The Search for Ke-Chunk 2012 Investigations in South Beloit, Winnebago County, Illinois
William Green Logan Museum of Anthropology Beloit College Beloit, WI 53511
With contributions by M. Catherine Bird Michael F. Kolb
Submitted to: City of South Beloit, South Beloit, IL Ho-Chunk Cultural Resources Division, Black River Falls, WI Beloit 2020, Beloit, WI Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, IL
April, 2013 Table of Contents
List of Figures ii List of Tables ii Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv
Introduction 1 Goals and Objectives 1 Project Location 2 Project Significance 4 Context and Background 5 Archaeology in the Beloit Vicinity 5 Ho-Chunk History in the Region 5 Methods 7 Background Research 7 Geomorphological Survey 8 Test Excavations 8 Curation 9 Results 9 Background Research 9 Geomorphological Survey (by Michael F. Kolb) 11 Test Excavations 13 Discussion 17 Conclusion and Recommendations 18 References Cited 19
Appendixes A. Land Ownership History, by Catherine Bird 22 B. Census of Ke-Chunk by John Kinzie 48 C. Tabulations of Recovered Artifacts by Unit and Level 52 D. Illinois Archaeological Site Recording Form 58 E. Project Publicity 59 E.1. Beloit Daily News, June 8, 2012 60 E.2. Beloit Daily News, August 10, 2012 61
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List of Figures
1. General Land Office 1834 map. 2
2. Project area location. 3
3. Map of test excavation locations. 9
4. Kelson map of Beloit, ca. 1838. From Brown 1900:43. 10
5. Schematic cross-section of alluvial deposits in surveyed area. 13
6. Photographs of test unit profile walls. 14
List of Tables
1. Push Probe Core Descriptions. 12
2. Tabulation of Collection. 16 iii
ABSTRACT
Around 1830, a large Ho-Chunk village known as Ke-Chunk (Turtle Village) existed near the mouth of Turtle Creek close to the Illinois-Wisconsin state line in what is now Beloit, Wisconsin or South Beloit, Illinois. We attempted to detect physical traces of that village in the summer of 2012. Soil-geomorphic coring and archaeological testing were conducted in a small tract on the north bank of Turtle Creek in South Beloit. The cores and a series of 1-x-2-meter units revealed a sequence of recent deposits and cultural material, recorded as 11WO506. However, no early 19th-century features or material were found. Although no remnants of Turtle Village were discovered, the site may exist nearby and additional survey and testing are recommended elsewhere in the vicinity.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks the City of South Beloit, the Ho-Chunk Nation Cultural Resources Division, and Beloit 2020 for encouraging and supporting the work reported here. In particular, I thank City of South Beloit Commissioner Alice Schoonover and Mayor Michael Duffy; Bill Quackenbush, Ho-Chunk Nation Tribal Historic Preservation Officer and Cultural Resources Division Manager; and Jeff Adams of 2020. Soil coring and interpretations were conducted by Dr. Michael Kolb of Strata Morph Geoexploration, Inc. Dr. Rochelle Lurie of Midwest Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (MARS), supplied logistical direction and support and served as field supervisor along with Steve Katz of MARS. Catherine Bird of MARS prepared a historical overview and land-use history.
The field crew consisted of volunteers and students whose interest, skill, and enthusiasm were essential elements of the project. Crew members were:
Lucy Adrignola Philip Millhouse Michelle Birnbaum Felicia-Marie Nicosia Austin Brown Kayla Nicosia Elizabeth Brown Sara Pfannkuche Paula Bryant Katie Porubcan Ken Geier Paula Porubcan Kenny Hipskind Caitlin Rankin Ed Jakaitis Christine Schultz Steve Jankiewicz Pegg Stoddard Addison Kimmel George Wilson Deb Lynch Leanne Wright Dean McMakin
The fieldwork reported in this document was conducted under a permit from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The author is solely responsible for the views and opinions expressed herein.
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INTRODUCTION
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This report describes archaeological testing conducted in 2012 on a tract of land owned by the City of South Beloit in Winnebago County, Illinois. The purpose of the work was to locate remnants of a ca. 1830 Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Indian village known as Ke- Chunk or Turtle Village. This village was the largest recorded post-Contact Native American settlement in the Beloit area.
Finding traces of Ke-Chunk is important from historical and archaeological perspectives, as explained below. The work is also part of a larger effort to enhance the historical and educational values of the “Confluence,” as the parts of Beloit (Wisconsin) and South Beloit around the mouth of Turtle Creek are becoming known. Local officials and planners envision a series of marked trails and open-space recreational uses that would increase public awareness of the historical significance of this locale.
The goal of this project was to generate needed baseline information about the Ke-chunk village site. Specific objectives were to: 1. Locate the Ke-chunk village site. 2. Evaluate its condition and significance. 3. Develop a plan for further research, preservation, and interpretation. 4. Engage the Ho-Chunk Nation and the Beloit and South Beloit communities.
The work conducted in 2012 focused on the first objective, that of precisely locating the Ke-Chunk site.
PROJECT LOCATION
A 1834 U.S. Government Land Office survey map of what is now the Beloit area shows Ke-Chunk as situated on the north side of Turtle Creek, just east of the Rock River (Figure 1). Unfortunately, the survey notes associated with that map contain no information about the village. Our strategy for finding Ke-Chunk called for examination of the north side of Turtle Creek close to its confluence with the Rock. Accordingly, we selected a study area that is bounded on the west by the Rock River, on the south by Turtle Creek, on the east by Blackhawk Boulevard, and on the north by Shirland Avenue, which is approximately the Illinois-Wisconsin state line (Figure 2). The legal location of this tract is the NW¼, NW¼, section 5, and the NE ¼, NE ¼, section 6, T46N., R2E., in the city of South Beloit, Winnebago County, Illinois.
Unfortunately, the western part of the area initially considered for study was not accessible for archaeological investigation because of the presence of potentially hazardous substances related to previous industrial use of the tract (see Appendix A). Remediation efforts may make the area amenable to archaeological study in the future. The northern and eastern portions of the initial study area also were inaccessible because of current industrial and commercial uses. For 2012, therefore, fieldwork focused on a 2 small, triangular-shaped wooded tract bounded by Turtle Creek on the south and the Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific railroad tracks on the east and west (Figure 2). This location is approximately 200 meters (650 feet) up Turtle Creek from its confluence with the Rock River. The tested area, located at a place known as Stateline Junction, comprises less than an acre and is owned by the City of South Beloit.
Figure 1. General Land Office map of Beloit (west side of Rock River and mouth of Turtle Creek) showing Ke-Chunk (Turtle Village) location). G.L.O. interior field notes, T. 1. N., R. 12 E., March 1834, G.W. Harrison. From http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SurveyNotes/Search.html. . 3
Fig. 2. Project area location. Top: U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle map; bottom: air photo. Blue: general area of interest. Red: location of 2012 testing. 4
PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE
In the late 1820s and early 1830s, Ke-chunk was one of the major villages of the Ho- Chunk (Winnebago) people. The word Ke-chunk (properly Kečąk), means “turtle” and was used to denote the Ho-Chunk village on Turtle Creek (Brown and Brown 1929:86- 87). In 1829, according to U.S. Indian agent John Kinzie, this village had 35 lodges with nearly 700 inhabitants (Kinzie 1832; typescript in Jipson 1922:265-266, 275-277, 282; see Appendix B). Notable Ho-Chunk leaders associated with the village include White Crow (Kau-ree-kau-say-kaw), Whirling Thunder (Wau-kaun-wee-kaw), Walking Turtle (Karramaunee), and Little Priest or Little Chief (Mor-ay-tshay-kaw). The early French- Canadian trader Joseph Thibault built a cabin near the village site in 1835 or perhaps earlier. (Thibault’s cabin, mapped more precisely than Ke-chunk in contemporary records, was located on the Wisconsin side of the state line, in in the vicinity of what is now the Beloit City Hall; see Appendix B:Figure 1.) In 1836, the early settler Caleb Blodgett bought Thibault’s claims on the east side of the Rock River (Brown 1908:130- 132; Western Historical Co. 1879:607-610).
Ke-chunk was the largest of the 36 villages recorded in John Kinzie’s 1829 census of Ho- Chunk communities in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois (Kinzie 1832). Although Kinzie’s summary of the census states that 600 residents were present at the village, tabulation of the residents in the family-by-family census reveals that at least 697 people lived there (Appendix B). Many Ke-chunk residents, including its influential leader White Crow, apparently moved to Ke-Chunk from Lake Koshkonong. Ke-chunk may have attracted White Crow and his villagers because it is only three miles from the mouth of the Pecatonica River, which was by 1831 a gathering place for Ho-Chunk people preparing to move to their wintering grounds in northern Illinois (Jipson 1923:131, 137; Lurie 1978:693).
