Medea Sulla Scena Tragica Repubblicana

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Medea Sulla Scena Tragica Repubblicana Medea sulla scena tragica latina Il personaggio di Medea permette uno sguardo trasversale su tre autori che hanno trattato momenti diversi di questa saga e così messo in luce aspetti differenti della figura e delle vicende ad essa legate. Se, infatti, la Medea exul di Ennio ripercorre da vicino la trama dell’omonimo dramma euripideo, con il Medus Pacuvio mette in scena il ritorno dell’eroina in Colchide secondo una versione rara del mito, e, al contrario, la Medea sive Argonautae di Accio è incentrata sull’abbandono della patria e della famiglia da parte di Medea e sulla sua partenza con Giasone2. Evidente sin dai primi versi del dramma, modello della tragedia enniana è la Medea di Euripide, che l’autore latino ‘traduce’ per la scena romana apportando alcune modifiche, che sembrano tanto più interessanti proprio in quanto inserite in una trama (per quello che ci è dato di verificare) molto vicina all’originale e permettono una proficua analisi del vertere eun’individuazione di elementi di romanizzazione e attualizzazione. Più difficile stabilire le fonti e i possibili modelli di Pacuvio: la trama del Medus non trova riscontro in nessuna delle tragedie greche a noi giunte per intero o in frammenti. Particolarmente evidente nel caso di Accio, ma con tracce anche negli altri due tragici, il parallelo con Apollonio Rodio offre interessanti spunti di ricerca sulle modalità di drammatizzazione di un racconto epico da una parte e sulla caratterizzazione del personaggio di Medea come maga dall’altra. Nella grande messe di studi relativi all’affascinante figura di Medea e alla saga degli Argonauti3, i frammenti tragici latini non paiono molto valorizzati. Ma, nonostante la natura frammentaria della tradizione impedisca considerazioni certe, sembra tuttavia che molti dei temi legati a Medea nella letteratura latina possano trovare riscontro già nella produzione tragica di età repubblicana, come risulterà più evidente nel commento ai singoli frammenti e nelle introduzioni ai tre drammi. In particolare, tre aspetti della raffigurazione di Medea a Roma sembrano essere già presenti nei testi scenici repubblicani: a) La magia. L’eroina è la maga per antonomasia e appare legata soprattutto agli episodi di ringiovanimento. La presenza di questo tema appare costante in tutte le fasi della produzione letteraria (e iconografica) già a partire dall’ambito italico e può essere spiegata alla luce delle analogie 2 La scelta di rappresentare diverse fasi dello stesso mito da parte dei tre tragici è stata da tempo notata dalla critica. Cfr. almeno Dondoni 1958; Arcellaschi 1990; Nosarti 1999, 53–78; Cowan 2010; Boyle 2014, lxix–lxxii. 3 Difficile dominare la bibliografia relativa al mito di Medea. Cito solo alcune monografie ‘classiche’ e raccolte di studi: per l’iconografia, oltre alle voci del LIMC, Galli 1906; per la presenza letteraria Mallinger 1897; Boselli 1905; Goedhart 1911; Caracappa 1921; Séchan 1927; von Fritz 1959; Dräger 1993; Clauss–Johnson 1997; Uglione 1997; Gentili–Perusino 2000; Lopez–Pociña 2002; Cipriani 2005; De Martino 2006; Zimmermann 2009; Bartel–Simon 2010; Corrigan 2013; Manuwald 2013. 3 Introduzione che la figura mitica sembra mostrare con alcune divinità ctonie, e in particolare con la dea Angitia (su cui cfr. infra). b) L’amore. L’attenzione alle fasi dell’innamoramento (che denunciano una dipendenza degli autori latini da Apollonio Rodio) permette di appro- fondire i rapporti (e lo scontro) con la famiglia d’origine, presentando la partenza dalla Colchide come una scelta volontaria oppure anche quasi come una cattività di Medea, preda dello straniero Giasone. Viene dato rilievo al tema della fragilità della donna di fronte a Eros, in particolare in opposizione alla sua sapientia magica, da lei inutilizzabile come difesa. Infine, la vicenda dell’abbandono di Giasone avvicina Medea a eroine elegiache come Arianna o Ipsipile (particolarmente interessante il pa- rallelo con quest’ultima, per la comune esperienza con Giasone), ren- dendola paradigmatica anche in questo senso. c) La ferocia e i delitti. La celebre definizione oraziana dell’Ars Poetica (v. 123) sit Medea ferox invictaque fa riferimento ai numerosi e terribili delitti di cui l’eroina colchica si macchia in nome dell’amore per Giasone: l’omicidio di Absirto, quello di Pelia, l’uccisione di Creusa e, infine, l’infanticidio. La natura cruenta di Medea fa sì che si affermi anche una sua caratterizzazione come menade. La magia Magia e ringiovanimento La figura di Medea si lega in modo particolare con il tema della magia4 ela rappresentazione dell’eroina come maga sembra avere un’importanza notevole a Roma5. La donna e la sua regione di provenienza, la Colchide, sono dunque elementi, potremmo dire topici, spesso presenti nei contesti poetici in cui si parli in qualche modo di magia. Importante notare come i poteri magici siano visti da una parte come spaventosi, pericolosi e negativi, ma al contrario anche come positivi, iatrici e curativi. Tutte le abilità solitamente attribuite alle maghe (necromanzia, conoscenza dei carmina, capacità di tirare giù la luna dal cielo e di nascondere il carro del sole), per esempio, ricorrono in relazione a Medea nella celebre rappresentazione di Ov. met. 7eepist. 