DOCSLIB.ORG

CABLE SATELLITES : the NEXT GENERATION Issues Facing Cable Operators and Programmers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CABLE SATELLITES : the NEXT GENERATION Issues Facing Cable Operators and Programmers CABLE SATELLITES : THE NEXT GENERATION Issues Facing Cable Operators and Programmers Robert Zitter Home Box Office, Inc. A development that will impact the ABSTRACT cable industry is the FCC mandate to phase-in a uniform 2-degree spacing The deployment of next-generation between U.S. domestic satellites. The satellites in compliance with the FCC's intent of the plan is to alleviate uniform 2-degree spacing plan, together overcrowding in the U.S. orbital arc. It with the movement of cable times the deployment of next generation programming, will occur during the next satellites with improvements in ground two years. A discussion of the transition station receiving characteristics in order scenario, the technical differences in the to control the ensuing increase in new satellites, and ground station adjacent satellite interference. requirements reveals that Cable TV and SMATV facilities will require This paper discusses the satellite reconfiguration and in some cases and orbital changes that are expected to replacement may be necessary. The occur during the next two years, and satellite movement and programming presents some critical issues and transfers in the early nineties compel the challenges facing satellite programmers cable industry to examine the future and cable operators . performance of existing facilities. o Time of Replacements In the early days, 4-degrees of separation within the two segments o Introduction assigned to U.S. domestic communication satellites -- 70 to I 04 C-Band satellites have become a degrees and 117 to 143 degrees West reliable means of delivery for cable Longitude (oWL) -- consisting of 15 television programs and have played an satellite slots were found adequate. (The important role in the phenomenal growth central portion from 104 o to 117 o has of the industry. We have seen numerous been reserved for Canadian and Mexican operational, technical and regulatory satellites.) But as the popularity and changes together with technological importance of satellite delivered services advances in satellite and ground station increased, the separation provided in the equipment that led to significant usable orbital arc for U.S. domestic reduction in overall costs. The cable satellites was found inadequate for industry has demonstrated its ability to planned spacecrafts. successfully deal with such changes over the years. 188-1991 NCTA Technical Papers Hence, in 1983, the FCC adopted most of the technical, regulatory and a plan to essentially double the number economic developments that we of orbiting domestic communications experienced during the past decade. satellites by gradually reducing the In the early nineties, Alascom, Figure 1. Next Generation Satellites AT&T, Conte!, GE Americom, GTE Spacenet and Hughes communications CARRIER/ FREQ ORBIT LAUNCH will construct and launch next-generation SATELLITE BAND DATE satellites as shown in Figure 1. The cable ALASCOM industry has committed to basically two Aurora II satellite vendors -- Hughes and GE (Satcom CS) C 139 May 1991 AT&T Americom --involving four satellites_ HBO Telstar 401 C 97 May 1993 and Turner Broadcasting are anchoring Telstar 402 C/K 89 Mar 1994 CONTELASC Hughes' Galaxy V and Galaxy IR, while ASCII C/K 101 Apr 1991 Viacom Networks and a group of other ASC1R C/K 129 Sep 1993 programmers including H BO have GEAMERICOM chosen Satcom C3 and Satcom C4. ~:!~~~ g~ : .!\:1!!§. :=::1\11\ !l:!i:,:::i~i::::,: .