AND1972 - 11 Feb. 1975 (Rockwell International G3/43 00291 _ May 5, 1975 , Type III Fihnal Report for Period: May 30, 1972 - February 11, 1975, . Prepared for NASAIGODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, Maryland 20071 Pwdu. by NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE US Dopa.rm.nt or Commerco Snrnfaield, VA. 22151 N O T I C E THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGN.IZED THAT CER- TAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS-BE'ING RE- LEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. SC543.16FR IDENTIFICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF TECTONIC FEATURES FROM ERTS-1 IMAGERY Southwestern North America and The Red Sea Area Monem Abdel-Gawad and Linda Tubbesi'ng Science Center/Rockwell International Corporation 1049 Camino Dos Rios, P.O. Box 1085 Thousand Oaks, California 91360 U.S.A. -
Part 3: Normal Faults and Extensional Tectonics
12.113 Structural Geology Part 3: Normal faults and extensional tectonics Fall 2005 Contents 1 Reading assignment 1 2 Growth strata 1 3 Models of extensional faults 2 3.1 Listric faults . 2 3.2 Planar, rotating fault arrays . 2 3.3 Stratigraphic signature of normal faults and extension . 2 3.4 Core complexes . 6 4 Slides 7 1 Reading assignment Read Chapter 5. 2 Growth strata Although not particular to normal faults, relative uplift and subsidence on either side of a surface breaking fault leads to predictable patterns of erosion and sedi mentation. Sediments will fill the available space created by slip on a fault. Not only do the characteristic patterns of stratal thickening or thinning tell you about the 1 Figure 1: Model for a simple, planar fault style of faulting, but by dating the sediments, you can tell the age of the fault (since sediments were deposited during faulting) as well as the slip rates on the fault. 3 Models of extensional faults The simplest model of a normal fault is a planar fault that does not change its dip with depth. Such a fault does not accommodate much extension. (Figure 1) 3.1 Listric faults A listric fault is a fault which shallows with depth. Compared to a simple planar model, such a fault accommodates a considerably greater amount of extension for the same amount of slip. Characteristics of listric faults are that, in order to maintain geometric compatibility, beds in the hanging wall have to rotate and dip towards the fault. Commonly, listric faults involve a number of en echelon faults that sole into a lowangle master detachment. -
SUMMARIES of TECHNICAL REPORTS, VOLUME X Prepared by Participants in NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM June 1980
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Office of Earthquake Studies SUMMARIES OF TECHNICAL REPORTS, VOLUME X Prepared by participants in NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM June 1980 OPEN-FILE REPORT 80-842 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards and nomenclature Menlo Park, California 1980 CONTENTS Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program I. Earthquake Hazards Studies (H) Page Objective 1, Establish an accurate and reliable national earthquake data base.——————————————————• Objective 2. Delineate and evaluate earthquake hazards and risk in the United States on a national scale. ——————————————————————————• 66 Objective 3. Delineate and evaluate earthquake hazards and risk in earthquake-prone urbanized regions in the western United States.——————————————• 77 Objective 4, Delineate and evaluate earthquake hazards and risk in earthquake-prone regions in the eastern United States. ————— —————————— — ———— 139 Objective 5. Improve capability to evaluate earthquake potential and predict character of surface faulting.———————————————— ————————— 171 Objective 6. Improve capability to predict character of damaging ground shaking.———————————————— 245 Objective 7. Improve capability to predict incidence, nature and extent of earthquake-induced ground failures, particularly landsliding and liquefaction.--——— 293 Objective 8. Improve capability to predict earthquake losses.— 310 II. Earthquake Prediction Studies (P) Objective 1. Observe at a reconnaissance -
NPCA Comments on Proposed Silurian
Stanford MillsLegalClinic Environmental Law Clinic Crown Quadrangle LawSchool 559 Nathan Abbott Way Stanford, CA 94305-8610 Tel 650 725-8571 Fax 650 723-4426 www.law.stanford.edu September 9, 2014 Via Electronic Mail and Federal Express James G. Kenna, State Director Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way, Suite W-1623 Sacramento, CA 95825 (916) 978-4400 [email protected] Katrina Symons Field Manager Bureau of Land Management Barstow Field Office 2601 Barstow Road Barstow, CA 92311 (760) 252-6004 [email protected] Dear State Director Kenna and Field Manager Symons: Enclosed please find comments by the National Parks Conservation Association (“NPCA”) on the solar and wind projects proposed by Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., in Silurian Valley, California. We understand that the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) is currently considering whether to grant the Silurian Valley Solar Project a variance under the October 2012 Record of Decision for Solar Energy Development in Six Southwestern States. We also understand that BLM is currently evaluating the Silurian Valley Wind Project under