Primary-source written records of Indian life from the 1820s and 1830s in the middle Rock River valley are sparse, so archaeology is one of the principal ways to learn about that era. Yet few 1820s-30s Native American village sites have been found in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Crabapple Point and Carcajou Point on Late Koshkonong constitute rare examples of Ho-Chunk archaeological sites in the region (Hall 1962; Spector 1975). Crabapple Point dates to ca. 1760-1800, while Carcajou Point may have been occupied by White Crow immediately prior to his move to Ke-Chunk. If some of Ke-chunk’s lodge foundations, storage pits, and other features have survived over the past 180 years, as they have at Crabapple Point, archaeological studies can provide information about village layout, trade connections, and daily life. The results of these studies can set the stage for site preservation, interpretive signage, and programs that will help people appreciate the rich cultural heritage of the Confluence area and of the broader region.
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CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND
ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE BELOIT VICINITY
Archaeological studies have been carried out in the Beloit vicinity since 1852, when Beloit College professor Stephen P. Lathrop drafted maps of several mound groups. Those maps, published in Increase Lapham’s encyclopedic treatment of Wisconsin archaeology (Lapham 1855), brought attention to the area’s ancient earthworks. Later in the 19th century, Beloit College alumnus Stephen Denison Peet also published several maps and descriptions of Beloit-area mounds (Peet 1881, 1885, 1892, 1898). T.H. Lewis, surveyor for the Northwestern Archaeological Survey, mapped mound groups in the Beloit area in 1888 though he did not publish his observations (Lewis 1888).
In the early 20th century, Beloit College student Robert Becker and Logan Museum curator Ira Buell conducted archaeological surveys at local camp sites, villages, and workshop sites in addition to mounds on both sides of the state line (Becker 1913; Buell 1919). While Becker and Buell documented a wide range of archaeological site types in the locality, their focus remained on the prehistoric or pre-Contact era. Notable early 20th- century work culminated in the extensive Rock River archaeological survey conducted by State Historical Society of Wisconsin museum director Charles E. Brown and his son Theodore T. Brown in 1928 and 1929 (Brown and Brown 1929). The survey documented over 80 archaeological sites along the Rock River between Edgerton and Beloit. Brown and Brown gave equal consideration to mounds and habitation sites. Their additional interest in post-Contact sites marked a departure from the lack of attention to these relatively recent archaeological resources.
Later in the 20th century, mound mapping and excavations continued (Bastian 1958; Lange 1968), but the emphasis shifted to surveys and evaluations designed to aid in land- use planning and development (e.g., Johns et al. 1993). Archaeological work by numerous investigators on both sides of the state line led to the identification of many pre- and post-Contact sites. This work continues in the present century. The recent overview of Beloit-vicinity archaeology by Pfannkuche and Green (2005) discusses these studies and also presents new data on many sites as well as recommendations for preservation and interpretation of significant resources.
HO-CHUNK HISTORY IN THE REGION
As noted under Project Significance, primary sources—particularly Kinzie’s census— document Ho-Chunk occupation of the Beloit area in general and Ke-Chunk specifically in the time just prior to the Black Hawk War. In addition to Ke-Chunk, several other Ho- Chunk habitations from that period have been documented in the Beloit area. Standing Post was a small community recorded by Kinzie on the east side of the Rock River, and other small camps apparently were located on the west side of the river (Brown and Brown 1929:79-81; Jipson 1923:128). A Ho-Chunk council house was reportedly situated on Turtle Creek near the present Shopiere Road bridge on the northeast side of Beloit (Pfannkuche and Green 2005:87-91). 6
Ke-chunk was a large but apparently short-lived community. It was established in the 1820s, perhaps as early as 1822, as families moved south from Lake Koshkonong (Jipson 1923), and it lasted until 1832 or 1833. As the largest Ho-Chunk village on the Rock River according to Kinzie’s census, it was undoubtedly an economic and political hub as well as a center of ceremonial and ritual activities. The paramount Ho-Chunk civic leader White Crow resided there, at least on occasion. However, Ho-Chunk village leadership generally was in the hands of both a civil or peace chief from the Thunder clan and a police or “soldier” chief from the Bear clan (Lurie 1988:166). At Ke-Chunk, Whirling Thunder probably held the former position (he was designated “head chief” of the village by Indian Agent Henry Gratiot in December, 1832) and Little Priest (aka Soldier, Mau- nah-pay-kaw) may have held the latter post (see Appendix B).
Ke-Chunk residents were active participants and leaders in Ho-Chunk politics and interactions with American agents and neighboring tribes.1 For example, in April, 1832, Indian agent Henry Gratiot and 24 men from Ke-Chunk traveled down the Rock River to meet Black Hawk’s group of Sauks near what is now Prophetstown, Illinois (Jipson 1922:112; Washburne 1888:252-253). Gratiot expressed the government’s displeasure at the group’s incursion east of the Mississippi, to little avail (Trask 2006:160; Wakefield 1908:37). For his part, Black Hawk reported that the Ho-Chunk visitors, presumably unbeknownst to Gratiot, actually encouraged his group to continue moving up the Rock River, where they would find allies among the Ho-Chunk (Black Hawk 1916:135-136). Yet the Americans worked hard throughout the spring of 1832 to convince the Ho-Chunk not to ally with the Sauk. For most of June, Col. Henry Dodge even held three Ke-Chunk village leaders as hostages to ensure their loyalty. Some Ho-Chunks joined the U.S. forces (eventually helping to capture Black Hawk) but many “attempted to remain neutral and were eager for the war to end because they feared being considered enemies by the Sauk and mistaken for Sauk by the Americans” (Lurie 1988:168). In general, the Ho- Chunks were careful during the war to try to maximize their chances of surviving as an independent people caught between inexorable American military and economic forces and potentially dangerous Sauk raids. All of this was occurring in a turbulent era between the signing of two significant treaties (1829 and September, 1832) in which the Ho- Chunk, including Ke-Chunk village leaders, ceded much of southern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois in exchange for payments administered by agents such as Kinzie.
Not much is known about life at Ke-Chunk, other than the village was a large one, likely occupied through much or all of a typical year. Some residents would leave for fall or winter hunting. Ceremonial activities and rituals were conducted at the site, as Wakefield noted when reporting on Gratiot’s visit in April, 1832 (Wakefield 1908:37). The Ho- Chunk left the area later that spring. Illinois militiaman John Wakefield, passing through the site on June 30, 1832 with troops in pursuit of Black Hawk, reported Turtle Village as
1 For further reference on Ho-Chunk history, useful sources among the many available works include those by Jipson (1922, 1923), Lawson (1907), Lurie (1960, 1978), and Paquette (1892). The Ho-Chunk Nation’s own historical timeline also is a valuable resource (Ho-Chunk Nation 2013). In addition to the vast literature on the Black Hawk War, Lurie (1988) focuses on the role of the Ho-Chunk in particular. Shrake (2012) summarizes Ho-Chunk history of the era from the perspective of John Kinzie. 7
“a considerable Winnebago town” though it was deserted at the time (Wakefield 1908:76-77; Western Historical Co. 1879:331). The Ho-Chunk apparently abandoned Ke-Chunk that spring in order to demonstrate their allegiance to the United States in the Black Hawk War, a relationship the Ho-Chunk carefully negotiated in the midst of treaty signings and land cessions (Kinzie 1873:314; cf. Decorah 1895:450-451). On same date of the militia’s march through Ke-chunk, the village’s leader White Crow joined American forces at Lake Kegonsa (Decorah 1895:452).
U.S. Agent Henry Gratiot designated Whirling Thunder (Wau-kaun-wee-kaw) as “head chief of Turtle Village” on December 22, 1832 (Jipson 1923:130), but whether this means the village had been briefly reoccupied at that time is not known. Just a few weeks later, in January, 1833, surveyor Lucius Lyon was traversing the base line that was the boundary between Illinois and Michigan Territory (later Wisconsin). His notes (Lyon 1833) make no specific mention of Turtle Village. However, the 1834 map prepared by George W. Harrison based on Lyon’s survey does depict Turtle Village on the north side of Turtle Creek, though whether it was occupied or vacant at the time is not known (see Appendix A:Figure 3). And the 1839 General Land Office map also based on Lyons and other surveyors’ notes has a symbol that might represent an Indian village on the north side of Turtle Creek near its mouth (Appendix A:Figure 2). By 1836, White Crow’s village was located at Portage, Wisconsin (Pacquette 1892:402). Still, some Native Americans continued to live in the Beloit area at least as late as 1837 (Brown 1908:33; Fisher 1918:273).