·:::::~t.V.,~~~ :::::: ~ Satcom C1 C 137 Nov 1990 • Satcom H1 C/K 79 1994 GTE SPACENET GStar 4 K 64 Nov 1990 Spacenet 1R C/K 103 May 1993 Spacenet 2R C/K 69 Sep 1993 o TRANSITION GStar1R K 121 Jun 1994 HUGHES SBS 6 K 72 Oct 1990 The preparations for launching the Galaxy v =:::::: (/C :=:::: ;-::':)2S.' ::::: ·''·''''''tool::: o next generation cable satellites and the Galaxy 1R \)/: C ;:;:;::: A~:: ;: :::: :: ·))~~~::·\' o accompanying movement of Galaxy VII C 91 1992 Galaxy VI C 91 Oct 1990 • programming actually began in 1988, as Galaxy IV C/K 99 1992 Galaxy I and Satcom 3R approached Galaxy IIIR C 95 1994 NATIONAL EXCHANGE their designed end-of-life terms. Spotnet I C/K 93 Mar 1993 Recognizing that approximately three Spotnet II C/K 127 Sep 1993 years of lead time is required to design, o Cable Satellites construct and launch satellites, the FCC _ • In-orbit Backup for Cable Satellites and satellite vendors developed a transition strategy with the goals of spacing between satellites, so that over ensuring uninterrupted service and approximately ten years, a uniform 2- minimize inconvenience to users. degree spacing would be achieved. This evolutionary approach was chosen The transition timetable for the because: It prevented early obsolescence deployment of satellites is illustrated in of existing satellites; it granted Figure 2_ Note that Satcom 3R (131 OWL) manufacturers sufficient time to design has been temporarily replaced by and construct antennas that can better Satcom 1R in 1991 and will remain there discriminate between adjacent satellites; until Satcom C3 (131 ° WL) becomes and, it permitted cable operators to operational in 1993. Satcom 1R (originally amortize their existing facilities. The at 139 o) moved its traffic to Satcom C 1 FCC's 2-degree spacing plan guided (139°W) and then Satcom IR was 1991 NCTA Technical Papers-189 repositioned to 131 oW to take over traffic unable to be used in the 2-degree from the retiring Satcom 3R (131 OW). spacing plan can be replaced or new Satcom C3 will take over when antennas with better specifications can be installed. 1991 1993 1994 1995 2004 (139) The move will most likely occur SATCOM C1 during a 7-day period, beginning on (137) Monday. To minimize service disruptions, SATCOM C4 (135) the bulk of the satellite movement would occur on weekdays. Only one or two GALAXY I (134-133) repainting procedures would be normally SATCOM 3R required, depending on antenna size, (131) antenna directivity and system noise GALAXY V margin. (125) GALAXY III (93. 5) Galaxy V (125 oWL) will be launched during the last quarter of 1991 GALAXY VI (91) and will become operational in early 1992. Fig. 2 Deployment of Next Generation Cable Satellites In the middle of 1993, Galaxy IR (133 ° WL) will replace the retiring co­ located Galaxy I (133 oWL) and remain there until its end of life in 2005 Satcom 1R retires. Although the changeover and spacecraft maneuvers Another cable satellite, Galaxy Ill between Satcom 3R, 1R and C3 are (93.5 oWL) will remain in its current orbital complicated, most transfer activities will location until its end of life in 1995. The be transparent to cable operators broken line in Figure 2 depicts a possible because antenna repainting would not be transition of programming from Galaxy Ill required. Minor polarization skew to other satellites as transponder leases adjustments needed to be performed expire in 1993. when Satcom IR was relocated due to the finalization of the orthogonal While these transfers are interleaving of adjacent satellites, which happening, both GE Americom and was not supported by Satcom 3R. Hughes will maintain two C-Band fleet spare satellites Satcom C1 (137 ° WL) and Galaxy I will be moved by one Galaxy VI (91 OWL) respectively. These in­ degree from 134 oWL to 133 oWL during orbit spare satellites were launched in May or June of 1991 in compliance with advance (1990) to provide restoration in the FCC uniform 2-degree spacing plan. case of launch failures of the four primary This movement will require antenna cable satellites. The spare satellites will repainting. The schedule will be contain pre-emptible programming to announced to the industry ahead of time accommodate protected cable services in so that multiple-beam antenna feeds the event of fleet satellite failures. 