the National Environmental Policy Act. As the enclosed comments make clear, NPCA has serious concerns about the proposed projects’ compliance with applicable laws and policies, and about their potentially significant adverse effects on the Silurian Valley and surrounding region. We thank you for your consideration of these comments. NPCA looks forward to participating further in the administrative processes associated with the proposed projects. Respectfully submitted, Elizabeth Hook, Certified Law Student Community Law ❖ Criminal Defense ❖ Environmental Law ❖ Immigrants’ Rights ❖ International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution ❖ Juelsgaard Intellectual Property and Innovation ❖ Organizations and Transactions ❖ Religious Liberty ❖Supreme Court Litigation ❖ Youth and Education Law Project Mr. -
Kinematics of the Northern Walker Lane: an Incipient Transform Fault Along the Pacific–North American Plate Boundary
Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the Paci®c±North American plate boundary James E. Faulds Christopher D. Henry Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, MS 178, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA Nicholas H. Hinz ABSTRACT GEOLOGIC SETTING In the western Great Basin of North America, a system of dextral faults accommodates As western North America has evolved 15%±25% of the Paci®c±North American plate motion. The northern Walker Lane in from a convergent to a transform margin in northwest Nevada and northeast California occupies the northern terminus of this system. the past 30 m.y., the northern Walker Lane has This young evolving part of the plate boundary offers insight into how strike-slip fault undergone widespread volcanism and tecto- systems develop and may re¯ect the birth of a transform fault. A belt of overlapping, left- nism. Tertiary volcanic strata include 31±23 stepping dextral faults dominates the northern Walker Lane. Offset segments of a W- Ma ash-¯ow tuffs associated with the south- trending Oligocene paleovalley suggest ;20±30 km of cumulative dextral slip beginning ward-migrating ``ignimbrite ¯are up,'' 22±5 ca. 9±3 Ma. The inferred long-term slip rate of ;2±10 mm/yr is compatible with global Ma calc-alkaline intermediate-composition positioning system observations of the current strain ®eld. We interpret the left-stepping rocks related to the ancestral Cascade arc, and faults as macroscopic Riedel shears developing above a nascent lithospheric-scale trans- 13 Ma to present bimodal rocks linked to Ba- form fault. -
Regional Tectonic Systems of the Pacific Northwest Delineated from ERTS-1 Imagery
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1975 Regional tectonic systems of the Pacific Northwest delineated from ERTS-1 imagery Linda Kay Wackwitz The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Wackwitz, Linda Kay, "Regional tectonic systems of the Pacific Northwest delineated from ERTS-1 imagery" (1975). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7103. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7103 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. APR 1 6 1984 (iETo;,pr<i a 1384 ' r' r: ^ REGIONAL TECTONIC SYSTEMS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST DELINEATED FROM ERTS-1 IMAGERY by Linda K. Wackwitz B.A. Colby College, 1972 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1975 Approved by Chairman, Board of Examiners / ^ f - / - - -- Dean, Graduate School I ,y. Date UMI Number: EP37904 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
THE JOURNAL of GEOLOGY March 1990
VOLUME 98 NUMBER 2 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY March 1990 QUANTITATIVE FILLING MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL BASINS WITH APPLICATIONS TO EARLY MESOZOIC RIFTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA' ROY W. SCHLISCHE AND PAUL E. OLSEN Department of Geological Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964 ABSTRACT In many half-graben, strata progressively onlap the hanging wall block of the basins, indicating that both the basins and their depositional surface areas were growing in size through time. Based on these con- straints, we have constructed a quantitative model for the stratigraphic evolution of extensional basins with the simplifying assumptions of constant volume input of sediments and water per unit time, as well as a uniform subsidence rate and a fixed outlet level. The model predicts (1) a transition from fluvial to lacustrine deposition, (2) systematically decreasing accumulation rates in lacustrine strata, and (3) a rapid increase in lake depth after the onset of lacustrine deposition, followed by a systematic decrease. When parameterized for the early Mesozoic basins of eastern North America, the model's predictions match trends observed in late Triassic-age rocks. Significant deviations from the model's predictions occur in Early Jurassic-age strata, in which markedly higher accumulation rates and greater lake depths point to an increased extension rate that led to increased asymmetry in these half-graben. The model makes it possible to extract from the sedimentary record those events in the history of an extensional basin that are due solely to the filling of a basin growing in size through time and those that are due to changes in tectonics, climate, or sediment and water budgets.