Despite the solid documentation of a sizable Ho-Chunk presence at Ke-Chunk and in the Beloit vicinity, archaeological evidence of this occupation is so far lacking. No physical evidence in the form of features or artifacts from undisturbed contexts has yet been found that can be attributed to the 1820s-1830s Ho-Chunk, or, for that matter, to the earliest documented non-Indian residents, Thibault and Blodgett. Archaeological research thus is needed in order to identify any surviving remnants of these occupations.
METHODS
Our attempt to locate remnants of Ke-Chunk involved several steps as outlined in the original proposal and research design and as modified on the basis of field conditions and findings.
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
We examined historic maps, documents, photographs, property records, and other sources to research the history of the study area and to learn what kinds of development may have affected the tract. This work involved research at the Winnebago County Recorder of the Deeds office in Rockford and the Newberry Library in Chicago, as well as work with General Land Office records and a wide array of online resources from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency and the Wisconsin Historical Society. Interviews with knowledgeable residents also were conducted.
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GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SURVEY
Using the land-use history research, we attempted to locate early-19th-century surfaces on the small tract accessible for survey. The work was designed to identify the depths of excavation needed to “target” those surfaces and any older (deeper) surfaces with archaeological potential. This work, directed by Michael Kolb of StrataMorph Geoexploration, used 2-inch-diameter push-probe cores and cutbank examination. On May 29, 2012, three cores were extracted to depths of 180-200 cm. Probe 1 was located about 3 m from the north bank of Turtle Creek; Probe 2 was located about 45 m north of the creek; and Probe 3 was located approximately mid-way between Probes 1 and 2. Deposits and soils were recorded in the field. Core descriptions for the adjoining tract to the west, on file with the City of South Beloit, were also examined.
TEST EXCAVATIONS
The original research design called for excavation of a series of 50 x 50-cm (20 x 20- inch) test squares in transects where the historical and geomorphological studies indicate that a potentially well-preserved early-19th-century surface may exist within the upper meter of the current ground surface. Because geomorphological survey found that the potential early-19th century surface was present at a depth too great to access effectively via 50 x 50-cm shovel tests, we opted to excavate fewer but larger test units instead. From August 6 through August 10, 2012, five 1 x 2-meter units were excavated by hand to depths ranging from 85 to 160 cm (Figure 3). On the basis of the geomorphological survey, which revealed a thick unit of recent sediments, the uppermost 70 cm of each unit was shoveled away without screening. Also, because that portion of the deposit was packed with glass from recent use of the tract by transient or homeless people (see Results section), no artifacts were retained from the 0-70 cm level. Deeper levels were hand-excavated in 10-cm levels (20-cm in one case) using shovels and trowels, and the material was screened using ¼-inch screens except in a few cases in basal units where the soil was too wet to screen.
Level forms were filled out for each excavated level, recording information on the color, texture, and other properties of the deposit. Photographs were taken to document the floor of each completed level at each test unit, and photographs also documented a completed profile at each unit. Artifacts found in levels below 70 cm were noted on the level forms and retained. All test units were mapped by compass and tape in relation to permanent local features such as the bordering railroad tracks. All units were backfilled at the end of the fieldwork.
Testing was conducted by a large team of volunteers and students (see Acknowledgments section). Participants included Beloit College students, employees of Midwest Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (MARS) and the Illinois State Archaeological Survey, members of the Three Rivers Archaeological Society, and other interested individuals. MARS staff members Rochelle Lurie and Steve Katz supervised and documented the testing operations. 9
Figure 3. Map of test excavation locations.
CURATION
A Beloit College student assistant cleaned and tabulated the artifacts found during the testing. All material except natural rock (stream pebbles and gravel) was counted and weighed. All glass except for one complete bottle was discarded after counting and weighing. We catalogued all of the remaining artifacts. In accordance with the wishes of the City of South Beloit, the collection is housed at the Logan Museum of Anthropology and is available for research and educational uses. The Logan Museum also houses all associated photographs and other documentation.
RESULTS
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
The background research as summarized above and in Appendix B indicates that Ke- Chunk was probably located in the general vicinity of the study area, although the specific location is still uncertain. Most of the study area has been impacted by industrial and commercial development, including railroad construction, since the mid-19th century 10
(Appendix A:Figures 13-14, Plate 1; V3 Companies 2012). Turtle Creek immediately upstream from the project area has been subjected to channel changes and other modifications associated with mill construction as early as the late 1830s. However, the channel forming the southern boundary of the study area does not appear to have shifted substantially over the past ca. 180 years (Figure 4). Likewise, the Rock River channel forming the western boundary also has not changed appreciably.
Figure 4. Kelson map of Beloit, ca. 1838. From Brown 1900:43.
Interviews with local residents and surface reconnaissance of the wooded tract indicate that the study area has long been and continues to be a camp for transient and homeless people. Its proximity to the railroad junction and to the cities of Beloit and South Beloit, the fishing opportunities off the Turtle Creek railroad bridges and in the Rock River, and the firewood and relative seclusion offered in this wooded area all make it an attractive place for transient and homeless individuals. The wooded area south and west of the creek also serves this function. Features associated with current use of the study tract include fireplaces in logs and tree hollows as well as clusters of discarded bottles and 11 cans. Massive quantities of broken glass cover the surface. While the archaeology of the homeless is an important topic gaining increasing attention (e.g., Albertson 2009; ), it was not the focus of the current investigation.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SURVEY (BY MICHAEL F. KOLB)
Three types of alluvial deposits are present in the three push-probe cores extracted in the wooded tract accessible for survey (Table 1, Figure 5). The basal sequence is channel deposits. These are sands, sandy loams, and loams with gravel. In Probe 3 the channel deposits are interbedded gravelly sand and silty clay loam. The upper boundary is gradational where it was observed.
Above the channel deposits are near-channel deposits. These are poorly sorted slightly gravelly loam and clay loam, and silt loam. In some cases roots and snail shells and shell fragments are present. Near-channel deposits are present only in Probes 2 and 3, away from the current channel. These deposits accumulate in shallow swales on point bars or attached bars and back bar environments.
The upper or surface alluvial deposits are vertical accretion alluvium. They consist of silt loam and sandy loam. The sand fraction is almost always very fine textured. For vertical accretion alluvium this is relatively coarse textured indicating it is near the source and/or it is subject to higher velocity flows because it is down stream of bridge constriction. Sand beds representing individual floods are present.
Soils are all weakly developed in these deposits. Colors are dark but with few or no redox features. The AC and Ab horizons mark current or former landscape surfaces and are cumulic in nature. No subsoil development is present except in Probe 2 where structure is relatively well developed. All of the soils above the channel deposits are unleached (free carbonates are present). Soils in the other two probes were not tested but they too are probably unleached.
Pedologic and geologic evidence indicates the deposits are recent. The lack of horizonation, presence of free carbonates, lack of redox features in a wet floodplain environment, and presence of bedding are all evidence of geologic youth. Historic artifacts (glass fragments) in the core samples to depths of 68–100 cm indicate that at least the upper portion of the sequence is indeed historic in age. Deposits below the artifact bearing strata may also be historic or could span the late prehistoric through early historic periods.
The soil boring logs done for the environmental work in the brownfields area just west of the surveyed tract indicate the presence of 5–9 feet (1.5–2.7 m) of fill over more or less the sequence noted in the three probes (V3 Companies 2012). Despite the lower level of detail in the logs, the vertical accretion deposits there seem to contain more clay and are often thicker away from Turtle Creek. This may be due to the fact that that area is closer to the Rock River.
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Table 1. Push Probe Core Descriptions.
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Figure 5. Schematic cross-section of alluvial deposits in surveyed area.
TEST EXCAVATIONS
The deposits and soils encountered by the five test units were consistent with the results and interpretation of the geologic coring. In all units, a vertical accretion deposit rich in broken glass from recent use of the site extended from the surface to a depth of ca. 70 cm. Below this deposit, a weakly developed buried soil was evident. Figures 6a-e illustrate profiles of the walls of each test unit.
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Figure 6a. Test Unit 1, south wall Figure 6c. Test Unit 3, north wall profile. Photo by Steve Katz. profile. Photo by Steve Katz.
Figure 6d. Test Unit 4, south wall profile. Photo by Steve Katz.
Figure 6b. Test Unit 2, south wall profile. Photo by Steve Katz. 15
Figure 6e. Test Unit 5, south wall profile. Photo by Steve Katz.
Depths reached by each test unit were:
TU 1: 120 cm, plus a 50-cm-wide trench (unscreened) excavated to 160 cm.
TU 2: 120 cm.
TU 3: 76 cm, plus a 30-cm-wide trench (unscreened) excavated to 86 cm.
