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Dynamics and Patterns of Transnational Street Begging in Lagos and Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

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Dynamics and Patterns of Transnational Street Begging in Lagos and Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria DYNAMICS AND PATTERNS OF TRANSNATIONAL STREET BEGGING IN LAGOS AND IBADAN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA BY USMAN ADEKUNLE OJEDOKUN B.A. Archaeology (Ibadan), M.Sc. Sociology (Ibadan) A Thesis in the Department of Sociology, Submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN FEBRUARY, 2015 ABSTRACT Street begging is a social problem in Nigeria. Although studies have been extensively conducted on street beggars in Nigeria, sufficient attention has not been devoted to transnational street begging as a distinct phenomenon. The continual influx of transnational street beggars into Nigeria makes the investigation into the dynamics and patterns of transnational street begging imperative. The study examined the socio-demographic profile of transnational street beggars in Lagos and Ibadan, their reasons for migrating to Nigeria, their migratory trajectory and network of relationships. The study was exploratory and cross-sectional in design. The strain and migration network theories were used as conceptual framework. Convenience sampling technique was employed for the selection of transnational street beggars. Three hundred and eighty-two respondents were sampled. A semi- structured questionnaire was administered. In addition, three case studies and 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with purposively chosen transnational street beggars. Seven key-informant interviews were held with personnel of the Nigeria Immigration Service, the Nigeria Custom Service, the Nigeria Police, National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and Other Related Matters (NAPTIP), Oyo State Ministry of Women Affairs, Community Development and Social Welfare. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency distribution, cross-tabulation and chi-square at p>0.05, while qualitative data were content analysed. Respondents’ age was 28.0±1.2years, 79.6% were Nigeriens, 56.3% were females, 61.8% were married and 64.4% had resided in Nigeria for less than a year. Economic hardship in own country was the major factor responsible for their emigration. Migration was essentially facilitated by social/kinship networks dictated by the presence of relatives (51.6%), friends (29.0%) and acquaintances (19.4%) already in Nigeria. Majority (80.6%) confirmed the involvement of other member(s) of their family in street begging. Most resided with their relatives (43.2%) and friends (35.6%), but some lived in rented rooms (14.9%) in lower class neighbourhoods. About 53.4% came to Nigeria because of perceived better opportunity, however, a difference existed in their reasons according to nationality (χ2=18.95). Migration pathway was characterised by a low involvement of smugglers (χ2=0.91). A difference existed in transnational street beggars’ points of entry into Nigeria according to nationality (χ2=122.02). Transnational street beggars contributed to the nation’s insecurity and other environmental and health problems. The porous Nigerian borders, Economic Community of West African States’ treaty on free movement, commonly shared Hausa language, human trafficking networks and lack of specific order for relevant government agencies inhibited effective control of transnational street beggars. Migration of transnational beggars is an all year round activity with more immigrating into Nigeria in September and August. The Nigerian government should ensure that relevant law enforcement agencies are effective in policing the borders and enforcing migration laws. Keywords: Transnational street begging, Social network, Migratory trajectory Word count: 435 ii CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Usman Adekunle Ojedokun in the Department of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ………………………………………………………... Supervisor A. A. Aderinto B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Ibadan) Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my late father, Alhaji M.A. Ojedokun, who passed on to the great beyond a week after my final defence. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is really a great challenge for me to put together this important section of my doctoral thesis, because this milestone achievement resulted from the support I got from many special persons who contributed to its successful completion in different ways. First, I give glory to Almighty Allah, the Giver of life, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful, Who created me the way I am. Indeed, I love being me. Alhamdullilahi! I thank You, my Lord, for the knowledge, wisdom, and understanding which You always give to me. You are the pillar of my life, and You alone will I worship forever. