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What Has Been the Political Effect of Regional WHAT HAS BEEN THE POLITICAL EFFECT OF REGIONAL CONCENTRATION OF NEWSPAPER OWNERSHIP AND PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA SINCE 1999? HAS THIS CONCENTRATION AFFECTED THE CONTRIBUTIONS NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS MAKE TO DEMOCRACY? BABATUNDE VICTOR JATULA (0702537) B.A (OOU), M.A (LEICESTER) A PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Politics and Public Administration, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Supervised by Professor Tom Lodge Submitted to the University of Limerick, November, 2015 i ABSTRACT My research starts from the premise that the contemporary role of Nigeria’s regionally concentrated newspapers hubs in the current political dispensation, particularly after the return to civil rule in 1999, and their forward and backward linkages to content, ownership, public opinion, North/South politics and national integration has not been sufficiently investigated. Mainstream scholarship and a series of commentaries written within a framework of reference drawn from Marxist political economy reduce patterns of ownership to predominant class interests, an unproven assumption, especially for the post 1999 period. The press in Nigeria influenced decolonization (1940s), national independence (1960) and return of civil rule (1999); however, newspapers are polarised along regional and ethnic lines. This study investigates the political effects, if any, of regional concentration of newspaper ownership and production on democracy in Nigeria since 1999 on one hand while on the other; it evaluates the impact of newspapers’ regional concentration on the democratic process. Using mixed research methods, the findings indicate that in its current composition and by its institutional structures, the press in Nigeria is embedded in religious, ethnic, regional, geo-political imperatives that characterize the Nigerian State. The cleavage between the press in the North and South has accentuated the differences and divisions that exist in Nigeria. Evidence from focus groups and interviews as well as analysis of editorial content both confirm that concentration of ownership in the two regional hubs as well as the relationship between proprietors and journalists affect the way news is selected and treated. Significantly, the study concludes that as democracy becomes further entrenched in Nigeria, the press is required to take a much more robust and comprehensive worldview than it currently possess for it to be a catalyst in sustaining democratic values in a plural society. It recommends the need to promote online news sources and a restructuring and enforcement of labour laws in Nigeria. Babatunde Victor Jatula ID No: 0702537 Date: November, 2015 ii DECLARATION I, hereby declare that this dissertation is the product of my own research efforts, undertaken under the supervision of Professor Tom Lodge, and has not been presented elsewhere for an award of a degree or certificate. All sources have been duly distinguished and appropriately acknowledged. .............................................................................................................. BABATUNDE VICTOR JATULA .............................................. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Dr. David Oyedepo- author, educationist and minister. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research endeavour would not have been possible without the support, goodwill and assistance of many people. I would like to express my very great appreciation to my project supervisor and academic mentor, Professor Tom Lodge for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques for this research work. His willingness to oversee this work successfully is so generously appreciated. Assistance provided by Dr. Eoin Devereux, Dr. Helen Kelly Holmes, Dr. Mercy Ette, Dr. Stephen Onakuse and Dr. Brian Coates for their valuable and constructive suggestions as well as insightful comments during the planning, fieldwork and completion phases of this research work is recognised. I also wish to acknowledge Professor Dipo Olubomehin, Dr Wale Salami and Dr. Tunde Oduntan for their continued motivation. My sincere thanks go to all staffs and students of the Department of Politics and Public Administration, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Science, University of Limerick, particularly for the conducive academic environment, cluster meetings, financial grant and intellectual stimulation. I also wish to thank various people for their contribution to this project: Pastor Samuel Kayode for his moral and spiritual support. To those who helped me during my field trips to Lagos and Abuja in Nigeria, I sincerely appreciate the assistance provided by staff of Guardian, Tribune, ThisDay, Trust and Vanguard newspapers. Additionally, I