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Universidade De São Paulo, Para a Obtenção De Título De Doutor Em Ciências Biológicas, Na Área De Zoologia Flávio Uemori Yamamoto Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética do gênero Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae) Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae) São Paulo 2013 Flávio Uemori Yamamoto Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética do gênero Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae) Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Antonio Domingos Brescovit São Paulo 2013 Ficha catalográfica Yamamoto, Flávio Uemori Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética do gênero Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae). 305 p. Tese - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Aranhas 2. Evolução 3. Filogenia Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora ________________________ _____ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ ____________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof. Dr. Orientador Antonio Domingos Brescovit Dedicatória Dedico este tese a minha esposa, melhor amiga, companheira, heroína, que me aguentou durante esses quatros anos de doutorado. Epígrafe RUAS, c. Um sábado qualquer. Disponível em: <www.umsabadoqualquer.com/941-einstein-8/> Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente ao Instituto Butantan que me abrigou durante o começo do doutorado e infelizmente tive que deixa-lo por força maior. Agradeço ao Instituto de Biociências por me dar oportunidade de frequentar um ambiente rico e cientificamente instigante. Do IBUSP, gostaria de agradecer especialmente ao Prof. Dr. Pedro Gnaspini e Prof. Dr. Sergio Vanin, por nos abrigar depois da tragédia do Instituto Butantan. Agradeço a FAPESP, pelo auxílio financeiro financeiro durante o Doutorado. , 2008/10147-0. Agradeço ao Antonio Brescovit por me orientar durante todos esses anos. Agradeço à Dr. Sylvia M. Lucas por me ensinar tanto sobre as migalomorfas. Um exemplo a ser seguido. Agradeço ao Rafinha por estar sempre disposto a ajudar e pelas fotos fornecidas. Agradeço aos meus colegas de laboratório, tanto do Butantan, quanto do IBUSP. São tantos nomes que não cometerei a gafe de citar uns e esquecer outros! Em especial, agradeço aos Desertores da Escada! A melhor turma que alguém poderia ter. Ao pessoal do futebol de segunda e de quinta. Agradeço ao Bruninho, pela ajuda com dúvidas metodológicas. Agradeço ao Mamilo e à Lina também pela ajuda e discussões que me fizeram crescer como pesquisador. A Lina merece ser citada novamente, pela ajuda no final da elaboração da tese. Agradeço a todos os curadores que me receberam em suas coleções ou emprestaram material. Sem isso, esse trabalho não seria possível. Em especial, agradeço a Robin Lyle, por ter me recebi tão bem em Pretória. Agradeço ao Gepeto por ter me aguentado em Londres! Que anfitrião! Agradeço aos meus pais, Margarida e Jugo. Sem o apoio deles, mesmo que discordando em diversos pontos, nada disso seria possível. Amo vocês! A minha irmão, Marina, que agora é mestre! Quem sabe não anima um doutorado... Por último, gostaria de agradecer minha esposa, Ana Carolina de Almeida Yamamoto. Pelo apoio incondicional, pela força e coragem que só você conseguiria me transmitir! Te amo! Índice 1. Introdução ............................................................................................................................................7 1.1 Aspectos de Idiops ........................................................................... Erro! Indicador não definido. 2. Objetivos ........................................................................................................................................... 18 3. Materiais e métodos ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.1. Descrição das espécies e elaboração dos desenhos .................................................................. 19 3.2. Análise filogenética .................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1. Terminais utilizados ............................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2. Caracteres utilizados ........................................................................................................... 26 3.2.3. Parâmetros da análise ......................................................................................................... 27 4. Resultados ......................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1. Filogenia ..................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1.1. Análise com matriz completa .............................................................................................. 29 4.1.2. Impacto das espécies com apenas um sexo conhecido ...................................................... 38 4.2. Matriz de dados e caracteres computados ................................................................................ 47 4.2.1. Caracteres independentes de sexo ..................................................................................... 47 4.2.2. Caracteres relacionados à dentição das quelíceras ............................................................ 51 4.2.3. Caracteres exclusivos de fêmeas ......................................................................................... 56 4.2.4. Caracteres relacionados à espermateca ............................................................................. 60 4.2.5. Caracteres exclusivos de machos ........................................................................................ 69 4.2.6. Caracteres relacionados à tíbia do palpo dos machos ........................................................ 73 4.2.7. Caracteres relacionados ao bulbo copulador...................................................................... 77 4.2.8 Caracteres relacionados à perna I ........................................................................................ 82 4.3. Resultados taxonômicos ............................................................................................................ 88 4.3.1. Sistemática .......................................................................................................................... 88 Idiops Perty, 1833 ...................................................................................................................... 91 Gen. n. 1 .................................................................................................................................. 123 Gen. n. 2 .................................................................................................................................. 140 Gen. n. 3 .................................................................................................................................. 149 Heligmomerus Simon, 1892 .................................................................................................... 165 Titanidiops Simon, 1903 .......................................................................................................... 170 Segregara Tucker, 1917 .......................................................................................................... 183 Ctenolophus Purcell, 1904 ....................................................................................................... 200 Gorgyrella Purcell, 1902 .......................................................................................................... 202 Galeosoma Purcell, 1903 ......................................................................................................... 203 Espécies incerta sedis .............................................................................................................. 206 4.3.2. Espécimes examinados, mas com tipos jovens ou danificados ........................................ 266 4.3.3. Espécimes não examinados, perdidos ou com tipos imaturos ou danificados para taxonomia ................................................................................................................................... 269 5. Discussão ......................................................................................................................................... 274 6. Conclusões ....................................................................................................................................... 285 Anexo I – Matriz de caracteres ............................................................................................................ 287 Resumo ................................................................................................................................................ 289 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 291 Referências bibliográficas ................................................................................................................... 293 1. Introdução A infraordem Mygalomorphae Pocock apresenta atualmente 16 famílias, 326 gêneros e 2709 espécies
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