TU 4: 90 cm, plus a 30-cm-wide trench (unscreened) excavated to 120 cm.
TU 5: 100 cm.
Basal levels in all units were gravelly or saturated channel or near-channel deposits that were not habitable surfaces.
A total of 948 objects weighing 914.4 g were collected from the five test units. Table 2 presents a unit-by-unit tabulation of all recovered items. Appendix C contains a level-by- level breakdown of objects for each unit. As noted above, no items were retained from the unscreened deposits to a depth of 70 cm, so large quantities of glass and other recent material from that upper unit were not collected or tabulated.
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Table 2. Tabulation of Collection.
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Slag was the most common material type recovered from levels below 70 cm, accounting for 39 percent of all collected objects by count and 29.6 percent by weight. Coal was second in abundance by count (32.6 percent) and third by weight (19.8 percent), while ferrous metal objects were third most abundant by count (12.7 percent) and, because of their relative density, second by weight (26.2 percent). The ferrous metal objects generally could not be identified because of their fragmentary nature. None seemed to be tools of a domestic nature.
Glass was the fourth most abundant material type found. All shards except one piece, a small bottle, were fragments of recent bottle glass and were discarded after counting and weighing. The retained bottle, found in the upper 70 cm of Test Unit 2, is a clear, machine- made, rectangular, screw-thread, perfume-type bottle. It was made no earlier than about 1930 (SHA 2013).
The other artifacts recovered were:
• 1 exfoliated white-pasted earthenware ceramic sherd (19th-20th century) • 1 white ceramic electrical insulator fragment (20th century) • 1 shell two-hole button (19th-20th century) • 1 round-headed wire nail (late 19th through 20th century) • 1 white clay pipe stem with an oval or biconvex cross-section. Pipes with similar stems were manufactured in Northampton, England, between 1885 and 1920 (Moore 1980:12; Pfeiffer 2006:98).
In addition to these artifacts, three freshwater mussel shells and 46 terrestrial and aquatic snails were recovered. An unidentified eggshell and a bone of an unidentified medium to large mammal also were found.
Test Unit 2 produced the greatest quantity of material: more than half of the recovered artifacts (55.4 percent) derive from this unit. Test Units 5 and 1 produced moderate amounts of material (22.2 and 18.1 percent of the assemblage, respectively), while Test Units 4 and 3 produced only 3.6 and .7 percent, respectively. Nearly all objects were recovered from depths of 70-90 cm, though some material was found in deeper levels.
DISCUSSION
On the basis of the recovered information, the tract subjected to testing has been designated as archaeological site 11WO506 (11 indicates Illinois’ alphabetical position before Alaska and Hawaii joined the Union, WO stands for Winnebago County, and the site is the 506th site recorded in the county). The site is characterized by alluvial deposits that contain large quantities of recent material, primarily bottle glass, on the surface and in the upper 70 cm, underlain by a weakly developed alluvial soil from which a variety of artifacts were recovered. No subsurface features were noted. All temporally diagnostic artifacts date to the late 19th or 20th centuries. No material that can be attributed to earlier periods was recovered.
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The distribution of artifacts, combined with the results of the geomorphological study, helps us understand the likely origin of the artifacts and the local site formation processes. Test Unit 2, which produced greatest quantity of artifacts (primarily slag and coal, along with ferrous metal fragments), is situated closest to the current channel of Turtle Creek. Moderate amounts of material were found in Test Units 1 and 5, which are slightly farther from the creek. Test Units 3 and 4, which are farthest from the creek, produced the fewest artifacts. Because the quantity of artifacts diminishes with distance from the creek and because the deposits in the study tract are vertical accretion (flood), channel, and near- channel deposits, it is likely that most objects originated upstream and washed into the site. Likely sources of the slag, coal, and metal fragments would have been industries along Turtle Creek. The relatively small quantities of domestic material (glass, ceramics, clay pipe, button) could have washed in as well or could have been left by transient occupants. The mollusk shells, both aquatic and terrestrial, are probably natural inclusions in the sediment, indicating that the deposits accumulated during occasional flooding but also that the tract supported relatively stable forested conditions between depositional episodes.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Ke-Chunk (Turtle Village), a major Ho-Chunk village from ca. 1830, was located along Turtle Creek near its confluence with the Rock River at what is now the Illionois- Wisconsin state line. Although a detailed census and other records document the village, its exact location is not known. This project attempted to identify archaeological traces of the village at one site, a wooded tract of land between two sets of railroad tracks on the north side of Turtle Creek.
Unfortunately, archaeological testing recovered no evidence of Ke-Chunk or any early- to mid-19th century occupation in the study tract. More recent artifacts are present, but most of them probably washed into the site from upstream. All of the surface features and near- surface artifacts reflect occupation of the site by transient and homeless people. The relatively young alluvial deposits that characterize the tract hold little to no archaeological potential except insofar as the archaeology of the homeless may be concerned.
Although it can be difficult to find physical traces of early 19th-century Native American villages, evidence of Ke-Chunk may well exist elsewhere in the vicinity. An intensive survey program, guided by records and maps of land-use history, should be initiated to identify any surviving remnants of the village. The brownfields tract to the west of the tested area should be surveyed once conditions permit. Coring and testing should be conducted in adjoining commercial and industrial tracts where feasible. Survey should also be conducted on the higher terrace on the south side of Turtle Creek, not only to find any possible Ke-Chunk related materials but also to identify any other archaeological resources that might exist there.
19
REFERENCES CITED
Albertson, Nicole 2009 Archaeology of the Homeless. Archaeology 62(2):42-43.
Becker, Robert H. 1913 Turtle Creek Mounds and Village Sites. The Wisconsin Archeologist (o.s.) 12:7-20.
Black Hawk 1916 Life of Black Hawk, Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, edited by Milo Milton Quaife. (Orig. pub. 1834). Lakeside Press, Chicago.
Brown, Charles E., and Theodore T. Brown 1929 Indian Village and Camp Sites of the Lower Rock River in Wisconsin (Logan Survey). The Wisconsin Archeologist (n.s.) 9:7-93.
Brown, William Fiske 1900 Past Made Present: The First Fifty Years of the First Presbyterian Church and Congregation of Beloit, Wisconsin. Marsh and Grant, Chicago. 1908 Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History of Its Cities, Villages, Towns, Citizens and Varied Interests, from the Earliest Time, Up To Date. Vol. I. C.F. Cooper & Co., Chicago.
Buell, Ira M. 1919 Beloit Mound Groups. The Wisconsin Archeologist (o.s.) 18:119-151.
Decorah, Spoon 1895 Narrative of Spoon Decorah. Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 13:448-462.
Fisher, Lucius G. 1918 Pioneer Recollections of Beloit and Southern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Magazine of History 1:266-286.
Hall, Robert L. 1962 The Archeology of Carcajou Point (2 vols.). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Ho-Chunk Nation 2013 Historic Ho-Chunk Timeline. Online: http://www.ho- chunknation.com/?PageId=820.
Jipson, Norton William 1922 The Story of the Winnebagoes. Unpublished manuscript on file, Chicago Historical Society. 1923 Winnebago Villages and Chieftains of the Lower Rock River Region. The Wisconsin Archeologist (n.s.) 2:125-139.
Johns, Larry A., Steven Hackenberger, and He Ping 1993 Final Report of the Rock County Indian Mounds Survey. Report submitted by the Wisconsin Winnebago Nation to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Copy on file, Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin. 20
Kinzie, Joseph 1832 Kinzie’s Receipt Roll of the Annuity Paid Winnebago Natives. Manuscript on file, Detroit Public Library. Typescript copy on file, Chicago History Museum.
Kinzie, Juliette Augusta Magill 1873 Wau-Bun, the Early Day in the Northwest (orig. pub., 1856). J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.
Lapham, Increase A. 1855 The Antiquities of Wisconsin, as Surveyed and Described. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Lawson, Publius V. 1907 The Winnebago Tribe. The Wisconsin Archeologist (o.s.) 6:77-162.
Lewis, Theodore H. 1888 Northwestern Archaeological Survey Notes and Manuscripts, Notebook 19. On file, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. Microfilm copy on file, Morse Library, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin.
Lurie, Nancy O. 1960 Winnebago Protohistory. In Culture and History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, edited by Stanley Diamond, pp. 790-808. Columbia University Press, New York. 1966 A Check List of Treaty Signers by Clan Affiliation. Journal of the Wsconsin Indians Research Institute 2(1):50-73. 1978 Winnebago. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, Northeast, edited by Bruce Trigger, pp. 690-707. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1988 In Search of Chaetar: New Findings on Black Hawk’s Surrender. Wisconsin Magazine of History 71:162-183.