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my parents, Late Alhaji Moshood Adebayo Ojedokun and Alhaja Fatimat Adejoke Ojedokun, for everything you have done for me. I thank you for believing in me. You are the best parents in the world. I really do not know the best way to bring my appreciation to bear, but I want you to know that I am grateful to God for making you my parents. Despite all odds, you are always going an extra mile to provide the best for me. Although you passed on to the great beyond a week after my final defence, Dad, I give glory to God that you were alive to see me attain this academic height. My sincere appreciation goes to my indefatigable supervisor and mentor, Prof. A.A. Aderinto, who provided me with inspiration and useful insights which led to the conception of this great idea and the successful completion of this thesis. Sir, I am also grateful to you, for your care, guidance and support – financial and non-financial - that you have always extended to me. Indeed, to say that I am most privileged to be under your tutelage is definitely an understatement. Sir, I thank you again for everything. May almighty God continue to shower his blessings on you and your family. I also appreciate the efforts of all my lecturers and colleagues in the Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan: Profs. A. S. Jegede, U. C. Isiugo-Abanihe, A. O. Olutayo, I. P. Onyeonoru, O. M. Obono, Drs. B. E. Owumi, O. O. Omololu, E. E. Okafor, R. A. Okunola, E. E. Nwokocha, A. A. Obemeata, Adenugba, A., O. A. Omobowale, K. K. Salami, I. Onwuzuruigbo, O. A. Fayehun, O. Tade, O. Akanle, P. A. Taiwo, S. A. Omolawal, D. A. Busari, Mrs. O. Adegoke and Mrs. A. O. Ademuson. The successful completion of this thesis has significantly benefited from your scholarly minds. I thank you all for your ingenuity and very insightful contributions. I v equally thank all the non-academic staff of the Department for the kindness and love they extended to me in the course of my programme. Also, I wish to appreciate my wonderful siblings, Adeife, Ifemade, Ifedayo, for their brotherly and sisterly love. Indeed, it has been a great privilege for me to grow up in the same household with you. You are all very special to me. I thank you, Motunrayo M. Aileru, my darling and sweetheart, for giving to me your golden heart. You are truly special to me and I cannot stop thanking God for putting you on my side. I appreciate your support and encouragement. I am grateful to Honourable Ustaz Dapo Yusuff; my uncles, Mr. Taofeeq Akorede, Mr. Yusuff Nurudeen and Alhaji Rasheed Akewusola, for their unceasing prayer and moral support. May Allah continue to shower his blessings on you. I am indebted to the families of Dr. and Mrs. Okanlawon, Chief and Mrs. Ogunbode, Mr. and Mrs. Adetutu, for their love. The family of Dr. and Mrs. Okanalwon were very kind to me during my stay at the Imo Road area of the University of Ibadan; they virtually took me as a member of their household. For the family of Chief and Mrs. Ogunbode, they had always been there for me since I began my academic sojourn at the University of Ibadan as an undergraduate student in 2003. My special thanks go to my special friend, Ewere Nelson Atoi, for his unwavering support and thoughtful advice at every stage of this work. E.N Atoi, I sincerely appreciate your efforts from the depth of my heart. I am also thankful to my wonderful friends, Mohammed Muydeen Alabi, Olawale Saidi Nurudeen and Opeyemi Owoeye for their eagerness to host me each time I needed to be in Lagos, during my fieldwork. May almighty God continue to shower his blessing on you. Also, I remember my field assistant, Mallam Mohammed Bello for his effort, particularly at the early stage of the fieldwork. I also wish to show my gratitude to all my colleagues and friends for their concern and interest towards the timely completion of this thesis. Of special reference are Kehinde Bailey, Mr. Johnson Ayodele, Shakirudeen Akewusola, Tayo Dada, Joseph Edah, Noah Balogun, Abayomi Olakojo, Bro. Abdul-Hafeez Yusuff, Wale Owosheni, Bayo Salawu, Emeka Ezemenaka, Kingsley Dara-Ojimba, Christopher Eraye, Kudus Adebayo, Segun Liadi, Dare Ojo, Oluwakemi Kamaludeen, Adonnu Chijioke, Hafeez Jinadu, Hafzat Akanni, Abel Akintunde, Godwin Odok, vi and Vivian Okoye. To other friends of mine that I could not mention here due to the limited space, I equally appreciate all of you. Finally, I thank the personnel of the government agencies that were involved in this study for sharing with me their work experience as it relates to the problem of transnational street begging in Nigeria. Mr. Oluga of the Nigeria Immigration Service, Zone ‘F’ Headquarters, Ibadan, and the Public Relations Officer of the Nigeria Custom Service, Oyo/Osun Area Command, Ibadan, Nwala, N. I., deserve special commendations for their
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