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Texture and Petrology of Modern River, Beach and Shelf Sands in A Texture and petrology of modern river, beach and shelf sands in a volcanic ? back-arc setting, northeastern Japan ∗ Atsushi Noda a; aGeological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Higashi 1-1-1, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan ABSTRACT The focus in the present study is on characterizing spatial patterns of textural and petrological variabilities, and on evaluating mechanisms influencing the textural and petrological components of modern river, beach and shelf sands in a volcanically active back-arc tectonic setting. Abashiri Bay and the surrounding area in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, has volcanic source land within a back-arc region associated with subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Okhotsk (North American) Plate. A total of 41 river, beach and shelf sands were obtained for grain-size and modal composition analyses. Multivariate analytical techniques of hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses were performed on the textural and petrological data for investigating relations among quantitative variables. On the basis of grain-size data, four sedimentary zones were identified: zone I, palimpsest zone; zone II, relict zone; zone III, modern (proteric) zone; zone IV, coastal sedimentary zone. All sands are feldspatholithic and quartz-deficient. The framework (quartz, feldspar and rock fragment) modal compositions were also classified into four clusters, A–D. The characteristic components of each cluster are as follows: cluster A, felsic volcanic rock fragments; cluster B, andesitic– basaltic volcanic rock fragments; cluster C, mixed or plagioclase; cluster D, sedimentary rock fragments. Almost all sands in western and central Abashiri Bay belong to cluster A, where the original compositions are influenced by Kutcharo pyroclastic flow deposits. Andesitic–basaltic lava and Neogene volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks have a major influence on the compositions of shelf sands in eastern Abashiri Bay. The modal compositions are basically controlled by the source lithology. Compositional maturity (percentage of quartz to feldspar and rock fragments; Q/FR%) slightly increased, in order, from river (1.2), zone IV (coastal, 1.7), zone II (relict, 2.2), zone I (palimpsest, 3.6), to zone III (modern proteric, 7.0). Greater maturity in the recycled sediments is indicative of weathering under the sea or abrasion by transportation induced by sea-level fluctuations, waves, or sea currents. Several controlling factors – (i) source lithological; (ii) mineralogical; (iii) climatic; and (iv) geomorphological controls – might still cause low maturity through all sedimentary zones other than the continental margin sands previously reported. Key words: modern sand; beach; shelf; grain size; modal composition; multivariate analysis; provenance analysis hydraulic, climatic, and geographic conditions. The petrology of clastic materials also has been used to elucidate orogenic INTRODUCTION process, unroofing, and plate tectonic evolution (e.g. Dickinson The texture and petrology of sedimentary rocks provide ba- & Suczek, 1979; Dickinson, 1985; Suczek & Ingersoll, 1985; sic clues to paleogeographic and paleogeologic reconstructions Dorsey, 1988; Lee & Lee, 2000). Petrological properties of of a basin and its hinterland. It is well known that grain-size sediments are, however, affected by various factors, including distributions are affected by selective transportation and depo- chemical weathering, physical breakdown, abrasion, and hydro- sition (Komar, 1977; Dacey & Krumbein, 1979; McLaren & dynamic sorting (Davies & Ethridge, 1975; Mack, 1978; Dacey Bowles, 1985). The texture of clastic sediments has been uti- & Krumbein, 1979; McLaren & Bowles, 1985; Basu, 1985; lized as a key to their sedimentary environments, such as the Grantham & Velbel, 1988; Johnsson, 1989, 1993). Mixing of detritus from multiple sources may further modify the initial ? sediment characteristics, especially when dispersal pathways NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for are complex and involve recycling of previously deposited sed- publication in The Island Arc vol. 14(4), p. 687–707. Changes resulting from peer review are reflected, but editing, formatting, and pagination from the iments (e.g. Critelli et al., 1997; Arribas et al., 2000; Garzanti publishing processes are not included in this document. A definitive version et al., 2002; Critelli et al., 2003). An environmental signature were published in DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00477.x. ∗ (e.g. bioclasts or glauconite) may be added to the sediment Corresponding author. Fax: +81 29 861 3653. causing a compositional change that is essentially unrelated to Email address: [email protected] (Atsushi Noda). Article published in The Island Arc 14 (2005) 687–707 the initial detrital spectrum. pumices and ashes at ca. 7 ka, and thus, generated a caldera, Spatial patterns of textural and petrological variabilities of Lake Mashu (Katsui, 1955; Katsui & Satoh, 1963). sediments may provide constraints on the geography, climate, The Kutcharo caldera and surrounding mountains (Fig. 2) tectonics, and lithologies of sediment source areas. An under- are the main sources of rivers flowing into Abashiri Bay. The standing of the textural and petrological characteristics of mod- Kutcharo caldera was formed in middle–late Pleistocene age ern sediments is desirable to develop more refined provenance (Katsui & Satoh, 1963). Neogene sedimentary and volcanic interpretation schemes, to provide a basis for evaluating past rocks are extensively blanketed by the Kutcharo pyroclastic environmental conditions, and to evaluate the role of erosion flow (Kpfl) deposits produced by eight large-scale dacitic pyro- and sedimentation within the tectonic and hydrologic cycles. clastic flows during the last 300,000 years (Katsui, 1958; Kat- Although almost all the researchers referred to above have tar- sui & Satoh, 1963; Hirose & Nakagawa, 1995). The largest is geted fluvial or beach sands, few have studied shallow marine the Kpfl-IV of ca. 120 ka, and the youngest is the Kpfl-I of sands for the purpose of unraveling various influences on the ca. 32 ka (Kigoshi, 1967). Fluvial sediments composed of py- sediments. roclastic sands and gravels were described as Bihoro (Sassa & The main objectives of this study are (1) characterizing spa- Inoue, 1939), Yambetsu (Matsushita, 1960), and Sattsuru (Sug- tial patterns of textural and petrological variabilities, and (2) imoto & Hasegawa, 1959) Formations that were intercalated evaluating mechanisms influencing the textural and petrologi- into the Kpfl deposits of late Pleistocene age. Most of the Kpfl cal components of modern river, beach, and shelf sands. This deposits are composed of augite-bearing hypersthene dacitic study differs from previous works in that it focuses on beach pumice and ash. The deposits are characterized by absence of to marine sands in an actively volcanic back-arc setting. The bedding, lack of sorting, and abundance of glass shards (Katsui results suggest that textural and petrological data for modern & Satoh, 1963). sediments aid in interpretation of depositional environments in ancient sedimentary rocks of more ambiguous setting. For these purposes, modern sediments were collected from Abashiri Bay and the surrounding area in eastern Hokkaido, Japan (Fig. 1). Abashiri Bay is situated in the back-arc region GEOGRAPHY of the Inner Kuril volcanic arc where the Pacific Plate actively Marine terraces have developed at Cape Notoro and the converges under the Okhotsk (North American) Plate (Fig. 1). Shiretoko Peninsula. The lowermost terraces are 45 m above sea level at Cape Notoro and 80 m above sea level at the Shire- toko Peninsula (Fig. 3). These correspond to the interglacial stage 5e (ca. 125 ka; Okumura, 1991), and therefore, the esti- mated uplift rates are 0.36 m/ky at Cape Notoro and 0.64 m/ky PHYSICAL SETTINGS at the Shiretoko Peninsula. In contrast, marine terraces do not occur near Shari. The subsidence rate of the Shari Plain is es- timated to be more than 0.50 m/ky (Koike & Machida, 2001). These rates are about an order of magnitude less than the gen- GEOLOGY eral rate of rise in sea level from the Last Glacial Maximum The Inner Kuril volcanic arc is made up of Tertiary volcani- (LGM: ca. 20 ka) to the sea level maximum of about 6 ka clastic and sedimentary rocks and Pliocene–Pleistocene calc- (ca. 120 m/14 ky = 8.6 m/ky). alkaline pyroxene andesites (Sato & Mitsunashi, 1970; Sato, Abashiri Bay encompasses an area of about 20 km (NS) 1970; Tsushima, 1974) (Fig. 2). Neogene strata in the Abashiri by 60 km (EW) (Fig. 4). Four submarine terraces (at 40, 75, (western part of the study area) and the Shiretoko (eastern) ar- 115, and 130 m water depths) have been noted off Cape No- eas are divided into five formations on the basis of lithology. toro (Fig. 5A). The terrace at 130 m depth (Notoro Spur) is the In the Abashiri area, these are defined from lower to upper as largest, and might be a wave erosional surface formed during the Kurumatonai (siltstone), Abashiri (andesitic volcanic clastic the LGM (Maritime Safety Agency, 1990). A flat area has de- sandstone and conglomerate), Notoro (siltstone), Yobito (silt- veloped off the Shari Plain between the water depths of 40 and stone), and Misaki (sandstone and conglomerate) Formations. 60 m (Fig. 5B). A long sandy beach (Shari Beach) fronts the In the Shiretoko area, they are named the Churui (andesitic– Shari Plain. Several lagoons, the Lake Notoro, Lake Abashiri, rhyolitic volcaniclastic
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