190-1991 NCTA Technical Papers Figure 3. PROGRAMMING ON CURRENT AND NEXT GENERATION SATELLITES (January 1991) PROGRAMMING ON CURRENT SATB.lJTES POSSIBLE PROGRAMMING ON NEXT GENERATION SATEUJTES SATCOM C4 ~ ~TCOMIR GAlAXY Ill GALAXYV GALAXY IR ~TCOMC3 (Formerly lilA) HBO E HBO E Showtime Nickelodeon HBO E HBOW MTVE TBS Cinemax E Movie Channel C-SPAN 2 Comedy Channel BET MTVW TNT Turner Bdcst VH·1 ave Headline News Request TV 1 Nick E Headline News Disney W E! Nustar ESPN USAW HA! CNN USAW ave Discovery Showtime W CNBC Viewer's Chce 1 ESPN ESPN A&EW Prevue Guide TMCW Ufetime W Viewer's Chce 2 USA E Eternal Word C-SPAN 1 Family Chan W Disney E TNT (to G1 3/91) Weather Cha A&E E Univision Family Chan E Sci-fi Chan A&E Cinemax W C-Span II Disney E Nostalgia Home Shopping 1 Home Shop 2 TNT (3/91) Bravo VH-1 Mind Ext. U Group W Learning Channel Viewer's Choice CNN El Ufetime E FNN Inspirational Ufetime E Ufetime W Cinemax E Learning Channel C-SPAN I BET Viewer's Choice WOR-TV WTBS FNN/Source NickW Monitor Channel Weather Channel Showtime E AMC/AVN Family Net Group W-Nashville Cinemax W TMC E Request TV 2 Nustar United Video-WGN HBOW USA E Fashion MEU Trin1ty Disney W TBN EWTN Viacom Discovery jvideo Mall Shop TV CVN TNN Unlvision HSN Family Channel ave ACTS WGN VISN CVSJPPV ESPN Blackout CNN/feeds ESPN Blackout CMTV Travel WWOR Home Shop 2 Inspirational lnspirational(4/91) Galavision o Where will programming windup? encouraged to keep in touch with programmers to keep abreast with As the new fleets of next developments and to determine the exact generation satellites become fully timing and location of simultaneous operational, the programming lineup will feeds. It is imperative for cable operators transition as well. The transfer of to find out where the programs currently programming will take place in 1992 and carried will wind up. In order to determine 1993.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Flight Plan
    M A R C H 2 0 2 1 THE FLIGHT PLAN The Newsletter of AIAA Albuquerque Section The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AIAA ALBUQUERQUE MARCH 2021 SECTION MEETING: MAKING A DIFFERENCE A T M A C H 2 . Presenter. Lt. Col. Tucker Hamilton Organization USAF F-35 Developmental Test Director of Operations INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Abstract I humbly present my flying experiences through SECTION CALENDAR 2 pictures and videos of what it takes and what it is like to be an Experimental Fighter Test Pilot. My personal stories include NATIONAL AIAA EVENTS 2 major life-threatening aircraft accidents, close saves, combat SPACE NUCLEAR PROPULSION REPORT 3 flying revelations, serendipitous opportunities testing first of its kind technology, flying over 30 aircraft from a zeppelin to a ALBUQUERQUE DECEMBER MEETING 5 MiG-15 to an A-10, and managing the Joint Strike Fighter De- velopmental Test program for all three services. Through ALBUQUERQUE JANUARY MEETING 6 these experiences you will learn not just what a Test Pilot does, but also gain encour- ALBUQUERQUE FEBRUARY MEETING 7 agement through my lessons learned on how to make a difference in your local com- munities…did I mention cool flight test videos! CALL FOR SCIENCE FAIR JUDGES 9 Lt Col Tucker "Cinco" Hamilton started his Air Force career as an CALL FOR SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATIONS 10 operational F-15C pilot. He supported multiple Red Flag Exercises and real world Operation Noble Eagle missions where he protect- NEW AIAA HIGH SCHOOL MEMBERSHIPS 10 ed the President of the United States; at times escorting Air Force One.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Development of British Satellite Broadcasting Policy, 1977-1992
    THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH SATELLITE BROADCASTING POLICY, 1977-1992 Windsor John Holden —......., Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of PhD University of Leeds, Institute of Communications Studies July, 1998 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others ABSTRACT This thesis traces the development of British satellite broadcasting policy, from the early proposals drawn up by the Home Office following the UK's allocation of five direct broadcast by satellite (DBS) frequencies at the 1977 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), through the successive, abortive DBS initiatives of the BBC and the "Club of 21", to the short-lived service provided by British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB). It also details at length the history of Sky Television, an organisation that operated beyond the parameters of existing legislation, which successfully competed (and merged) with BSB, and which shaped the way in which policy was developed. It contends that throughout the 1980s satellite broadcasting policy ceased to drive and became driven, and that the failure of policy-making in this time can be ascribed to conflict on ideological, governmental and organisational levels. Finally, it considers the impact that satellite broadcasting has had upon the British broadcasting structure as a whole. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Contents ii Acknowledgements 1 INTRODUCTION 3 British broadcasting policy - a brief history