Lyon, Lucius 1833 General Land Office Survey Field Notes, Base Line, T. 1., N., R. 12 E. and R. 13 E., January, 1833. Microfilm copy on file, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Moore, W.R.G. 1980 Northamptonshire Clay Tobacco-pipes and Pipemakers. Northampton Museums and Art Gallery, Northampton, England.
Paquette, Moses 1892 The Wisconsin Winnebagoes. Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 12:399-433
Peet, Stephen D. 1881 The Military Architecture of the Emblematic Mound Builders. The American Antiquarian 3:81-101. 1885 Game Drives and Hunting Screens among the Mounds. The American Antiquarian 7:82-105. 1892 The Mound Builders: Their Works and Relics. Prehistoric America, Vol. I. Office of the American Antiquarian, Chicago. 21
1898 Emblematic Mounds and Animal Effigies. Prehistoric America, Vol. II. American Antiquarian Office, Chicago.
Pfeiffer, Michael A. 2006 Clay Tobacco Pipes and the Fur Trade of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains. Research Monograph 1. Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies, Phytolith Press, Ponca City, OK.
Pfannkuche, Sara L., and William Green 2005 The Beloit Archaeological Survey: Report of the 2004 Field Season. Report submitted to the Neighborhood Planning Division, City of Beloit, Wisconsin. Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin. Online: http://core.tdar.org/document/380840.
SHA (Society for Historical Archaeology) 2013 Bottle Dating: Machine-made Bottles Portion of the Dating Key. http://www.sha.org/bottle/machinemadedating.htm. Accessed March 4, 2013.
Shrake, Peter 2012 The Silver Man: John H. Kinzie and the Fort Winnebago Indian Agency. Wisconsin Magazine of History 96(2):2-13.
Spector, Janet D. 1975 Crabapple Point (Je 93): An Historic Winnebago Indian Site in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist 56:270-345.
Trask, Kerry A. 2006 Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America. Henry Holt & Co., New York.
V3 Companies 2012 Comprehensive Site Investigation, Remediation Objectives Report and Remedial Action Plan. Project Site: PRS International (CSB Shirland Avenue Site). V3 Companies, Chicago. On file, City Hall, South Beloit, Illinois.
Wakefield, John A. 1908 History of the War Between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians. Reprint ed., Caxton Club, Chicago. Orig. pub., 1834. Online: http://archive.org/details/wakefieldshistor00wakerich.
Washburne, E. B. 1888 Col. Henry Gratiot—A Pioneer of Wisconsin. Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 10: 235-260.
Western Historical Company 1879 The History of Rock County, Wisconsin. Western Historical Company, Chicago. 22
Appendix A
Land Ownership History (by Catherine Bird)
23
Land History for the Illinois Parcel that May Contain Remnants of Turtle Village
Prepared by: M. Catherine Bird Midwest Archaeological Research Services, Inc. 505 N. State Street Marengo, Illinois 60152
Submitted to: William Green Beloit College Logan Museum of Anthropology 700 College Street Beloit, Wisconsin 53511
Cultural Resource Management Report No. 1663
1 February 2012 24
Introduction
Midwest Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (MARS, Inc.) conducted research at the Winnebago County's Recorder of the Deeds office in Rockford, Illinois and utilized General Land Office plats and notes along with other primary and secondary resources to draft a preliminary chain-of-title for the study parcel, the possible site of Turtle Village (Figure 1, Table 1).
Figure 1. Portion of the 1976 South Beloit 7.5' quadrangle showing the study parcel.
Methodology, Discussion, and Results
MARS, Inc. searched the General Land Office (GLO) records to identify the patentees for the Public Domain purchases within Section 35 of Township 1 North, Range 12 East of the Fourth Principal Meridian in Wisconsin Territory and within Sections 5 and 6 of Township 46 North, Range 2 East of the Third Principal Meridian in the State of Illinois. Figure 2 shows the name of the land patent holder, the date of purchase or date of patent issuance, the number of acres, and the land office in which the purchase took place. Where the Rock River impinged upon the orderly subdivision of parcels, the GLO sold parts of Section 35 in lots rather than in quarter-sections. MARS, Inc. utilized the 1835 GLO plat as a base (Appendix A.1: Figure 1). Where the Illinois state line truncated Sections 5 and 6, MARS, Inc. utilized the 1839 GLO plat as a base (Appendix A.1: Figure 2).
25
Figure 2. Illustration showing Public Domain land patent information. Note that the Wisconsin dates are for date of patent issuance while the Illinois dates are for date of purchase at the land office. 26
Speculators William B. Ogden, Samuel W. Beall, and Joshua P. Hathaway, Jr. purchased the parcels on the west side of the Rock River in Section 35. Wm. Ogden (1805-1877) of Delaware County, New York began his life in the Old Northwest as a land agent for his brother-in-law, capitalist and investor Charles Butler (Bird 2007). Ogden received his Section 35 land patents (Lots 3 and 4, and the SW ¼) shortly after his election on 2 May 1837 as the first mayor of the City of Chicago. Samuel W. Beall (1807-1868) of Maryland moved to Brown County, Wisconsin in 1835 where he speculated in land and served as the second Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin (1850- 1852). Joshua P. Hathaway, Jr. (1810-1863) of Rome, New York conducted an 1833 census of Chicago residents, drafted an 1834 plat of Chicago, worked as the Milwaukee District surveyor for the General Land Office, and served variously as a Probate Judge, land agent, and tax assessor (Buck 1881:40, 172; Usher 1914:1266-1276; Conzen 1984). Members of the New England Emigrating Company purchased all the other parcels within Section 35 (Wisconsin) and Sections 5 and 6 (Illinois). The purchasers of record provided Quit Claim Deeds to the company members for the land that they had each already settled/pre-empted.
An "old account book" of the business transactions for the New England Emigrating Company details the financial dealings of the organization (White 1897). According to the documents presented by Horace White and Ellery Crane, both sons of New England Emigrating Company members, the fourteen members formed the company in October of 1836 at Colebrook, New Hampshire with the intention of creating an agricultural community modeled on their New England village. The White (1897) article, published by Lucius G. Fisher (1918), and various histories (Western Historical Company 1879:610-612, Brown 1908) describe the transfer of land from Joseph Thibault to Caleb Blodgett to the New England Emigrating Company. Lucius Fisher (1918:273) first visited the area in July 1837 and described Thibault's Claim as "three looks" and Blodgett's claim as equivalent to about 10 sections or 6,400 acres. Although the Winnebago maintained a village at the mouth of Turtle Creek from as early as 1810, treaties negotiated between First Nations and the United States that relate to the study parcel excluded the Winnebago Nation (Tanner 1987, Royce 1899).
The study parcel comprises land within the NE ¼ of the NE ¼ of the NE ¼ of Section 6 and the NW ¼ of the NW ¼ of the NW ¼ of Section 5 within T 46N, R 2E. Horace Hobart purchased the Section 6 fractional E ½ of the NE ¼, 25.60-acre parcel while John Dolittle purchased the Section 5 fractional NW ¼, 79.85-acre parcel. Clare Tolmie spent a day researching deed records beginning with these Public Domain land purchasers. Land records in Winnebago County are organized by a Grantor-Grantee system until 1915 after which the records are organized by section. Records (index books and deeds) can only be searched on microfilm. The index books do not provide the summary details needed to link one transaction to another without reading each deed. Therefore, to provide an actual chain-of-title would be exceptionally time-consuming and unnecessary when other documents are available with which to provide equivalent information.
Review of the historical plats (1859, 1871, 1873, 1886, 1905), a bird's eye view image (1890), Sanborn Fire Insurance maps (1926, 1939), and aerial photographs (1939, 27
2995, 2007, 2009) provided the best detail for land use history after the issuance of land patents (see Table 1; Appendix A.1: Figures 7 through 14, Plates 1 through 4). Beginning about 1856 Horace Hobart began selling lots within Goodhue's Subdivision in Illinois according to a brief review of the land records index. The plats, 1890 image, Sanborn maps, and aerial photographs show that although residential and industrial buildings occupied the area north of the study parcel, the area west of the Rock River along the north bank of Turtle Creek remained vacant land. The converging service roads on the 1939 aerial and Sanborn map as well as the land history suggest that dumping of coal, slag, and other industrial waste may be present within the study parcel.
In summary, "Turtle Village" is depicted only on the 1834 GLO sketch prepared by George W. Harrison for that part of the township west of the Rock River (Appendix A.1: Figure 3). His sketch for the east side of the Rock River and the plat that he submitted in 1836 do not show the village (Appendix A.1: Figure 4 and 6). Additional possible errors on the 1834 GLO sketch include the depiction of the mouth of Turtle Creek in Section 35, Wisconsin Territory. The mouth of the creek in this position appears on both Harrison's 1834 sketch and on his 1835 plat (Appendix A.1: Figure 5). Subsequent plats show the mouth of the creek in Illinois in about the current position with a relict mouth further south, just north of Boney Island (see Figure 1 and Appendix A.1: Figure 2).
