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Appendix 1 Nepal Calendar—Western Calendar

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Appendix 1 Nepal Calendar—Western Calendar Appendix 1 Nepal Calendar—Western Calendar 1.1 Nepal Calendar: Bikram Sambat1 Bikram Sambat, (Devanagri: , abbreviated ‘‘B.S.’’) is the calendar established by Indian emperor Vikramaditya. It is a popularly used calendar in India and the official calendar of Nepal. In addition to Bikram Samwat, the Gregorian calendar and the original Nepalese calendar, Nepal Sambat, are also used in Nepal. Nepal Sambat was officially used in Nepal till the era of Chandra Shamsher (*1929), but due to its limited use these days, it is not focused on in this study. The Bikram Sambat was founded by the Tuar Rajput emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain following his victory over the Sakas in 56 B.C. It is a solar calendar2 based on ancient Hindu tradition. The Bikram Sambat calendar is 56.7 years ahead in count of the numbers of year of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2068 BS began in middle of April 2011 and will end in middle of April in 2012. The calendar starts with the first day of the month Baisakh, which usually falls on the 13th or 14th of April in the Gregorian calendar. 1.2 Western Calendar: Gregorian Calendar3 ‘‘The Gregorian Calendar has become the internationally accepted civil calendar’’..4 It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas. It is a reform of the Julian calendar and continues 1 Bikram Sambat information is taken mostly from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_ Samwat (accessed July 20, 2012). 2 A solar calendar is based on the progression through the seasons as the Earth revolves around the sun. 3 Gregorian calendar information is taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar (accessed July 20, 2012). 4 From: http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/astronomical-information- center/calendars (accessed November, 2011, on July 20, 2012 not available anymore). A. Zahnd, The Role of Renewable Energy Technology in Holistic 411 Community Development, Springer Theses, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03989-3, Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013 412 Appendix 1: Nepal Calendar—Western Calendar Table A1.1 Comparison of the Nepali Bikram Sabat and the western Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar month Nepali—Bikram Sambat calendar month No. Name of Numbers Nepali name in Colloquial Gregorian months Numbers month of days Devanagri Nepali name equivalent of days 1 January 31 Maagh Mid January to mid 29/30 February 2 February 28 or 29 Falgun Mid February to 29/30 mid March 3 March 31 Chaitra Mid March to mid 30/31 April 4 April 30 Baisakh Mid April to mid 30/31 May 5 May 31 Jesth Mid May to mid 31/32 June 6 June 30 Asadh Mid June to mid 31/32 July 7 July 31 Srawan / Saun Mid July to mid 31/32 August 8 August 31 Bhadau / Mid August to mid 31/32 Bhadra September 9 September 30 Aswin Mid September to 30/31 mid October 10 October 31 Kartik Mid October to mid 29/30 November 11 November 30 Mangsir Mid November to 29/30 mid December 12 December 31 Poush Mid December to 29/30 mid January the year numbering system of the Julian calendar, counting years from the traditional Incarnation of Jesus. Years after this date are given the designation ‘‘Anno Domini’’ (AD), or ‘‘Common Era’’ (CE); years before this date are labeled ‘‘Before Christ’’ (BC), or ‘‘Before the Common Era’’ (BCE). A Gregorian and the Nepali Bikram Sambat year are each divided into twelve months, each of irregular Appendix 1: Nepal Calendar—Western Calendar 413 length. The following Table A1.1 shows how the two calendars relate to each other. The basic rule of thumb for conversion, though this method provides only accuracy within 1–3 days and thus is suggested only for a general indication of the date, is as follows: • Nepali Bikram Sabat to English Gregorian date: Subtract -56 Years - 8 Months - 15 Days. • English Gregorian to Nepali Bikram Sabat date: Add + 56 years + 8 Months + 15 Days. Or, for an even easier and quicker rough calculation for the year, the Nepali calendar is 57 years ahead of the Western calendar, with each Nepali year starting around the middle of April. All official and festival dates (including most of the marriage dates) in Nepal are determined by this calendar. Appendix 2 Exchange Rates (Nepali Rupees per US Dollar) In order to better understand the national, and to some extent as well, the local, economy of Nepal in relationship to the wider world better, it is important to understand the relationship