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Satellite Communications
    Overview of Satellite Communications Dick McClure Agenda Background History Introduction to Satcom Technology Ground System Antennas Satellite technology Geosynchronous orbit Antenna coverage patterns 2 COMMUNICATION SATELLITES Uses Example satellite systems 3 Why Satellite Communications? Satellite coverage spans great distances A satellite can directly connect points separated by 1000’s of miles A satellite can broadcast to 1000’s of homes/businesses/military installations simultaneously A satellite can be reached from ground facilities that move Satellites can connect to locations with no infrastructure Satellites adapt easily to changing requirements Some Common SATCOM Systems The INTELSAT system provides globe-spanning TV coverage The Thuraya satellite-based phone system covers all of Saudi Arabia and Egypt DoD Military Communications Satellite System Links field sites with Pentagon and US command centers DirecTV, Echostar Direct-to-home TV XM Radio, Sirius Satellite radio-to-car/home Hughes VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) systems Links GM car dealers, Walmart, Costco, J C Penney, etc. to their accounting centers Common Satellite Orbits LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Close to Earth Photo satellites – 250 miles Iridium – 490 miles Polar Orbit Provides coverage to polar regions (used by Russian satellites) GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) Angular velocity of the satellite = angular velocity of earth satellite appears to be fixed in space Most widely used since ground antennas need not move Circular orbit Altitude: 22,236 miles Can’t “see” the poles 6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND People Early satellites Evolution 7 Historical Background: People Arthur C. Clarke Highly successful science fiction author First to define geosynchronous communications satellite concept Published paper in Wireless World , October 1945 Suggested terrestrial point-to-point relays would be made obsolete by satellites Unsure about how satellites would be powered John R.
    [Show full text]
  • Loral Space & Communications
    LORAL SPACE & COMMUNICATIONS LTD FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 3/31/1997 For Period Ending 12/31/1996 Address 600 THIRD AVE C/O LORAL SPACECOM CORP NEW YORK, New York 10016 Telephone 212-697-1105 CIK 0001006269 Industry Electronic Instr. & Controls Sector Technology Fiscal Year 12/31 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM APRIL 1, 1996 TO DECEMBER 31, 1996 Commission file number 1-14180 LORAL SPACE & COMMUNICATIONS LTD. 600 Third Avenue New York, New York 10016 Telephone: (212) 697-1105 Jurisdiction of incorporation: Bermuda IRS identification number: 13-3867424 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: NAME OF EACH EXCHANGE TITLE OF EACH CLASS ON WHICH REGISTERED - ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ Common Stock, $.01 par value...................................... New York Stock Exchange The registrant has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months or such shorter period as the registrant was required to file such reports and has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is contained in the registrant's definitive proxy statement incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K. At February 28, 1997, 191,092,308 common shares were outstanding, and the aggregate market value of such shares (based upon the closing price on the New York Stock Exchange) held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $3 billion.