28
Table 1. Turtle Village preliminary chain-of-title. ______Date Document Title holder or resident(s) Comments
1804 Treaty United States Treaty of St. Louis with Sauk/Sac and Fox (Mesquakie); Royce Treaty No. 50 1810 Tanner Winnebago/Ho-Chunk "Kichunk" village noted on Map 20 1829 History Winnebago/Ho-Chunk Turtle Village under Walking Turtle (Kau Rau Maw Nee), White Crow (Kau-kish-ka- ka), and Whirling Thunder (Waw-kaun- ween-kaw) through at least 1832 1830 Tanner Winnebago/Ho-Chunk "Kechank" village noted on Map 26 1833 Treaty United States Treaty of Chicago with Council of Three Fires (Chippewa/Ojibwe, Ottawa/Odawa, and Potawatomi); Royce Treaty No. 187 1834 GLO sketch United States General Land Office sketch from March 1834 in G. W. Harrison's Interior Field Notes for T1N, R12E of Wisconsin Territory. This is the only plat showing the location of Turtle Village; however, there are problems with the sketch. It appears that the state line and Turtle Creek are incorrectly mapped and/or the sections not properly labeled. The 1836 GLO plat has the state line correctly placed, the mouth of Turtle Creek is not in Wisconsin, and only a "Cabin" is depicted within Section 35. GLO plat United States Survey commenced 3/1/1834 by George W. Harrison and approved 7/21/1835 shows correct state line, mouth of Turtle Creek in WI, but no notation for village GLO notes United States Notes for interior lines dated March 1834 for north between Sections 26 & 27 mentions Turtle Village along the Prairie du Chien-Chicago trail 1836 GLO plat Joseph Thibault Cabin, SE ¼, SE ¼, SW ¼, SE ¼ of Section 35 Beloit Twp., WI; immediately north of Shirland Ave. about midway between Mill and State streets 1836 History Caleb Blodgett Paid Thibault $200 for claim at confluence 1837 History NEE Co. Bought 1/3 of Blodgett's 7,000± acre claim for $2,500 on 14 March 1837; Blodgett retained 1/3, and sold the remaining third to Geo. Goodhue (owned trading post at Rockford; opened first mill on Turtle Creek 15 April 1837), Jones, and Johnson. 29
Table 1. Turtle Village preliminary chain-of-title, concluded. ______Date Document Title holder or resident(s) Comments
1838-9 PD NEE Co. Selected members of the New England Emigrating Co. entered land patents as the Public Domain land became available (16 November 1838 in WI, 29 October 1839 in IL). Patentees later filed Quit Claim Deeds for the NEE Co. settlers. 1839 GLO plat United States No village drawn at confluence (IL plat submitted 1 July 1839); state line survey completed in 1832-33; two creeks enter Rock River in Section 6 1856 Deed Horace Hobart Sells lots with Section 6, part of "Goodhue's Subdivision" 1859 Plat Unknown Subdivided; D. Brooks landowner to south 1871 Plat Unknown Subdivided; G. Harding landowner to south 1886 Plat Unknown Subdivided; Geo. T. Harding to south 1890 Perspective Chicago & NW RR Grain elevator, stockyard, and freight warehouse at north end of parcel only 1905 Plat-detail Unknown Subdivided only well north of creek 1926 Sanborn Lipman Refrig. Co., Numerous buildings present at north end General Refrig. Co., with dwellings only along road at southeast Foundry, Star Coal Co., corner of Depot and Shirland Ave. all west & dwellings of railroad tracks 1939 Sanborn General Refrig. Corp., Same as previous; subdivision with Foundry, & dwelling dwellings "Goodhues's Subdivision;" service roads lead to confluence 1939 Aerial Unknown Non-residential buildings present 2005 Aerial Unknown Non-residential buildings present 2007 Aerial Unknown Non-residential buildings present 2009 Aerial Unknown Vacant land except adjacent to Shirland Rd. ______NEE Co.=New England Emigrating Company; Refrig.=Refrigeration
30
References Cited
American Publishing Co., Publisher 1890 Perspective Map of Beloit, Wisconsin, 1890. Milwaukee: American Publishing Co. Bird, M. Catherine 2007 New York Investors, Tight Money, and Agricultural Patrimony: This is the House that Thurber Built. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology annual meeting in Williamsburg, Virginia. Brown, Charles E. and Theodore T. Brown 1929 Indian Sites and Mound Groups of the Lower Rock River: Turtle Village. Wisconsin Archeologist. 9(1):86-88. Brown, William Fiske 1908 Rock County, Wisconsin: A History of its Cities, Villages, Towns, Citizens, and Varied Interests, from the Earliest Times, Up to Date. Chicago: C. F. Cooper & Co. Buck, James S. 1881 Pioneer History of Milwaukee from 1840 to 1846. Milwaukee: Swain & Tate. Conzen, Michael P., Editor 1984 Chicago Mapmakers, Essays on the Rise of the City's Map Trade. Chicago: Chicago Map Society. Everts, Baskin & Stewert, Publisher 1873 Combination Atlas Map of Rock County, Wisconsin. Chicago: Everts, Baskin & Stewert. Fisher, Lucius G. 1918 Pioneer Recollections of Beloit and Southern Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1(3): 266-348. Kinzie, John 1829 Winnebago Village and Annuity List. Indian Office Files, Michigan. Ogle, Geo. A., Publisher 1905 Standard Atlas of Winnebago County, Illinois. Chicago: Geo. A. Ogle & Co. Publishers & Engravers. Page, H. R., Publisher 1886 Illustrated Atlas of Winnebago and Boone Counties, Illinois. Chicago: H. R. Page & Co. Remington, T. J. L. 1859 Topographical Map of the County of Winnebago, Illinois. New York: H. F. Walling. Royce, Charles C. 1899 Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784-1894. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, United States Serial Set, Number 4015. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps 1926 Beloit, Wisconsin, Sheet 7, February 1926. Available through subscription at
1939 Beloit, Wisconsin, Sheet 9, November 1939. Available through subscription at
32
Appendix A.1
Sketches, Plats, Maps, and Aerial Photographs
33
Figure 1. General Land Office plat showing the Section 35 lots (T 16N, R 12E) in Wisconsin Territory dated 1835.
Figure 2. General Land Office plat showing the half-section lines for Sections 5 and 6 (T 26N, R 2E) in the State of Illinois dated 1839, and the offset with Section 35 to the north. 34
Figure 3. General Land Office sketch dated 1834 (West of the Rock River) showing the study parcel with the state line incorrectly placed. The state line should follow along the south line of Sections 31-36 rather than the north line. Note that the mouth of Turtle Creek and Turtle Village in Wisconsin Territory. 35
Figure 4. General Land Office sketch dated 1836 (East of the Rock River) showing the study parcel with the state line incorrectly placed along the south line of Sections 35 and 36. Note that the mouth of Turtle Creek is not in Wisconsin Territory. 36
Figure 5. General Land Office plat dated 1835 (West of the Rock River) showing the study parcel. Note that the state line is correctly drawn along the south line of Sections 34 and 35 and that the mouth of an unnamed creek, probably an incorrect mapping of Turtle Creek, as on the 1834 sketch map (Figure 3), is just north of the Illinois state line. The BLM states that Deputy Surveyor George W. Harrison commenced survey on 1 March 1834 with survey approved 21 July 1835 by Surveyor General Robert T. Lytle. 37
Figure 6. General Land Office plat dated 1836 (East of the Rock River) showing the study parcel. Note that the mouth of Turtle Creek is within Illinois. The BLM states that Deputy Surveyor Orson Lyon commenced survey on 1 March 1836 with survey approved 19 January 1837 by Surveyor General Robert T. Lytle.
38
Figure 7. Portion of the T 46N, R 2E plat dated 1859 showing the study parcel. 39
Figure 8. Portion of the T 46N, R 2E plat dated 1871 showing the study parcel. 40
Figure 9. Portion of the T 1N, R 12E plat detail for the City of Beloit, dated 1878 showing Chicago & Northwester RR freight depot in Illinois near the confluence, and the South Race that powered the sawmill straddling the Wisconsin-Illinois state line. 41
Figure 10. Portion of the T 46N, R 2E plat dated 1886 showing the study parcel. 42
Figure 11. Portion of the T 46N, R 2E plat dated 1905 showing the study parcel. 43
Figure 12. Portion of a bird's eye view image of Beloit dated 1890 showing the study parcel with the Chicago & Northwestern freight depot (5) and grain elevator (6) south of South Bridge Road (later known as Shirland Ave.). 44
Figure 13. Sanborn Fire Insurance map dated 1926 showing study parcel. 45
Figure 14. Sanborn Fire Insurance map dated 1939 showing study parcel. 46
Plate 1. Aerial photograph dated 1939 showing the study parcel.
