Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

17th MEETING OF THE RESEARCH COUNCIL (May 29, 2018 )

AGENDA ITEMS

1. To confirm the proceedings of 16th meeting of the Research Council held on March 8, 2017

2. To report action taken on the decisions of 16th meeting of the Research Council

3. To present the highlights of research work done from March 9, 2017 to date

4. To place before the Council the list of research projects sanctioned since last meeting (March 9, 2017 to date)

5. To place before the Council the abstracts of Ph.D. theses submitted and approved since last meeting (March 9, 2017 to date)

6. New items put forth by the Hon’ble members of the Research Council

7. Any other item (s) with the permission of the Chair

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

DETAILED AGENDA ITEMS Item No.1: To confirm the proceedings of the 16th meeting of the Research Council held on March 8, 2017 Item No.2: To report action taken on the decisions of the 16th meeting of the Research Council  Establishment of Intellectual Property Rights Unit and Patents granted to CSKHPKV: The Member Secretary informed the house that the IPR guidelines have been formulated which will be placed before BOM for approval in its ensuing meeting.

Action: The Board of Management in its 111th meeting held on 18-03-2017 vide item No. 7.1 has approved the Intellactual Property Rights (IPR) Policy Guidelines of CSKHPKV, Palampur

 Development of root rot wilt (disease complex) resistant varieties of garden pea. The Member Secretary informed that research efforts are going on in this direction and it is expected that within next 2 years suitable resistant variety will be released.

Action: Work has been initiated and efforts have been made to procure breeding lines resistant to Fusarium wilt from different institutes. There is a complex of diseases namely Fusarium oxysporum fsp. pisi, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani which cause severe crop damage and breeding. Multiple disease resistant varieties are a difficult and long process. One of the line ‘Pusa Shree’ of garden pea releases from IARI, New Delhi has been procured and tested at HAREC, Kukumseri but it succumb to disease pressure. Moreover, ‘Pusa Shree’ bears very small pods with round seeds which would not be preferred in the market. Therefore, management practices are to be recommended to control these diseases including seed treatment time being till some resistant varieties are to be identified/ developed.  To investigate etiology of Bovine papillomatosis and its relation with Enzootic Bovine Hematuria (EBH) in HP Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences has initiated the research work on both the issues and research problems have also been given to the PG students. Action: Investigations on Enzootic Bovine Hematuria (EBH) in Cattle of Himachal Pradesh :

The department of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. G.C. Negi COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur carried out study on this dreaded disease. Epidemiological investigations revealed that Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is a prevalent disease in Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Chamba and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Studies on 59 cattle presented with history of hematuria at clinical camps held at Sainj valley of district Kullu and Barot and Janjheli valley of district Mandi indicated the maximum incidence in the age group of 2 to 8 years and Males were equally affected as females. Breed wise, maximum cases of hematuria were recorded in Zebu cattle followed by Jersey-cross. Prominent clinical signs recorded were voiding of blood stained urine, pale visible mucous membranes, mild tachycardia, general debility and depressed rumen motility but with normal appetite. Haematological

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

examination revealed significantly low haemoglobin (7.59 ± 0.20 g/dl), packed cell volume (25.28 ± 0.71%) and total erythrocyte count (4.61 ± 0.13×10 /µl). Microcytic hypochromic anaemia was diagnosed. Leucopenia ,lymphopenia and monocytosis were also observed. Biochemically, EBH affected animals suffered⁶ from hypoproteinaemia, hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia and iron deficiency, while blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were elevated. Bovine Papilloma Virus-2 DNA was also detected in 19 out of 45 blood samples of EBH affected cattle. Urine was alkaline in nature with normal specific gravity, while average erythrocytic count of 0.35 ± 0.03× 10 /cu mm was recorded. Urine was also positive for protein in all samples and glucose in 48% of the samples. Microbiological investigation of urine samples revealed that Streptococcus spp.,⁶ Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus spp. were the major associated bacterial infections. Ultrasonography proved to be a useful tool for evaluation of vesicular diverticular neoplasm and is a very sensitive indicator for detecting space occupying lesions at a very early stage. Symptomatic therapy comprising of antibiotic, haemostat, haematinic mixture and mineral mixture lead to mild and transient response suggesting long term therapy to increase longevity of affected animal.