    [Show full text]
  • HBO: Brand Management and Subscriber Aggregation: 1972-2007
    1 HBO: Brand Management and Subscriber Aggregation: 1972-2007 Submitted by Gareth Andrew James to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, January 2011. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. ........................................ 2 Abstract The thesis offers a revised institutional history of US cable network Home Box Office that expands on its under-examined identity as a monthly subscriber service from 1972 to 1994. This is used to better explain extensive discussions of HBO‟s rebranding from 1995 to 2007 around high-quality original content and experimentation with new media platforms. The first half of the thesis particularly expands on HBO‟s origins and early identity as part of publisher Time Inc. from 1972 to 1988, before examining how this affected the network‟s programming strategies as part of global conglomerate Time Warner from 1989 to 1994. Within this, evidence of ongoing processes for aggregating subscribers, or packaging multiple entertainment attractions around stable production cycles, are identified as defining HBO‟s promotion of general monthly value over rivals. Arguing that these specific exhibition and production strategies are glossed over in existing HBO scholarship as a result of an over-valuing of post-1995 examples of „quality‟ television, their ongoing importance to the network‟s contemporary management of its brand across media platforms is mapped over distinctions from rivals to 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Spacecraft Mission Model Update
    Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) Report of the COMSTAC Technology & Innovation Working Group Commercial Spacecraft Mission Model Update May 1998 Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation M5528/98ml Printed for DOT/FAA/AST by Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power, Boeing North American, Inc. Report of the COMSTAC Technology & Innovation Working Group COMMERCIAL SPACECRAFT MISSION MODEL UPDATE May 1998 Paul Fuller, Chairman Technology & Innovation Working Group Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) Associative Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMERCIAL MISSION MODEL UPDATE........................................................................ 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 2. 1998 Mission Model Update Methodology.................................................................. 1 3. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 2 4. Recommendations....................................................................................................... 3 5. References .................................................................................................................. 3 APPENDIX A – 1998 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA
    1 SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 10 <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA TIERRA. Esta es una relación cronológica de todos los lanzamientos de satélites artificiales de nuestro planeta, con independencia de su éxito o fracaso, tanto en el disparo como en órbita. Significa pues que muchos de ellos no han alcanzado el espacio y fueron destruidos. Se señala en primer lugar (a la izquierda) su nombre, seguido de la fecha del lanzamiento, el país al que pertenece el satélite (que puede ser otro distinto al que lo lanza) y el tipo de satélite; este último aspecto podría no corresponderse en exactitud dado que algunos son de finalidad múltiple. En los lanzamientos múltiples, cada satélite figura separado (salvo en los casos de fracaso, en que no llegan a separarse) pero naturalmente en la misma fecha y juntos. NO ESTÁN incluidos los llevados en vuelos tripulados, si bien se citan en el programa de satélites correspondiente y en el capítulo de “Cronología general de lanzamientos”. .SATÉLITE Fecha País Tipo SPUTNIK F1 15.05.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK F2 21.08.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 01 04.10.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 02 03.11.1957 URSS Científico VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 01 31.01.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 02 05.03.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 03 26.03.1958 USA Científico SPUTNIK D1 27.04.1958 URSS Geodésico VANGUARD-2A
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    2001 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts Federal Aviation Administration's Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) May 2001 ABOUT THE ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION (AST) AND THE COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE (COMSTAC) The Federal Aviation Administration’s senior executives from the U.S. commercial Associate Administrator for Commercial Space space transportation and satellite industries, Transportation (AST) licenses and regulates U.S. space-related state government officials, and commercial space launch activity as authorized other space professionals. by Executive Order 12465, Commercial Expendable Launch Vehicle Activities, and the The primary goals of COMSTAC are to: Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, as amended. AST’s mission is to license and • Evaluate economic, technological and regulate commercial launch operations to ensure institutional issues relating to the U.S. public health and safety and the safety of commercial space transportation industry property, and to protect national security and foreign policy interests of the United States • Provide a forum for the discussion of issues during commercial launch operations. The involving the relationship between industry Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and the and government requirements 1996 National Space Policy also direct the Federal Aviation Administration to encourage, • Make recommendations to the Administrator facilitate, and promote commercial launches. on issues and approaches for Federal policies and programs regarding the industry. The Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) provides Additional information concerning AST and information, advice, and recommendations to the COMSTAC can be found on AST’s web site, at Administrator of the Federal Aviation http://ast.faa.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • Shuttle Missions 1981-99.Pdf
