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Pendugaan Struktur Geologi Bawah Permukaan Daerah Terdampak Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) Berdasarkan Analisis Data Geomagnet

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Pendugaan Struktur Geologi Bawah Permukaan Daerah Terdampak Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) Berdasarkan Analisis Data Geomagnet JURNAL LINGKUNGAN DAN BENCANA GEOLOGI Journal of Environment and Geological Hazards JLBG ISSN: 2086-7794, e-ISSN: 2502-8804 Akreditasi LIPI No. 692/AU/P2MI-LIPI/07/2015 e-mail: [email protected] - http://jlbg.geologi.esdm.go.id/index.php/jlbg Pendugaan Struktur Geologi Bawah Permukaan Daerah Terdampak Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) Berdasarkan Analisis Data Geomagnet Investigation of Subsurface Geological Structure in Sidoarjo Mud Vulcano Affected Area Based on Geomagnetic Data Analysis Imam Setiadi1), Arif Darmawan 2) dan Marjiyono 1) 1). Pusat Survei Geologi, Badan Geologi, Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia 2). PT. Elnusa Tbk. Graha Elnusa Lantai 16, Jl TB Simatupang Kav IB, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Naskah diterima 5 Oktober 2016, selesai direvisi 10 November 2016, dan disetujui 15 November 2016 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRAK Semburan lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) sudah menjadi isu nasional yang berdampak pada berbagai aspek, yaitu teknis, politis, ekonomi, dan sosial. Penyebab terjadinya semburan lumpur tersebut hingga saat ini masih menjadi perdebatan, apakah oleh faktor alam yang dipicu oleh gempa Yogyakarta atau akibat kesalahan teknis proses pemboran. Dari aspek geologi, daerah Sidoarjo termasuk ke dalam Zona Kendeng yang banyak memunculkan bentukan gunung lumpur. Selain itu, daerah ini dilewati oleh sesar Watukosek yang diduga sebagai struktur keluarnya lumpur panas dari dalam bumi. Penelitian geofisika menggunakan metode geomagnet ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur geologi bawah permukaan berdasarkan parameter fisis kerentanan magnetik magnetic( susceptibility). Analisis data yang dilakukan di antaranya dengan penerapan reduksi medan magnet ke kutub (reduced to the pole), pseudogravity, dan pemodelan 2D bawah permukaan. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa dari peta reduced to the pole dan peta pseudogravity telihat adanya patahan yang memanjang dengan arah relatif utara - selatan. Hasil pemodelan struktur bawah permukaan daerah terdampak lumpur Sidoarjo menghasilkan beberapa lapisan dan menunjukkan adannya patahan. Lapisan pertama adalah top soil, lapisan kedua lempung dengan perselingan batupasir, serta lapisan ketiga batu pasir dan serpih. Kata kunci: geomagnetik, reduksi ke kutub, model 2D bawah permukaan, Lumpur Sidoarjo ABSTRACT Sidoarjo mud flow (Lusi) has become a national issue that affects almost all aspects i.e. technical, political, economic, and social. The cause of the mud flow is still debatable up to now, whether due to a natural factor which was triggered by the Yogya earthquake or was caused by technical errors in the drilling process. In terms of the geological aspect, Sidoarjo area is included in the Kendeng zone which raises many mud volcano formations. Besides, the area is passed by Watukosek fault structure which is presumed as the source of mud flow from the earth. The geophysical research using geomagnetic method aims to determine the subsurface geological structure based on physical parameters of magnetic susceptibility. Geophysical data analysis such as a reduction to the pole, pseudogravity, and 2D subsurface modeling were applied to the geomagnetic data. The results obtained from geophysical data analysis show that reduced to the pole and pseudogravity map indicate the presence of the fault that extends relative to north - south direction. The results of the subsurface structure modeling using geomagnetic method in Sidoarjo mud flow area produce some layers and show some faults. The first layer is top soil, the second is interfingering clay and sandstone, and the last is sandstone and shale. Keywords : geomagnetic, reduction to the pole, 2D subsurface model, Sidoarjo mudflow 125 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 7 No. 3, Deswember 2016: 125 - 134 PENDAHULUAN untuk mengidentifikasi struktur geologi bawah Kejadian semburan lumpur Sidoarjo telah menjadi permukaan terkait bencana semburan lumpur isu nasional, yaitu dari aspek teknis, sosial, yang terjadi, salah satunya dengan pengukuran ekonomi, serta politik. Ada pun faktor penyebab dan analisis data geomagnet. Penerapan metode kejadian semburan lumpur hingga saat ini masih geomagnet untuk mengetahui kondisi geologi belum jelas, apakah merupakan efek gempa bawah permukaan sudah banyak dilakukan, di Yogyakarta 26 Mei 2006, akibat proses pengeboran antaranya untuk penentuan karakteristik sesar PT Lapindo Brantas yang lokasinya berada di Cimandiri (Syirojudin, 2010), pemodelan struktur daerah semburan lumpur, atau karena faktor alam bawah permukaan daerah manifestasi mud volcano lainnya. Hingga saat ini usaha yang dilakukan oleh studi