between its own currency, the Nepali Rupee, or in short NRs, and the main foreign exchange currency, the USD. This provides an understanding of the purchasing power of a nation on the international market, for businesses dealing with foreign companies. The USD has been and still is, despite its weakness demonstrated since around 2005, the leading international currency for trade, business and contract related international projects. Nepal, being a major receiving country of multiple international government and donor agencies is particularly dependent on the USD’s value, trend and fluctuations. Thus the cost of imported goods and services is highly dependent on the USD’s international level and the locally manufactured goods and markets are dependant on the USD’s fluctuations. One of the factors which has often not been given enough attention, because it is not so dependent on the USD’s currency rate, is the salary scales and purchasing power, of the national people. Thus, in order to understand the direct and indirect reasons for the increasing struggles of the local people to make a decent living from their daily labour, it is also important to have an understanding of how the USD currency has related over the years to the local currency, the Nepali Rupee (NRs). In view of the HCD concept and philosophy developed and presented throughout the thesis, it is clear, that development does not change over night, but rather over the course of years or even decades. Thus, in order to understand the full extent of the possible impact the USD currency, and its changes, on the lives and struggles of the local people, it is important that a more long-term time scale of the changes of the USD versus the NRs currency exchange rate is considered. Thus a 26 year time span is chosen, representing approximately two generations of the present Nepali society. This allows us to demonstrate and ‘‘feel’’ the influence the USD currency exchange rate changes had on the local society. In the following Table A2.1 and graphs the Nepali Rupee’s (NRs) Exchange rate to the USD from 1986–2011 is provided. A. Zahnd, The Role of Renewable Energy Technology in Holistic 415 Community Development, Springer Theses, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03989-3, Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013 416 Appendix 2: Exchange Rates (Nepali Rupees per US Dollar) Table A2.1 USD to NRs exchange rates over the years 1986–2012 (July 7th) Year Average yearly Year maximum Year minimum Average difference in % NRs per USD NRs per USD NRs per USD from year to year 1986 21.320 – – – 1987 21.819 – – 2.341 1988 23.289 – – 6.737 1989 27.189 – – 16.746 1990 29.369 – – 8.018 1991 37.255 – – 26.851 1992 42.718 – – 14.664 1993 48.608 – – 13.788 1994 49.398 – – 1.625 1995 51.890 – – 5.045 1996 56.692 – – 9.254 1997 58.010 – – 2.325 1998 63.867 68.100 56.950 10.096 1999 68.328 69.050 67.400 6.985 2000 71.053 74.938 65.857 3.989 2001 75.474 80.811 71.822 6.222 2002 79.146 81.261 78.300 4.865 2003 77.162 80.163 74.040 -2.508 2004 74.864 75.702 73.415 -2.978 2005 73.985 76.435 70.823 -1.174 2006 75.238 78.213 72.354 1.694 2007 68.306 74.038 63.684 -9.213 2008 70.821 82.403 64.432 3.682 2009 79.513 80.232 78.506 12.273 2010 74.364 77.805 70.833 -5.390 2011 73.409 74.366 72.100 -1.285 2012 July 81.520 86.163 76.718 11.008 Total change from 1986 to 2012 (July 7th) 382 % Average yearly change 14.7 % Exchange rates from 1986 to 2003 are from: Asian Development Bank 2004, Key Indicators 2004. Poverty in Asia: Measurement, Estimates, and Prospect, Asian Development Bank, pp. 224–229. 1998–2009. Exchange rates for 1998–2012 are from the fxhistory web site: http://www.oanda.com/convert/ fxhistory The ‘‘Average Yearly NRs per USD’’ table is calculated from the following data sources: 1. Exchange rates for the averaged yearly values from 1986 to 1997 are from the Asian Development Bank data. 2. Exchange rates for the averaged yearly values from 1998 to 2003 are from the Asian Development Bank and the fxhistory web site based data. Maximum and minimum values are only from the fxhistory web site. Appendix 2: Exchange Rates (Nepali Rupees per US Dollar) 417 3. Exchange rates for the averaged yearly values from 2004 to 2011 are from the fxhistory web site based data. Main findings and interpretations: From the mid 1980s onwards to the early 1990s a high yearly USD to NRs exchange rate increasingly devalued the NRs internationally. Even more importantly, it made imported goods progressively more expensive, not proportional to the yearly remuneration and salary increase the local people have experienced.
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