2. Investigations on Bovine Cutaneous Papillomatosis :

The present work was conducted with the objective to study the prevalence of Bovine Cutaneous Papillomatosis, clinical appraisal of affected animals, efficacy of different therapeutic measures and to formulate strategic therapy against bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. The prevalence of bovine papillomatosis was recorded as 6.52 per cent in a total of 429 animals screened. The disease was more prevalent in the age group of 1 to 3 years (58.89%). Crossbred cattle were mostly affected particularly Jersey cross cattle (72.22%). The incidence was highest in females (98.88%). The affected cattle were either heifers (41.57%) or in their first lactation (34.83%). Teats were affected in maximum cases (85.55%). Warts on other body parts were present in 28.88 per cent cases, which include warts on face, muzzle, periorbital area, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, perineal region, fore and hind limbs. Warts were mostly of moderate (37.77%) or mild severity (35.55%), upto 1 cm in size (86.66%) and cauliflower (35.55%), rice-grain (22.22%) or flat (12.22%) shaped. Most warts were sessile in nature (47.77%), rough surfaced (63.33%) and brown (36.66%), grey (22.22%) or black (21.11%) coloured. Histopathologically, the wart tissues were classified as Papilloma and Fibropapilloma. Different therapeutic regimen was evaluated including Autogenous vaccine prepared from the tissue taken from the affected animals. Combined use of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole was more efficacious (72.22%) than combination of Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole (54.54%). Autogenous wart vaccination was effective in 75 per cent cases while Ivermectin was effective only in 20 per cent cases. On the basis of these observations, it is advised to use either combination of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole or Autogenous wart vaccine for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis.

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Researchable Issues put forth by Hon’ble members of Research Council Dr. J.C. Rana, Director of Agriculture, Himachal Pradesh in 15th meeting.

 Modification of design of poly-houses for Zone-1 A poly-house (250 m2) with fan and pad cooling system to regulate temperature & humidity has been designed and constructed at HAREC, Dhaulakuan and its evaluation work is in progress and recommendation will be made after standardization of design and production/protection technologies for crops grown under protected environment.

Action: A 250 m2 polyhouse having fan and pad cooling system was constructed at KVK, Dhaulakuan, Distt. Sirmour of this University. The polyhouse has been found suitable under Dhaulakuan condition as the temperature at Dhaulakuan touches upto 450 C during summer period.The fan and pad cooling system is able to lower the temperature by 5-6 degree inside the polyhouse during the peak summer. The farmer of the district are very much convinced and are appreciating this fan and pad cooling system polyhouse. The only limitation is higher operating electricity cost.

Item No. 6: Researchable Issues Put forth by Dr. R.K. Malik, Jt. Director Research, NDRI, Karnal (Haryana) and Hon’ble Member of Research Council

Issue No.1: Emphasis should be given on organic farming in the state for a way ahead to Organic state like Sikkim. The Chairman informed that in the post graduate research programmes of the students, organic components have been included. He also added that two KVKs have initiated work on zero budgeting and organic farming. Action: All efforts are being made to promote research on Organic and Zero Budget Natural Farming in the University. This has been made an important researchable issue in post graduate research programmes also. Recently 25 acres area has been earmarked for Zero Budget Natural Farming at headquarter, where the Gurukul Model of this farming will be replicated. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kullu at Bajuara and Una at Rampur of this University have also initiated work on Zero Budget Natural Farming from the year 2016-17. KVK, Kullu has kept local hill cow to prepare the input for Zero Budget Natural Farming like Jeevamrita and Beejamrita etc. and started scientific trials on crops like pea variety Azad P-1, Wheat variety HPW-155, Oat variety Palampur-1, Turmeric variety Palam Lalima, Soybean variety Hara Soya and Palam Soya, Garlic variety GHC-1 in an area of 2950 sq. m. KVK, Una is undertaking trials on Wheat variety Kantewali, the seed of which was procured from Kurukshetra . Apart from this, 100 plants of Pomegranate variety Ganesh and Kandhari have also been planted at KVK, Una farm. A project proposal on “Establishment of Gurukul (Kurukshetra) model of “Zero Budget Natural Farming” at CSKHPKV, Palampur with a total budget outlay of Rs. 298.6 lakh has also been formulated by the Head, Deptt. of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming of this University and submitted to the State Govt. for consideration and financial assistance.

