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Final Report No. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Guidelines for Identification and Formulation of Agriculture and Rural Development Projects in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Final Report August 2005 International Development Center of Japan (IDCJ) RD JR 05-48 Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development in Pakistan Map of Pakistan Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/pakistan_pol_2002.jpg. Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development in Pakistan Introduction Level of “Guidelines” as “Reference Material for Project Formulation” Depending on the specific circumstances of each country, the demand for “guidelines” as “a reference material for identification and formulation of agriculture and rural development projects” required by overseas JICA offices varies from one office to another. The target countries for the preparation of such guidelines are largely classified into the following four levels based on their specific circumstances. Pakistan falls under Level B. Therefore, the guidelines are prepared with an emphasis on “how to formulate a project”, while taking into consideration “what to implement” identified by the field ODA task force. Table 1 Proposal for Weighting of Target Countries for Formulation of Guidelines Level Basis for Level Classification A Despite a strong need for assistance in agriculture and rural development, the field ODA task force is not active because of constraints on human resources of the embassy and the JICA office. Countries that require the renewal or review of assistance policies in this field. B Although the field ODA task force is working to formulate assistance policies and projects, the formulation of the guidelines in collaboration with the JICA headquarters should prove to be highly significant for the formulation of concrete projects. C-1 Although the field ODA task force is involved in the formulation of individual projects and a high approval rate of these projects is achieved, the preparation of the guidelines as basic information to diversify assistance should prove to be highly significant. C-2 Despite a strong need for assistance in the agriculture and rural development, the immediate needs are to conduct macroscopic analysis of the current situation based on the examination of existing information and to indicate the general direction for agriculture and rural development. Note: It is assumed that the inputs by the JICA headquarters increase from Level C-2 to Level A. Source: Reference material for the Second Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Guidelines for the Identification and Formulation of Agriculture and Rural Development Projects by Country. Assumed Beneficiaries of the Guidelines “The poor whose main livelihood is agriculture and who live in a rural area (not an urbanized area)” are basically assumed to be the main beneficiaries of agriculture and rural development projects assisted by JICA. The present guidelines (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines) are not primarily designed to examine the possibility of assistance limited to landless people as well as the urban unemployed among whom the ratio of the poor is said to be generally high, even though the importance of assistance for them is fully recognized and, therefore, such assistance may be considered depending on the circumstances of individual target areas. How to Use the Guidelines · The Guidelines constitute a guidebook to provide viewpoints and methods for staff members of the overseas JICA office who are responsible for identifying, formulating and implementing projects to identify and formulate agriculture and rural development projects. · These staff members are expected to formulate realistic projects based on an understanding of the present situation of the target areas through field visits to the target areas to exchange opinions and information with related persons while making full use of their work experience in the overseas office. · Once projects have been approved, the Guidelines should be used to examine whether or not these projects are being implemented as intended at their formulation stage so that they i Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development in Pakistan can contribute to the sustaining and improvement of the livelihoods of people in the target area as well as in surrounding areas. · The Guidelines should be revised at appropriate times to reflect the knowledge and experience accumulated by the overseas JICA office during the process of project formulation and implementation so that it becomes more practical to suit the specific circumstances of each country. Valid Period of the Guidelines In view of Japan’s assistance policies (the Country Assistance Programs, the assistance policies formulated by the field ODA task forces, the JICA Country Program, etc.), the valid period is basically assumed to be approximately five years. However, the strengthening of measures (methods) to sustain and improve the livelihoods of people in the target areas often requires more than five years for completion. Accordingly, careful attention must be paid to the possible impacts of projects on the children’s and/or grandchildren’s generations in the target areas when efforts are made to identify and formulate cooperation projects. About the Guidelines Background and Objectives In many developing countries, agriculture is the principal industry and the governments of these countries place special emphasis on agriculture for their economic development. As the rural population still accounts for a major proportion of the total population, the governments of many developing countries consider agriculture and rural development to be an important means for poverty reduction. Meanwhile, JICA also considers agriculture and rural development to be an important means of “eradicating extreme poverty and hunger”, which is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations in September 2000. JICA has been intensifying its efforts by integrating the country/area-specific approach and the issue-oriented approach in view of the characteristics of agriculture and rural development that is considerably affected by the local natural conditions and socioeconomic conditions. As part of its efforts, JICA formulated the Approaches for Systematic Planning of Development Projects <Agricultural Development and Rural Development> (hereinafter referred to as the “Approaches for Systematic Planning”) in August 2004, presenting comprehensive assistance policies for various issues as well as a general framework for development methods. At the same time, JICA is now in the process of transferring the functions hitherto performed by the regional departments of the headquarters to the overseas offices for the purpose of swiftly implementing cooperation projects that are appropriate for the reality of each recipient country. Therefore, the overseas offices are expected to play increasingly a central role in the formulation and implementation of individual cooperation projects in the agriculture and rural development sector in the coming years. This situation has led to a need for concrete guidelines for development assistance work that should prove useful for the identification and formulation of projects fully based on the specific circumstances of individual recipient countries. The efforts of each overseas office should also be based on the Approaches for Systematic Planning and the JICA Country Program. ii Guidelines for Agriculture and Rural Development in Pakistan Under the circumstances described above, the Guidelines have been compiled to arrange the basic information necessary for the JICA office to identify and formulate agriculture and rural development projects in Pakistan in the future and also to provide viewpoints and methods for project identification and formulation. Definition of “Agricultural Development” and “Rural Development” In the Guidelines, “agricultural development” is broadly defined as development aimed at improving the production and income of the entire spectrum of the livelihoods, including small-scale fish culture using inland water bodies, social forestry, etc., of farming households instead of the narrow definition that only applies to farming activities. Equally, “rural development” is broadly defined as development aimed at improving the quality of life in rural areas, including improved access to basic education, health and medical care, drinking water, etc. for people (especially the poor) living in rural areas. Aim of the Guidelines Under the goals of “building and development of a sustainable society,” Japan’s Country Assistance Program for Pakistan (Draft) announced in August 2004 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stipulates “development of the agriculture and rural sector for expansion of labor absorption capacity and poverty reduction” as the direction of assistance strategy for agriculture and rural development. With this direction in mind, the Guidelines are based on the perception that all types of JICA’s cooperation in agriculture and rural development should adopt poverty reduction as the ultimate goal. Poverty is a problem that must be tackled from not only the economic aspect but also from the social, psychological and other various aspects. The Guidelines have been prepared based on the assumption that a comprehensive approach is necessary to reduce poverty. The Guidelines, therefore, narrow down the development objectives and issues in a concrete manner while a number of issues in the agriculture and rural
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