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The Search for Ke-Chunk 2012 Investigations in South Beloit, Winnebago County, Illinois

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The Search for Ke-Chunk 2012 Investigations in South Beloit, Winnebago County, Illinois The Search for Ke-Chunk 2012 Investigations in South Beloit, Winnebago County, Illinois William Green Logan Museum of Anthropology Beloit College Beloit, WI 53511 With contributions by M. Catherine Bird Michael F. Kolb Submitted to: City of South Beloit, South Beloit, IL Ho-Chunk Cultural Resources Division, Black River Falls, WI Beloit 2020, Beloit, WI Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, IL April, 2013 Table of Contents List of Figures ii List of Tables ii Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv Introduction 1 Goals and Objectives 1 Project Location 2 Project Significance 4 Context and Background 5 Archaeology in the Beloit Vicinity 5 Ho-Chunk History in the Region 5 Methods 7 Background Research 7 Geomorphological Survey 8 Test Excavations 8 Curation 9 Results 9 Background Research 9 Geomorphological Survey (by Michael F. Kolb) 11 Test Excavations 13 Discussion 17 Conclusion and Recommendations 18 References Cited 19 Appendixes A. Land Ownership History, by Catherine Bird 22 B. Census of Ke-Chunk by John Kinzie 48 C. Tabulations of Recovered Artifacts by Unit and Level 52 D. Illinois Archaeological Site Recording Form 58 E. Project Publicity 59 E.1. Beloit Daily News, June 8, 2012 60 E.2. Beloit Daily News, August 10, 2012 61 ii List of Figures 1. General Land Office 1834 map. 2 2. Project area location. 3 3. Map of test excavation locations. 9 4. Kelson map of Beloit, ca. 1838. From Brown 1900:43. 10 5. Schematic cross-section of alluvial deposits in surveyed area. 13 6. Photographs of test unit profile walls. 14 List of Tables 1. Push Probe Core Descriptions. 12 2. Tabulation of Collection. 16 iii ABSTRACT Around 1830, a large Ho-Chunk village known as Ke-Chunk (Turtle Village) existed near the mouth of Turtle Creek close to the Illinois-Wisconsin state line in what is now Beloit, Wisconsin or South Beloit, Illinois. We attempted to detect physical traces of that village in the summer of 2012. Soil-geomorphic coring and archaeological testing were conducted in a small tract on the north bank of Turtle Creek in South Beloit. The cores and a series of 1-x-2-meter units revealed a sequence of recent deposits and cultural material, recorded as 11WO506. However, no early 19th-century features or material were found. Although no remnants of Turtle Village were discovered, the site may exist nearby and additional survey and testing are recommended elsewhere in the vicinity. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks the City of South Beloit, the Ho-Chunk Nation Cultural Resources Division, and Beloit 2020 for encouraging and supporting the work reported here. In particular, I thank City of South Beloit Commissioner Alice Schoonover and Mayor Michael Duffy; Bill Quackenbush, Ho-Chunk Nation Tribal Historic Preservation Officer and Cultural Resources Division Manager; and Jeff Adams of 2020. Soil coring and interpretations were conducted by Dr. Michael Kolb of Strata Morph Geoexploration, Inc. Dr. Rochelle Lurie of Midwest Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (MARS), supplied logistical direction and support and served as field supervisor along with Steve Katz of MARS. Catherine Bird of MARS prepared a historical overview and land-use history. The field crew consisted of volunteers and students whose interest, skill, and enthusiasm were essential elements of the project. Crew members were: Lucy Adrignola Philip Millhouse Michelle Birnbaum Felicia-Marie Nicosia Austin Brown Kayla Nicosia Elizabeth Brown Sara Pfannkuche Paula Bryant Katie Porubcan Ken Geier Paula Porubcan Kenny Hipskind Caitlin Rankin Ed Jakaitis Christine Schultz Steve Jankiewicz Pegg Stoddard Addison Kimmel George Wilson Deb Lynch Leanne Wright Dean McMakin The fieldwork reported in this document was conducted under a permit from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The author is solely responsible for the views and opinions expressed herein. 1 INTRODUCTION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES This report describes archaeological testing conducted in 2012 on a tract of land owned by the City of South Beloit in Winnebago County, Illinois. The purpose of the work was to locate remnants of a ca. 1830 Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Indian village known as Ke- Chunk or Turtle Village. This village was the largest recorded post-Contact Native American settlement in the Beloit area. Finding traces of Ke-Chunk is important from historical and archaeological perspectives, as explained below. The work is also part of a larger effort to enhance the historical and educational values of the “Confluence,” as the parts of Beloit (Wisconsin) and South Beloit around the mouth of Turtle Creek are becoming known. Local officials and planners envision a series of marked trails and open-space recreational uses that would increase public awareness of the historical significance of this locale. The goal of this project was to generate needed baseline information about the Ke-chunk village site. Specific objectives were to: 1. Locate the Ke-chunk village site. 2. Evaluate its condition and significance. 