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Issue No.2: Region specific requirement of the mineral mixture should be worked out to cope up with the rising problems of infertility and low productivity among the milch animals. Dr. R.K. Agnihotri replied that area- specific mineral mixture is being prepared and supplied to Department of Animal Husbandry as well as to the farmers. He also added that a commercial unit of mineral mixture preparation is being run in the University. But to meet out the increasing demand of mineral mixture, production of mineral mixture can be out sourced in near future, whereas quality component can be retained by the University. Action: The area specific mineral mixture being formulated by the Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences of this University is supplied to the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh and farmers of the State. The area specific mineral mixture is also made available through KVKs of the University to the farmers. Researchable Issues Put forth by Prof. Dr. (Mrs.) Usha Kiran Chopra , Hon’ble Me,ber of Research Council

Issue No.1: Development of models based on weather parameters. Present GIS and remote sensing models are based on statistical values applicable to specific regions with less precision. There is a need to develop weather based (especially temperature) forecast models with respect to cropping sequences and cropping patterns. Action: The Centre for Geo-informatics Research and Training, COBS of this University has already developed rainfall, temperature (Maximum and Minimum) annual basisGIS mapsusing limited weather data available under the project outputs which are available in the University website (www.http://14.139.224.135/myapp/index files/Page 616.htm). In addition to this, suitable crops regions for maize, wheat, rice, barley, pulses and potato are also given in the web portal under CGRT, COBS. The soil nutrients maps of 14 nutrients for 76 blocks in 12 districts have also been developed under the project and available in the University website for use.Dr. Ranbir Singh Rana, Principal Scientist (Agronomy), CGRT, COBS, CSKHPKV, Palampur is also disseminating the Medium Range Weather Forecasts based Agro advisory through Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GPMS) in India under the project funded by India Meteorological Department, MOES, New Delhi. The weather based agro- advisory are prepared at district scale and issued to print and electronic media in a week. It is also uploaded in the University website, IMD website and State regions Met Centre, Shimla. The SMS based Agro-advisory is also operational since 2015 through KISAN Portal of Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, New Delhi and more than 88 lakhs farmers so far has been benefitted in Chamba, Una, Hamirpur and Kangra districts of H.P. Which are under our jurisdiction. Issue No.2: Impact of climate change on hill agro-eco system. Studies should be conducted to assess soil run off losses and management practices to minimize these losses. She also emphasized on development of GIS based information of animals in the state.

Action: The following steps have been taken up to start the work on assessment of run off losses and management practices to minimize losses: 1. It is proposed to study the impact of crop cover (maize, soybean, mash etc.) and soil management practices (mulching, intercropping, FYM addition etc.) on run off generation in micro-plot study. The treatment comprising of field crops and management practices will be imposed in 10x5m sized plot and run-off will be

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

collected periodically at the outlet point of each plot periodiodically. The experiment will start from coming rainy season of 2018 at Experimental Farm of Water Management scheme at Palampur. A portable rain- guage will also be kept for recording of rainfall events as per requirements 2. The collected run-off samples will be analyzed for silt load and nutrient losses. 3. The proposed research work has been in cluded in the action plan of the AICR on Irrigation Water Management and was also presented during 4th QRT Meet of AICRP on IWM at Jammu from 10-11 November, 2017. 4. The proposed research work will also be included in the research work of M.Sc./PhD students under the specialization of Soil Physics and Water Conservation from the coming academic season. As regard development of animal based information of animals in the State, GPS based future research endeavour will be initiated in collaboration with Centre for Geo-informatics Research and Training of this University. A project proposal will be initiated to tract the migratory route of the Gaddi Sheep and Goat rears in consultation with the experts of the Centre for for Geo-informatics Research and Training and Veterinary Epidemiology to provide weather based disease forecast advisory to the Gaddi Shepherds during migration is being provided. Researchable Issues Put forth by Dr. Chamanjit Kapoor, nominee of Director of Agriculture, Govt. of H.P. Issue No.1: Availability of French bean seed to the farmers of Chamba Distict Dr. Chaman Jeet Kapoor pointed out the shortage of French been seed because of non production of seed in Kinnaur District as well as by the University. He requested the University to test the seeds of different crops for distribution to the farmers. Director of Research informed that funds are required for testing of various varieties of crops. Dr Kapoor assured that the funds can be provided by the Dept. of Agriculture for this purpose.