6, 85–96 (in cui la focalizzazione di Ipsipile fa sì che sia messa in risalto soprattutto la magia nera), e la rappresen- tazione dell’eroina colchica come maga viene valorizzata in modo particolare soprattutto dai poeti di età augustea, ma anche da quelli successivi6. Una possibile 4 Tema, questo, molto caro agli autori latini: cfr. in particolare Fahz 1904 e Tupet 1976. 5 Le osservazioni di Caracappa 1921, 101 e 114, sembrano in questo senso tuttora valide. 6 In età augustea cfr. Hor. carm. 2, 13, 8 e epod. 17, 35; Manil. 5, 34s.; in seguito Val. Fl. 6, 439–453 (cfr. Fucecchi 1997, ad loc.; Elm 2007, 56s.) e 275s. con le parole di Anausi in punto di morte, che si riferisce al potere curativo della magia; Stat. Theb. 4, 505s. e 549–551, mentre in 9, 610s. e 734s. si fa riferimento alla Colchide come terra di maghe; Claud. carm. 3, 145–153. 4 Medea sulla scena tragica latina traccia del tema della magia bianca sembra essere presente già nei testi drammatici repubblicani, in particolare nel fr. 16 del Medus pacuviano (possum ego istam capite cladem averruncassere), mentre un legame con le arti divinatorie e i prodigi è evidenziabile sulla base del fr. 9 della Medea sive Argonautae di Accio (principio extispicium ex prodigiis congruens ars te arguit): non è possibile spingersi oltre in assenza di ulteriori materiali. Uno degli episodi di magia più noti nel panorama latino a proposito di Medea è quello del ringiovanimento di Esone7, legato anche all’inganno teso da Medea ai danni delle figlie di Pelia: trasformato davanti a loro un ariete in agnello e forte della sua fama di maga, infatti, la donna le convince ad uccidere il loro padre, prospettando loro la possibilità di far ringiovanire anche lui. L’episodio negativo di Pelia, del resto, è altrettanto noto nel mondo antico8 e compare molto spesso nella letteratura latina (per esempio nelle Peliades di Gracco e poi, soprattutto in Ov. met. 7, 297ss., di cui si ricorda Sen. Med. 670–8489); a esso è riferito un momento parodico dello Pseudolus di Plauto ai vv. 868–87210. Il discorso fa parte di una gag tra Ballione e il cuoco che, essendo stato appena ingaggiato, vuole mettere in mostra la sua arte utilizzando linguaggio e stile elevati (si noti, ad esempio, l’elemento paratragico Neptuni pecudes al posto di pisces al v. 834). In questo passo egli si paragona a Medea nell’atto di ringiovanire Pelia. La menzione di questo personaggio è stata interpretata in modi diversi: a) Plauto farebbe confusione e intenderebbe qui Esone oppure Giasone11; b) il passo testimonierebbe una variante del mito per cui Medea avrebbe realmente ringiovanito Pelia12;c)il cuoco plautino mescolerebbe volutamente le carte per confondere Ballione (mal) celando dietro le sue promesse una minaccia13. Sembra che la fama di cui godevano i miti del ringiovanimento in generale e dell’uccisione di Pelia in particolare possa confermare l’interpretazione del passo come confusione consapevole da parte del poeta14 e ciò sembra possibile anche tenendo conto di un particolare del momento scenico plautino, cioè del fatto che si sta festeggiando il compleanno di Ballione. 7 Il tema è anche uno dei più rappresentati nella pittura vascolare magno-greca, cfr. Dugas 1944, 5ss., ma la sua fama è messa bene in evidenza, in letteratura e nelle arti figurative, anche da Giusti 1928, 169–171 e Masselli 2009. 8 Per la presenza del mito di Pelia nella letteratura greca cfr. da ultimo Burkert 2009, soprattutto 156. 9 Su questo cfr. Gamberale 2008, 625–630 e bibliografia ivi citata. 10 Questi i versi: quia sorbitione faciam ego hodie te mea / item ut Medea Peliam concoxit senem, / quem medicamento et suis venenis dicitur, / fecisse rursus ex sene adulescentulum: / item ego te faciam. In realtà già al v. 193 Ballione fa riferimento al mito argonautico, augurandosi per il suo compleanno di essere proclamato “re Giasone”, cfr. Bianco 2006, 59. 11 Così Willcock 1987, sulla base del confronto con Cic. sen. 83, in cui il riferimento a Pelia è sicuramente errato; anche secondo Powell 2006, 262s. sia per Cicerone sia per Plauto si deve pensare a un errore, la cui genesi è da individuare in un filone mitologico romano corrente. 12 Così, tra gli altri, Sturtevant 1979 (= 1932); Dugas 1944, 8s. 13 Così Arcellaschi 1990, 120 ss. 14 L’episodio, infatti, è inserito in un contesto in cui sono presenti termini afferenti alla sola sfera semantica della magia (striges, v 820; veneficus, v. 872) o anche a quella della cucina (herbae, 5 Introduzione Agli episodi riusciti di Esone o dell’ariete o, più in generale, alla capacità magica di Medea in relazione agli incantesimi di ringiovanimento fanno riferi- mento diversi passi (eleg.
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