Plate 2. Aerial photograph dated 2005 showing the study parcel. (Available at
Plate 3. Aerial photograph dated 2007 showing the study parcel. (Available at
Plate 4. Aerial photograph dated 2009 showing the study parcel. 48
Appendix B
Census of Ke-Chunk by John Kinzie (1832), from Jipson (1922).
49
KINZIE’S RECEIPT ROLL OF THE ANNUITY PAID WINNEBAGO NATIVES Nov. 8, 1832 - $15,000.00 With Translations of Winnebago Names by John Blackhawk Roll (Without Translations) Presented to the Chicago Historical Society by William W. Gordon, July 24, 1919 We the chiefs, warriors, head of families, and individuals without families of the Winnebago Indians of the State of Illinois and Territory of Michigan, do hereby acknowledge to have received in specie of John H. Kinzie, United States Sub Agent of Indian Affairs at Fort Winnebago, the sums affixed to our respective names, the same being in full of our respective proportions of the annuities due to the said nation for the year eighteen hundred and thirty two, for which we have signed duplicate receipts.
Heads of Families and Individuals: Turtle Creek Village [NOTE: CLAN NAMES ADDED 8/1/2011 FOR INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN LURIE 1966]
*Pencil insert. #Line drawn through entire entry on original document. Note – The suffix kaw, ka or ga indicates a personal name. The penult wee or ween indicates a womans name.
Winnebago Name Translation of Winnebago Sig. No. in Family Amount (Clan Name) Name Men/ Women/ Child./ Total ($...... ¢) [Wau-kaun-wee-kaw] Whirling Thunder X 4 4 5 13 47.94 (Thunder Clan) Kau-ree-kau-say-kaw White Crow X 6 7 11 24 88.50 (Bear Clan) Ho-tshin-tshin-nee-kaw Boy X 5 5 3 13 47.94 Hoantsh-khat-tay-kaw Big Bear X 4 5 1 10 36.87 Woank-paw-kaw Man Head X 2 4 3 9 33.19 Ah-hoo-sootsh-kaw Red Wing X 4 5 7 16 59.00 (Clan Unknown) Soatsh-ay-kaw Red X 2 2 - 4 14.75 Shoank-skaw-kaw White Dog X 5 4 7 16 59.00 (Wolf Clan) Kee-num-hee-kaw X - 3 3 6 22.13 Ee-naik-ee-nuzh-ee-kaw One who stands alone X 2 8 2 12 44.25 Noo-waun-koo-noo-kaw X 5 5 7 17 62.69 Kau-ree-kaw Crow X 3 3 5 11 40.56 *Woang-ee-sootsh-kaw- 5 X - - - - - ween-kaw Ho-cheeng-kaw Strikes one X 5 9 4 18 66.37 *Wau-nik-tshoo-wee- Blue Bird (woman) 2 6 7 10 kaw #Me-nah-nau-kaw X 4 3 3 10 36.87 Keesh-ko Winnebago name of a X 3 4 3 10 36.87 people Wau-soo-ee-ee-mau-nik- Walk with X 3 5 4 12 44.25 ka Wau-kaun-kaw The Snake X 1 2 1 4 14.75 (Snake Clan) Ho-sheep-shee-kaw X 3 2 1 6 22.13 Tshah-hat-tay-kaw Big Deer X 1 4 - 5 18.44 Wee-rah-koash-kee-kat- Big Star X 2 2 - 4 14.75 tah(ka) 50
Phay-tshun-ho-no-nik- Little Crane X 2 1 1 4 14.75 kaw Wee-tshee-nuzh-een-kaw One who stands and tries X 4 5 1 10 40.56 Phay-tshun-ah-roo-heen- Crane Body X 1 5 3 9 33.19 kaw No-tshump-kaw Lightning strike tree X 1 1 - 2 7.37 Haump-mau-nee-kaw Walking Day X 2 2 1 5 18.44 Woank-shik-khat-tay Large Man X 5 4 2 11 40.56 Ho-tshunk-kit-tay-ween- She who speaks X 3 4 5 12 44.25 kaw Winnebago *Hee-hoatsh-kaw 2 2 1 5 Hoo-wais-kaw-(ka) White Elk X 1 2 2 5 18.44 (Elk/Deer and/or Thunder Clan) Hoonk-ho-no-kaw Young Chief X 2 2 1 5 18.44 Hah-gau-shu-rah-gaw The third boy of money or X 4 4 4 12 44.25 silver Wau-kaun-tshun-noo-kaw X 1 1 2 4 14.75 Phay-tshunk-kaw Crane X 4 4 - 8 29.50 Haump-tshay-kaw Bright Day X 3 2 1 6 22.13 Mau-nah-pay-kaw Soldier X 2 4 3 9 33.10 (Bear Clan) Wau-kaun-tshah-skaw- White Thunder X 1 2 3 6 22.13 skaw *Wau-nig-no-o-kun-ik Little Bird 2 2 4 8 Woyk-tshah-ray-kaw One who is ridiculed X 1 2 3 6 22.13 Hay-noamp-kaw Two Horns X 2 4 5 11 40.56 (Buffalo Clan?) Wau-kah-nah-say-kaw X 1 2 3 6 22.13 Baptiste Le sellier X 6 3 2 10 40.56 (Clan Unmarked) Wau-mau-nee-kaw Walk on Snow X 4 3 2 9 33.19 Wau-nik-oo-mau-tshay- X 2 3 5 10 36.87 tshee-kaw Hoontsh-paw-kaw Bear Head X 1 2 - 3 11.06 #Mauntsh-tshay-kaw Cut off piece X 2 6 4 12 44.25 Hou-tshah-noo-kaw Youth X 1 1 2 4 14.75 Tshah-hah-wan-skaw- White black woman X 1 3 2 6 22.13 ween-kaw Hee-noo-hoap-kaw Lady of fish fins X 1 1 5 7 25.81 #Ho-ko-tshay-kaw X 1 4 3 8 29.50 Ish-tshah-kay-ray-tshunk- Tatooed Face X 1 2 1 4 14.75 kaw Shee-kah-wauk-see-kaw X 1 2 2 5 18.44 Tshee-wy-sheep-kaw One who seizes a lodge X 3 3 - 6 22.13 Wau-shoank-tshah-tshay- X 1 2 - 3 11.06 kaw Wee-haun-zee-kaw Yellow Second-born X 1 5 5 11 40.56 Woman *Tshee-nee-mau-nee-kaw One who walks in lead Oo-zhee-kee-taun-tay- X 2 1 1 4 11.06 kaw Hoontsh-shee-shik-kaw Bad Bear X 2 1 2 5 18.44 Ish-tshah-noamp-kaw Two Face X 4 4 1 9 33.19
51
Tshay-paw-noamp-kaw Two Buffalo Heads X 5 1 - 6 22.13 Hah-paw-kwee-see-kaw X 4 4 4 12 44.25 Wau-pau-zee-ray-hee- X 3 2 1 6 22.13 kaw Shoank-tshunk-skaw-kaw White Wolf X 1 3 4 8 29.50 Wau-kee-yun-skaw One who-did it to them X 2 5 12 19 70.06 *Er-tshuh-wau-shay-mee- 1 2 4 7 kaw Hoang-ee-nee-kaw Little Chieftain X 1 1 2 4 14.75 Mau-nee-khat-tah-(ka) Big Walker X 2 2 3 7 25.81 (Clan Unknown) Woank-shik-ee-skay- Aged Man X 2 3 3 8 29.50 tshah-kaw Hee-nah-nah-kay-kaw Fourth born woman X 5 4 10 19 70.06 Nee-ay-tshah-hoo-kaw He who is from water X 2 3 3 8 29.50 Hahk-tshah-hoo-tsheen- One who returns with roar X 1 2 2 5 18.44 kwaik-kaw Maunk-skaw-nik-kaw Young White Breast X 2 3 4 9 33.19 *Hay-shay-ray-kay-kaw The Fox 3 4 0 7 *Roo-nee-kun 2 4 1 7 Wau-kaun-tshah-kaw- Thunder who is awaited X 2 2 11 15 55.31 pay-ree-kaw Kau-ree-tsho-kaw Blue Raven X 5 3 3 11 40.56 Nee-tshu-kaw Rain X 3 3 2 8 29.50 Shik-o-kee-muk One who nestles again X 1 3 7 11 40.56 Tshah-wau-shay-ween- Eagle Woman X - 3 4 7 25.81 kaw To-shun-nuk-(ka) Otter X 3 4 9 16 59.00 (Water Spirit Clan)
We hereby certify that we were present at the payment of the above mentioned annuities and saw the amounts paid to the several Indians in specie; and that their signatures were affixed in our presence at Fort Winnebago, this Eighth day of November, 1832. Henry Gratiot Sub. Indian Agent A.J. Hooe Jos Boyer Lt. 5th Inft. John Dixon
L. C. Kerchevale
We the undersigned Chiefs of the Winnebago Tribe of Indians do acknowledge correctness of the foregoing receipts. his Witness Whirling X Thunder A.J. Hooe mark Lt. Tth Infty . Kay-ray-mau-nee X
Also the following name in pencil on margins and back of document: E-har-rati-pay-kaw (at Turtle Creek) 52