Action: Till date no requirement/ indent of French bean seed has been received by this University. However, in future, the University will produce and make available the brench bean seed as and when the indent/ requirement is received from the Department of Agriculture. Further, the seed testing laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology of this University is fully equipped to conduct all the quality test of seeds. If any test is required to be conducted which does not presently exist in the Department of Agriculture may be intimated so that the funds can be sought to create such facility in the University. Researchable Issues Put forth by Dr P.K. Mehta, Director, Extension Education, CSKHPKV, Palampur Issue No.1: Evaluation of bio-pesticides produced by the University on KVKs for on- farm trials Department of Entomology and Plant pathology of the University have produced bio- pesticides viz., eupatorium, darek, kinnow peel oil and Trichoderma which need to be tested under on farm trials through KVKs. Action: Department of Plant Pathology of this University has developed bioformulation (HIM PALAM TRICHOFORM) from resident strain SMA-5 of Trichoderma harzianum against soil borne pathogens. The department is providing HIM PALAM TRICHOFORM to KVKs on demand to carry out OFTs against soil borne pathogens. KVK Sundernagar has

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

procured HIM PALAM TRICHOFORM from the department to carry out OFTs in the farmer’s fields against soil borne pathogen.

Issue No.2: Monitoring of pesticide residues Studies should be carried out to monitor the pesticide residues in different vegetable crops so as to work out the safe limits of pesticides and advise the farmers accordingly. Action: The pesticide residues in different vegetable crops are being worked out and safely intervals are being determined. The residue work is being conducted through postgraduate students’ research. Issue No.3: Problem of mites under poly house conditions Under poly house conditions mites have emerged as serious pests of different crops and there is a need to conduct systematic studies on mites and their management. Director of Research informed that a project on mites has been submitted to ICAR for funding as Net Work Centre and issue will be taken up with ADG (Plant Protection) ICAR. Action: Work on the management of mite pests has been initiated with special emphasis on evaluation of cow origin based natural products. Among these, darekastra, tamarlassi and vermiwash @ 10% proved most effective and may be incorporated in the management plan for the crops grown under protected environment.

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Item No. 3: To present the Highlights of Research work done from March 9, 2017 to date

3.1 Technologies developed by the University

Since March 8, 2017 following two technologies have been recommended by the Research Evaluation Committee in its meetings held on 06-06-2017 and 17-10-2017 and further approved in the Agril. Officers’ Workshop on Kharif and Rabi Crops held on 12-06- 2018 and 21-10-2018 for their use by the farmers of the State:

Crop Improvement

• Release proposal of Soybean variety Himso 1685 (Him Palam Hara Soya-1) for cultivation in rainfed conditions in mid hill zone of Himachal Pradesh. • Release proposal of Wheat variety HPW 373 (Him Palam Gehun 3) for cultivation in Low & Mid hills of H.P. under late sown rainfed conditions.

3.1.1. Technology Generated Developed and established two new protocols viz., a) Identified a new economically efficient chromosome doubling agent. b) Efficient regeneration of small sized haploid embryos of wheat utilizing endosperm culture for further enhancement of the efficiency of chromosome elimination – mediated system of Doubled Haploidy Breeding in wheat

3.1.2 Other Research Achievements of the University

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

1. CROP IMPROVEMENT

Cereals Maize: • During kharif, 2017, fifteen maize hybrids supplied by various private companies were evaluated along with two checks Palam Shankar Makka 2 (single cross) developed and released by this University and PMZ 4 (modified single cross) of Monsanto India, Pvt. Ltd. at six different locations of CSKHPKV (Palampur, Sunder Nagar, Kangra, Akrot, Bajaura and Dhaulakuan). • In Zone-I of the State, six maize hybrids viz. Bisco Yuvraj Gold (78.59 q/ha), P 3436 ( 77.73 q/ha), P 3542 (72.47 q/ha), DKC 9164 (72.41 q/ha), LG 34.05 (68.75 q/ha) and Sumo-292 (65.27q/ha) showed highly resistant to moderately susceptible reaction to the bacterial stalk rot under artificial inoculated condition and recorded significantly superior to at par grain yield with the best check Palam Shankar Makka 2 (67.50 q/ha) and can be considered for cultivation in Zone I of the State . • In Zone-II of the State, ten maize hybrid entries viz, DKC 9179 (89.17 q/ha), DKC 8164 (81.56 q/ha), HP 333 Gold (79.88 q/ha), DKC 9164 (75.12q /ha), AB 6786

