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An Analysis of Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Forest Area in Pakistan with Special Reference to Nwfp (1972-2000)

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An Analysis of Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Forest Area in Pakistan with Special Reference to Nwfp (1972-2000) AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FOREST AREA IN PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NWFP (1972-2000) Naila Nazir Ph.D Scholar DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR 2008 AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FOREST AREA IN PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NWFP (1972-2000) Naila Nazir Ph.D scholar Supervised By Professor Dr. Ijaz Majid Dissertation submitted to the Department of Economics, University of Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR PAKISTAN 2008 APPROVAL SHEET Date: -------------- We hereby recommend that the dissertation entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FOREST AREA IN PAKISTAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NWFP (1972-2000)” by Naila Nazir be accepted as part of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. SUPERVISOR: ---------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Ijaz Majid Dept. of Economics University of Peshawar CO-SUPERVISOR: ---------------------------------------- Dr. K. M. Suleman Director, Forest Product Research Division, Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ---------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Deedar Hussian Shah University of Sindh, Jamshoro CHAIRMAN ---------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Dr. Mohammad Naeem UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR Dept. of Economics University of Peshawar TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................i Abstract ..................................................................................................................................ii List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................iv List of Glossary ......................................................................................................................v Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ..............................................................................................5 1.3 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................5 1.4 Organization of the Study ..........................................................................................6 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................8-57 2.1 Studies on Forest Resources, Policies and Management ...........................................8 2.2 Studies Related to Socio economic Causes of Forest Depletion……………..........26 2.3 Studies on Forest Resource Analysis………………………………………..….....33 2.4 Conclusion of the Literature Review…………………………………………..….56 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 58 3.1 Selection of Study Area and Sampled Data ...............................................................58 3.1.1 Primary Data ..................................................................................................58 3.1.2 Secondary Data ..............................................................................................59 3.1.3 Functional Form of the Model .......................................................................60 3.1.4 Sample Size ....................................................................................................65 3.1.5 Sampling and Analytical Techniques ............................................................65 3.2 Limitations of the Data ..............................................................................................67 Chapter 4 MAIN FEATURES OF FORESTRY SECTOR IN PAKISTAN ....................................68 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................68 4.2 The History of Forests and Forest Management before Partition ..............................68 4.3 Forestry Sector in Pakistan ........................................................................................70 4.3.1 Types of Forests in Pakistan ..........................................................................71 4.4 Forest Policies, Administration and Management .....................................................81 4.5 Legislation ............................................................................................................87 4.6 Land reforms ............................................................................................................91 4.7 Management of Forests ................................................................................................91 4.7.1 Watershed Management ...............................................................................94 4.7.2 Range Management .......................................................................................95 4.7.3 Wildlife Management ...................................................................................98 4.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................101 Chapter 5 FORESTS AND FOREST POLICIES IN NWFP ............................................................104 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................104 5.2 Environmental Profile of NWFP ...............................................................................104 5.3 Potential Resources in N.W.F.P .................................................................................106 5.4 Forests in the NWFP ................................................................................................109 5.4.1 Categories of Forests in NWFP .....................................................................112 5.5 Harvesting Systems ....................................................................................................115 5.6 Past initiatives in NWFP Forestry: Legal and Institutional Reforms .......................116 5.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................122 Chapter 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................125 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................125 PART 1 6.2 Results of Primary Data .............................................................................................125 6.3 Views of the General Public ......................................................................................140 6.4 Views of Forest Department (FD) and Forest Development Corporation (FDC) .....144 PART 2 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................................147 6.5 Primary Data ............................................................................................................147 6.5.1 Education .......................................................................................................147 6.5.2 Age Group ......................................................................................................147 6.5.3 Profession .......................................................................................................147 6.5.4 Alternate Source of Income ...........................................................................148 6.5.5 Family Size ....................................................................................................148 6.5.6 Forest Distance...............................................................................................149 6.5.7 Responsible Figure for Deforestation ............................................................149 6.5.8 Preference wise use of Wood .........................................................................149 6.5.9 Conversion of Forest Land.............................................................................150 6.5.10 Source of Cooking and Heating .....................................................................150 6.5.11 Grazing Permission ........................................................................................150 6.5.12 Forest Land Ownership ..................................................................................151 6.5.13 Tenancy ..........................................................................................................151 6.5.14 Plantation; Trends and Difficulties ................................................................151 6.5.15 Access to Forest Department .........................................................................152 6.5.16 Use of Permit and Payment of Fine ...............................................................152 6.5.17 Change in Land use area ................................................................................153 6.5.18 Livestock Population .....................................................................................153 6.5.19 Response of Locals
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