kasus Bleduk Kuwu, Grobogan (Darmawan pemerintah untuk mengurangi dampak semburan drr., 2012), inversi amplitudo magnetik untuk lumpur ini sudah cukup banyak, mulai dari eksplorasi gas alam di daerah vulkanik (Li, pembuatan tanggul yang mengelilingi lokasi pusat 2010), serta pemodelan geomagnetik untuk semburan, pembuatan saluran pembuangan lumpur cebakan potensial hidrokarbon di daerah lepas ke Sungai Porong, hingga pembuatan bola-bola pantai Afrika Barat (Ali drr., 2012). Penelitian ini beton yang dimasukkan ke dalam pusat semburan dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis secara kualitatif untuk menahan lumpur agar tidak keluar (Endar sebaran anomali magnetik, reduce to pole dan drr., 2007). Di samping usaha-usaha tersebut pseudogravity, serta pemodelan bawah permukaan berbagai penelitian juga sudah dilakukan, mulai daerah terdampak lumpur Sidoarjo. dari aspek air tanah, geokimia, geologi, geodesi, dan geofisika. Di antaranya adalah penelitian hidrokimia air tanah daerah semburan lumpur Geologi Daerah Penelitian Porong dan sekitarnya (Purwaningsih, 2012), serta Secara regional, Sidoarjo termasuk ke dalam penelitian perubahan ketinggian permukaan tanah Cekungan Kendeng yang merupakan Zona Central daerah Porong Sidorajo akibat aliran lumpur panas Depression Pulau Jawa akibat tumbukan lempeng (Abidin, 2008). Eurasia dengan lempeng Indo-Australia, sehingga banyak terdapat patahan yang masih aktif. Di Peristiwa semburan lumpur panas Sidoarjo dalam rangkaian Zona Kendeng terdapat sesar (LUSI) telah menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan geser dengan arah barat daya - timur laut, yaitu tanah yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pada sesar Watukosek. Sesar ini memanjang melewati infrastruktur, pabrik, dan rumah warga. Indikasi Mojokerto, Gresik, sampai bagian barat Madura, adanya penurunan permukaan tanah pada awalnya dan menimbulkan sesar-sesar lain, di antaranya diketahui dari adanya perubahan konstruksi pada sesar yang melewati Banjar Panji sampai Kujung jembatan layang (fly over) yang melintasi jalan (Putrohari, 2008). raya Porong – Sidoarjo, yakni adanya retakan pada tanah yang memotong badan jalan di sekitar Pada zaman Pliosen, aktivitas deretan gunung jembatan tersebut. Indikasi serupa juga ditemukan api selatan Jawa bagian timur mengisi cekungan pada bangunan pabrik dan rumah-rumah penduduk Kendeng/selat Madura Purba yang berevolusi dari di sekitar wilayah Siring bagian barat. Fakta lingkungan laut dalam menjadi laut dangkal, dan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa di daerah tersebut seterusnya menjadi daratan (Van Bemmelen, 1949). telah terjadi pergerakan tanah, sehingga terbentuk Kondisi geologi yang berdekatan deretan gunung retakan-retakan yang juga dapat menjadi jalan berapi/busur magma inilah yang menyebabkan gas muncul ke permukaan. Pada beberapa lokasi daerah semburan lumpur berpotensi terkoneksi bualan gas kadang-kadang disertai air, lumpur, dan dengan sistem panas bumi kompleks gunung api material padat lainnya. Penanggungan (Gambar 1). Proses sedimentasi yang cepat dengan material kaya organik dan Hipotesis mengenai semburan lumpur Sidoarjo letaknya sangat dalam pada lingkungan yang yang berkembang saat ini salah satunya adalah sesuai, menyebabkan wilayah ini kaya akan disebabkan oleh adanya patahan Watukosek kandungan gas dan minyak. Sementara sedimen yang berarah barat daya - timur laut yang yang tidak terkompaksi sempurna, akibat proses melewati wilayah ini. Untuk mengetahui kondisi tektonik yang terus berlangsung maupun akibat geologi bawah permukaan daerah terdampak pembebanan lapisan yang ada di atasnya, banyak lumpur Sidoarjo ini perlu dilakukan penelitian memunculkan bentukan mud volcano (gunung 126 Pendugaan Struktur Geologi Bawah Permukaan Daerah Terdampak Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) Berdasarkan Analisis Data Geomagnet Gambar 1. Sistem gunung api Penanggungan dan jalur sesar Watukosek di daerah Sidoarjo (Foto Google Earth dan modifikasi Mazzini, 2007) lumpur). menyebabkan banyak dijumpai lipatan dan sesar naik. Banyak zona sesar naik juga merupakan Sesar Watukosek berada pada stratigrafi Mandala kontak antara formasi atau anggota formasi Kendeng, berarah timur laut - barat daya yang (Musliki, 1991). melewati Pulungan - Sidoarjo dan Bangkalan, Madura (Van Bemmelen, 1949). Adanya kelurusan Deformasi pada Plio-Plistosen dapat dibagi menjadi sebaran mud volcano menunjukkan kontrol tektonik tiga fase (Van Bemmelen, 1949), yaitu pada fase berupa kelurusan struktur sesar permukaan dan pertama berupa perlipatan yang mengakibatkan bawah permukaan, sebagai hasil reaktivasi sesar terbentuknya antiklin Kendeng yang memiliki pada zona cekungan Kendeng. Geologi daerah arah umum barat - timur dan menunjam di bagian Sidoarjo merupakan bagian dari Peta Geologi Kendeng Timur, fase kedua berupa pensesaran Lembar Malang, yang dipetakan oleh Santosa dan yang dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu pensesaran Suwarti (1992). akibat perlipatan dan pensesaran akibat berubahnya deformasi ductile menjadi deformasi brittle karena
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