wish to appreciate Mr. Alaba Jatula for his help in collecting data in a few newspaper organisations and in the Lagos State University Library. Also acknowledged are Mr. and Mrs. Dada Yewande for their assistance at the University of Lagos Library. My grateful thanks are also extended to Andy Malisauskos for his help in formatting statistical data. Finally, I wish to thank my parents Mr and Mrs Jatula for their goodwill, trust and benevolence. Special thank to my love/wife: Yinka and our children: Grace and Joseph for their compassion, understanding and encouragement throughout my studies. Your immense care and invaluable support is fully acknowledged and appreciated. Victor Jatula November, 2015 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Front piece I Abstract II Declaration III Dedication IV Acknowledgement V Table of Content VI List of Figures X List of Tables XI List of Abbreviations XII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to the Research Problem 1 1.2 Background to the Study 6 1.2.1 Newspaper Concentration: The Nigerian Context 11 1.3 Political Commentaries about Regional Newspaper Hubs 12 1.4 Significance of the Study 15 1.5Theoretical Preoccupations on Press and Politics 19 1.5.1 The Agenda-setting Tradition 21 1.5.2 The Political Economy Tradition 24 1.6 Overview of Research Method 27 1.7 Outline of Thesis 28 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Newspaper Origins in Nigeria: A Background 30 2.3 Press History in Nigeria 33 2.3.1 Pre-Colonial Press in Nigeria (1859-1899) 33 2.3.2 The Press during Colonial Rule (1900-1960) 34 vi 2.3.3 Post-Colonial Newspaper Press in Nigeria (1960-1999) 36 2.4 Current Composition of Nigerian Newspapers 43 2.4.1 An Overview of National Newspapers 47 2. 5 Newspaper Ownership and its Effect on Politics 49 2.6 Newspapers, Ethnic Relations and Politics in Nigeria 51 2.6.1 Ethnicity within the Nigerian Press 52 2.7 The Nigerian Press since 1999 57 2.8 Summary 63 CHAPTER THREE: THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Research Strategy 65 3.2.1 Eclectic Research Design 67 3.3 Research Methods 69 3.3.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) 69 3.3.2 Semi-Structured Interviews (SSI) 74 3.3.3 Content Analysis (CA) 79 3.4 Data Analysis 86 3.4.1 Quantitative Data Analysis and Presentation 86 3.4.2 Qualitative Data Analysis and Presentation 86 3.5 Summary 87 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Content Analysis 91 4.3 Do Newspaper Proprietors/Owners Influence Content and Reportage? 100 4.3.1 How Proprietors Influence Content 103 4.3.2 Thisday/IPSOS 2011 Presidential Election Opinion Poll 109 4.4 Do Newspapers in Regions form an Agenda-setting Alliance? 113 vii 4.4.1 Newspapers, Ownership and Ethnicised Politics 113 4.4.2 Playing the Blame Game 116 4.4.3 Agenda-setting in the Nigerian Press: Who’s Agenda? 119 4.4.4 Diversity or Division in the Nigerian Press 125 4.4.5 Reportage of 2006 National Population Census Figures 126 4.5 Institutional Structure of the Press in Nigeria 129 4.5.1 The Operating Environment 129 4.5.2 Comparison of Management Structures in Lagos and Abuja 132 4.5.3 Challenges to the Profession 135 4.5.3.1 Economic Challenges 136 4.5.3.2 Physical Challenges 139 4.5.3.3 Legal Challenges 141 4.5.3.4 Professional Challenges 143 4.5.4 Effects of Institutional Structures on the Press 146 4.5 Summary 154 CHAPTER FIVE: THE EFFECTS OF REGIONAL NEWSPAPER CONCENTRATION ON POLITICS AND AN EVALUATION OF PRESS CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEMOCRACY 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 What are the Political Effects of Regional Newspaper Concentration? 157 5.2.1 News Bias and Imbalance 157 5.2.1.1 Is News Biased against the North? 158 5.2.1.2 Agenda-setting in Nigerian papers 162 5.2.2 Culture of Political Intolerance 167 5.2.3 Escalation of Ethnic Rivalry and Conflict 172 5.2.3.1 Newspaper and Ethno-religious Conflict 176 5.2.4 Elite Dominance in the Market Place of idea 179 5.3 Political Contributions of Newspapers to Democracy 186 5.3.1 Newspapers and the Market Place of Ideas 187 viii 5.3.2 Newspapers and Public Opinion 191 5.3.3 The Surveillance Function 194 5.3.4 The Watchdog Role 199 5.4 Summary 203 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Introduction 206 6.2 Empirical findings: Enduring Trends and Emerging Patterns 207 6. 3 Theoretical Implications 215 6.4 Policy Implications 218 6.5 Study Recommendations 222 6.6 Limitations of Research 226 6.7 Recommendations for further Research 228 REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY 230 APPENDICES 253 APPENDIX ONE: Question Guide for Newspaper Editors/Journalists 253 APPENDIX TWO: Question Guide for Semi-Structured Interviews 255 APPENDIX THREE: Question Guide for Media Critics 256 APPENDIX FOUR: Question Guide for Focus Group Discussions 257 APPENDIX FIVE: Question Guide for
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