Appendix C
Tabulations of Recovered Artifacts by Unit and Level
53
Test Unit 1 Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Wall Scrapings Unit Total Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Glass*¹ 10 10.7 3 2.9 2 2.8 5 2.6 1 1.6 21 20.6 Slag* 39 61.0 3 0.6 48 24.6 3 4.6 93 90.8 Coal* 2 6.2 8 4.6 1 0.4 11 11.2 Pebble* 1 1.0 10 25.7 3 10.1 14 36.8 Bone 0 0.0 Button 0 0.0 Ferrous metal 18 29.3 1 0.4 1 12.1 20 41.8 Ceramic 0 0.0 Clay Pipe² 3 9.5 3 9.5 Nail 0 0.0 Wood charcoal* 3 0.1 3 0.1 Mussel shell 2 30.4 2 30.4 Snail shell 2 0.2 3 0.7 5 0.9 Egg shell 0 0.0
Total 0 0.0 69 107.2 7 3.9 54 28.5 33 77.6 7 12.4 2 12.5 172 242.1
* Material that was discarded after counting and weighing ¹ Only glass bottle from TU 2 Level 1 was kept ² One clay pipe in three pieces 54
Test Unit 2 Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Unit Total Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Glass*¹ 1 55.5 1 0.2 2 2.9 2 2.1 1 0.3 7 61 Slag* 61 53.6 68 62.0 10 7.2 6 4.2 20 3.2 165 130.2 Coal* 8 11.3 70 48.0 128 77.6 6 1.4 3 0.8 1 0.1 216 139.2 Pebble* 1 1.0 3 2.9 4 3.9 Bone 1 0.3 3 6.9 1 3.3 5 10.5 Button 0 0.0 Ferrous metal 4 5.6 7 7.8 74 166.7 10 11.9 95 192.0 Ceramic 1 0.4 1 0.4 Clay Pipe² 0 0.0 Nail 1 8.7 1 8.7 Wood charcoal* 1 0.4 1 0.0 2 0.4 Mussel shell 0 0.0 Snail shell 4 1.4 15 5.8 3 0.4 6 1.6 28 9.2 Egg shell 1 0.0 1 0.0
Total 13 72.4 146 112.7 297 333.9 32 26.3 10 5.3 27 4.9 525 555.5
* Material that was discarded after counting and weighing ¹ Only glass bottle from TU 2 Level 1 was kept ² One clay pipe in three pieces 55
Test Unit 3 Category Level 1 Level 2 Unit Total Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Glass*¹ 3 0.6 3 0.6 Slag* 1 0.0 1 0.0 Coal* 2 0.4 2 0.4 Pebble* 0 0.0 Bone 0 0.0 Button 1 0.2 1 0.2 Ferrous metal 0 0.0 Ceramic 0 0.0 Clay Pipe² 0 0.0 Nail 0 0.0 Wood charcoal* 0 0.0 Mussel shell 0 0.0 Snail shell 0 0.0 Egg shell 0 0.0
Total 1 0.2 6 1.0 7 1.2
* Material that was discarded after counting and weighing ¹ Only glass bottle from TU 2 Level 1 was kept ² One clay pipe in three pieces 56
Test Unit 4 Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Unit Total Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Glass*¹ 12 5.2 4 4.4 16 9.6 Slag* 1 0.6 1 0.6 Coal* 7 2.2 7 2.2 Pebble* 1 0.5 1 0.5 Bone 0 0.0 Button 0 0.0 Ferrous metal 1 3.6 1 3.6 Ceramic 1 4.2 1 4.2 Clay Pipe² 0 0.0 Nail 0 0.0 Wood charcoal* 0 0.0 Mussel shell 1 0.0 1 0.0 Snail shell 6 1.1 6 1.1 Egg shell 0 0.0
Total 0 0.0 23 16.3 11 5.5 34 21.8
* Material that was discarded after counting and weighing ¹ Only glass bottle from TU 2 Level 1 was kept ² One clay pipe in three pieces 57
Test Unit 5 Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Unit Total Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Number (ct) Weight (g) Glass*¹ 5 3.2 10 8.4 15 11.6 Slag* 68 24.9 42 24.0 110 48.9 Coal* 61 24.1 12 3.7 73 27.8 Pebble* 1 0.4 1 0.4 Bone 0 0.0 Button 0 0.0 Ferrous metal 4 2.3 4 2.3 Ceramic 0 0.0 Clay Pipe² 0 0.0 Nail 0 0.0 Wood charcoal* 0 0.0 Mussel shell 0 0.0 Snail shell 2 0.4 5 2.4 7 2.8 Egg shell 0 0.0
Total 0 0.0 140 54.9 70 38.9 210 93.8
* Material that was discarded after counting and weighing ¹ Only glass bottle from TU 2 Level 1 was kept ² One clay pipe in three pieces 58
Appendix D
Illinois Archaeological Site Recording Form
ILLINOIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORDING FORM County: Winnebago Site Name: 1663-1 Revisit: N Field Number: 1663-1 State Site No.: 506 Quadrangle (7.5'): South Beloit Date Recorded: 2012.09.17
LEGAL DESCRIPTION (to quarter quarter quarter Align: SW 1/4s: NWSWNW Section: 5 Township: 46 N Range: 2 E Align: 1/4s: Section: 0 Township: 0 Range: 0 Align: 1/4s: Section: 0 Township: 0 Range: 0 Align: 1/4s: Section: 0 Township: 0 Range: 0
UTM Coordinates (by ISM): UTM Zone: 16 UTM North: 4706494 UTM East: 332428 NAD27 Ownership: Public ENVIRONMENT Topography: Floodplain Elevation (in meters): 219 Nearest Water Supply: Turtle Creek Drainage: Upper Rock 1 Soil Association: Lawson-Sawmill-Darwin Description: 5 Test Units were excavated on the flood plain adjacent to Turtle Creek northeast where it enters the Rock River to determine it this might have been the location of the historic Ho-Chunk "Ki-Chunk Village".
SURVEY Project Name: 1663-1 Site Area (square 4025 Ground Cover (List up to 3): Forest Brush Visibility (%): 0 Survey Methods (List up to Test Unit Standing Structures: N Site Type (List up to 2): Other
SITE CONDITION Extent of Damage: None Main Cause of Damage:
MATERIAL OBSERVED Number of Prehistoric Artifacts (count or 0 Number of Historic Artifacts (count or estimate): 172 Prehistoric Diagnostic Artrifacts: N Historic Diagnostic Artifacts: N Prehistoric Surface N Historic Surface Features: N Description: Material recovered includes bottle glass, flat glass, slag, coal, bone, a button, ferrous metal, ceramics, 3 pieces of a single clay pipe, a nail, wood charcoal, mussel shell, snail shell and egg shell.
TEMPORAL AFFILIATION (check all that apply) Colonial (1673-1780): Prehistoric Unknown: Late Archaic: Mississippian: Pioneer (1781-1840): Paleoindian: Woodland: Upper Mississippian: Frontier (1841-1870): Y Archaic: Early Woodland: Protohistoric: Early Industrial (1871-1900): Y Early Archaic: Middle Woodland: Historic Native American: Urban Industrial (1901-1945): Y Middle Archaic: Late Woodland: Historic (generic): Post-War (1946-present): Y Description: Artifacts recovered can be associated with historic occupation of the site. None of the recovered materials appear to be associated with use of the area by the historic Ho-Chunk.
Surveyor: W.Green R.Lurie Institution: MRS Survey Date: 8/9/2012 Curation Facility: BCM Site Report by: M. Birnbaum Institution: MRS Date: 9/14/2012 IHPA Log No.: IHPA First Sur. Doc. No.: Compliance Status: NRHP Listing: N
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Appendix E
Project Publicity
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Appendix E.1: Beloit Daily News, June 6, 2012
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Appendix E.2: Beloit Daily News, August 10, 2012
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