3. Develop a plan for further research, preservation, and interpretation. 4. Engage the Ho-Chunk Nation and the Beloit and South Beloit communities. The work conducted in 2012 focused on the first objective, that of precisely locating the Ke-Chunk site. PROJECT LOCATION A 1834 U.S. Government Land Office survey map of what is now the Beloit area shows Ke-Chunk as situated on the north side of Turtle Creek, just east of the Rock River (Figure 1). Unfortunately, the survey notes associated with that map contain no information about the village. Our strategy for finding Ke-Chunk called for examination of the north side of Turtle Creek close to its confluence with the Rock. Accordingly, we selected a study area that is bounded on the west by the Rock River, on the south by Turtle Creek, on the east by Blackhawk Boulevard, and on the north by Shirland Avenue, which is approximately the Illinois-Wisconsin state line (Figure 2). The legal location of this tract is the NW¼, NW¼, section 5, and the NE ¼, NE ¼, section 6, T46N., R2E., in the city of South Beloit, Winnebago County, Illinois. Unfortunately, the western part of the area initially considered for study was not accessible for archaeological investigation because of the presence of potentially hazardous substances related to previous industrial use of the tract (see Appendix A). Remediation efforts may make the area amenable to archaeological study in the future. The northern and eastern portions of the initial study area also were inaccessible because of current industrial and commercial uses. For 2012, therefore, fieldwork focused on a 2 small, triangular-shaped wooded tract bounded by Turtle Creek on the south and the Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific railroad tracks on the east and west (Figure 2). This location is approximately 200 meters (650 feet) up Turtle Creek from its confluence with the Rock River. The tested area, located at a place known as Stateline Junction, comprises less than an acre and is owned by the City of South Beloit. Figure 1. General Land Office map of Beloit (west side of Rock River and mouth of Turtle Creek) showing Ke-Chunk (Turtle Village) location). G.L.O. interior field notes, T. 1. N., R. 12 E., March 1834, G.W. Harrison. From http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SurveyNotes/Search.html. 3 Fig. 2. Project area location. Top: U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle map; bottom: air photo. Blue: general area of interest. Red: location of 2012 testing. 4 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE In the late 1820s and early 1830s, Ke-chunk was one of the major villages of the Ho- Chunk (Winnebago) people. The word Ke-chunk (properly Kečąk), means “turtle” and was used to denote the Ho-Chunk village on Turtle Creek (Brown and Brown 1929:86- 87). In 1829, according to U.S. Indian agent John Kinzie, this village had 35 lodges with nearly 700 inhabitants (Kinzie 1832; typescript in Jipson 1922:265-266, 275-277, 282; see Appendix B). Notable Ho-Chunk leaders associated with the village include White Crow (Kau-ree-kau-say-kaw), Whirling Thunder (Wau-kaun-wee-kaw), Walking Turtle (Karramaunee), and Little Priest or Little Chief (Mor-ay-tshay-kaw). The early French- Canadian trader Joseph Thibault built a cabin near the village site in 1835 or perhaps earlier. (Thibault’s cabin, mapped more precisely than Ke-chunk in contemporary records, was located on the Wisconsin side of the state line, in in the vicinity of what is now the Beloit City Hall; see Appendix B:Figure 1.) In 1836, the early settler Caleb Blodgett bought Thibault’s claims on the east side of the Rock River (Brown 1908:130- 132; Western Historical Co. 1879:607-610). Ke-chunk was the largest of the 36 villages recorded in John Kinzie’s 1829 census of Ho- Chunk communities in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois (Kinzie 1832). Although Kinzie’s summary of the census states that 600 residents were present at the village, tabulation of the residents in the family-by-family census reveals that at least 697 people lived there (Appendix B). Many Ke-chunk residents, including its influential leader White Crow, apparently moved to Ke-Chunk from Lake Koshkonong. Ke-chunk may have attracted White Crow and his villagers because it is only three miles from the mouth of the Pecatonica River, which was by 1831 a gathering place for Ho-Chunk people preparing to move to their wintering grounds in northern Illinois (Jipson 1923:131, 137; Lurie 1978:693). Primary-source written records of Indian life from the 1820s and 1830s in the middle Rock River valley are sparse, so archaeology is one of the principal ways to learn about that era. Yet few 1820s-30s Native American village sites have been found in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Crabapple Point and Carcajou Point on Late Koshkonong constitute rare examples of Ho-Chunk archaeological sites in the region (Hall 1962; Spector 1975).
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