    1 2 Table of Contents Flight Page Flight Page 1981 STS-49 .................................................................................... 24 STS-1 ...................................................................................... 5 STS-50 .................................................................................... 25 STS-2 ...................................................................................... 5 STS-46 .................................................................................... 25 STS-47 .................................................................................... 26 1982 STS-52 .................................................................................... 26 STS-3 ...................................................................................... 5 STS-53 .................................................................................... 27 STS-4 ...................................................................................... 6 STS-5 ...................................................................................... 6 1993 1983 STS-54 .................................................................................... 27 STS-6 ...................................................................................... 7 STS-56 .................................................................................... 28 STS-7 ...................................................................................... 7 STS-55 ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 秘书处 Distr.: General 2 March 2004 Chinese Original: French
    联合国 ST/SG/SER.E/445 秘书处 Distr.: General 2 March 2004 Chinese Original: French 和平利用外层空间委员会 依照《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》递交的资料 2004 年 1 月 28 日法国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团 致秘书长的普通照会 法国常驻联合国（维也纳）代表团向联合国秘书长致意，并谨依照《关于 登记射入外层空间物体的公约》（大会第 3235（XXIX）号决议附件）第四条的 规定，转交法国 1965 年至 2003 年期间发射的空间物体的资料（见附件）。本 资料取代法国以往提交的登记数据。 V.04-51401 (C) GY 100504 110504 *0451401* 2 附件 ST/SG/SER.E/445 法国登记的空间物体数据，1965-2003 年 表 1 法国登记的空间物体数据，1965-1978 年 基本轨道特点 发射装置 交点周期 倾角 远地点 近地点 登记号 发射日期 发射场 类型 （分） （度） （公里） （公里） 空间物体的一般功用 1965 年 1965 096 A 1965 年 11 月 26 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 99 59.7 797 663 A1 号试验卫星 1965 096 B 1965 年 11 月 26 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 105 34.3 1 479 516 Diamant 号发射装置推进级 1965 096 C 1965 年 11 月 26 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 97 34.3 787 453 不起作用的发射装置组件 1965 096 D 1965 年 11 月 26 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 95 34.2 619 425 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 年 1966 013 A 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 115 34.1 2 398 498 Diapason D1 号试验卫星 1966 013 B 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 113 34.1 2 239 497 Diamant 号发射装置推进级 1966 013 C 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 95 34.1 555 433 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 D 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 95 34.1 693 377 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 E 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 92 34.1 435 268 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 F 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 91 34.1 325 280 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 G 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 101 34.1 1 206 472 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 H 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant - 34.1 722 433 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 J 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 92 34.1 386 352 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966 013 K 1966 年 2 月 17 日 阿尔及利亚，阿马吉尔 Diamant 107 34.1 1 674 475 不起作用的发射装置组件 1966
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    Federal Aviation Administration 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts May 2013 FAA Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) • i • 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover: The Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Antares rocket is seen as it launches from Pad-0A of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, Sunday, April 21, 2013. Image Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 COMSTAC 2013 COMMERCIAL GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT LAUNCH DEMAND FORECAST .
    [Show full text]
  • United States Space Program Firsts
    KSC Historical Report 18 KHR-18 Rev. December 2003 UNITED STATES SPACE PROGRAM FIRSTS Robotic & Human Mission Firsts Kennedy Space Center Library Archives Kennedy Space Center, Florida Foreword This summary of the United States space program firsts was compiled from various reference publications available in the Kennedy Space Center Library Archives. The list is divided into four sections. Robotic mission firsts, Human mission firsts, Space Shuttle mission firsts and Space Station mission firsts. Researched and prepared by: Barbara E. Green Kennedy Space Center Library Archives Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 phone: [321] 867-2407 i Contents Robotic Mission Firsts ……………………..........................……………...........……………1-4 Satellites, missiles and rockets 1950 - 1986 Early Human Spaceflight Firsts …………………………............................……........…..……5-8 Projects Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab and Apollo Soyuz Test Project 1961 - 1975 Space Shuttle Firsts …………………………….........................…………........……………..9-12 Space Transportation System 1977 - 2003 Space Station Firsts …………………………….........................…………........………………..13 International Space Station 1998-2___ Bibliography …………………………………..............................…………........…………….....…14 ii KHR-18 Rev. December 2003 DATE ROBOTIC EVENTS MISSION 07/24/1950 First missile launched at Cape Canaveral. Bumper V-2 08/20/1953 First Redstone missile was fired. Redstone 1 12/17/1957 First long range weapon launched. Atlas ICBM 01/31/1958 First satellite launched by U.S. Explorer 1 10/11/1958 First observations of Earth’s and interplanetary magnetic field. Pioneer 1 12/13/1958 First capsule containing living cargo, squirrel monkey, Gordo. Although not Bioflight 1 a NASA mission, data was utilized in Project Mercury planning. 12/18/1958 First communications satellite placed in space. Once in place, Brigadier Project Score General Goodpaster passed a message to President Eisenhower 02/17/1959 First fully instrumented Vanguard payload.
    [Show full text]