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

(73.91 q/ha), Bisco Yuvraj Gold (73.90 q/ha), KH 2595 (73.10 q/ha), P3436 (72.17 q/ha), P 3542 (71.93 q/ha) and LG 34.05 (71.00 q/ha) yielded statistically at par with the best check PMZ 4 (81.09 q/ha) and can be considered for cultivation in Zone II of the State. • Bajaura Makka (L 201) got registered vide Registration No. 278 dated August 26th, 2016 with PPVFRA Authority, New Delhi. Wheat: • During rabi 2017-18, 2323 entries of wheat is being screened at Dhaulakuan under artificial inoculated conditions against major diseases in various plant pathological nurseries under All India Coordinated Wheat and Barley Improvement Project against karnal bunt, yellow rust, powdery mildew and Head scab. • Among wheat varieties, HS 490 gave the highest grain yield (25.32 q/ha) followed by HPW 349 (19.80 q/ha) and VL Gehun 907 (17.50 q/ha) in Lahaul valley at Kukumseri.

Barley • During rabi 2017-18, 661 entries of barley is being screened at Dhaulakuan under artificial inoculated conditions against major diseases in various plant pathological nurseries i.e. EBDSN, NBDSN and IBDSN under All India Coordinated Wheat and Barley Improvement Project against yellow rust. Rice: • During kharif 2017, seven rice hybrids supplied by various private companies were evaluated along with three checks viz., BS 10008, 6129 Gold and Arize Swift Gold at five different locations i.e. two in Zone-I (Dhaulakuan & Una) and three in Zone-II (Kangra, Malan & Sundernagar) of the State.. • In Zone-I of the State, three rice hybrids viz. Hybrid 25 P 35 (51.2 q/ha), Hybrid 27 P 22 (50.5q/ha) and Sava 127 (48.6 q/ha) can be considered for cultivation • In zone II, four rice hybrids viz., Hybrid 25P35 (60.0q/ha), Sava 127 (52.1 q/ha), Hybrid 27 P 22 (50.8 q/ha) and Sava 200 (50.3 q/ha) can be considered for cultivation

Oilseeds • Two entries of mustard viz., MS 8026 (DRMRIJ 20 X RCC-4) (1190 kg/ha) and MS 9025 (Kranti X RH 749) (1211 kg/ha) performed significantly better than the best check RH 749(1076 kg/ha) by 10.6 and 12.5 %. Similarly, two entries of gobhi sarson viz., GS 8141 and GS 8138 derived from crosses GSL-1 X Hyola 401 (1428 kg/ha) and Neelam X EC 552608 (1539 kg/ha) performed consistently better than the best check GSC 7 (1232 kg/ha) by 15.9 and 24.9 %. Out of these, three entries (MS 8026, GS 8141 and GS 8138) have been inducted for testing in respective Initial Variety Trials under AICRP during the year 2017-18. • Genotypes namely PDZ-4, CJRB-1661, PDZ-5, RLC-3, PDZ-7, PDZ-8 and PDZ-1 of IVT/AVT material of Rapeseed-Mustard were identified as nutritionally superior “00” genotypes (“00” means low glucosinolate content (<30µmole/g defatted meal) and <2 % erucic acid.

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SEED PRODUCTION AND SEED TECHNOLOGY

A. Nucleus Seed Production • A total of 17.83 q nucleus seed (11.87 q of different varieties of wheat and 5.96 q of different varieties of soybean) was produced during Rabi 2016-17 and Kharif 2017. B. Breeder seed production • A total of 619.92 q breeder seed of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and fodders (476.49 q during Rabi 2016-17 and 143.43 q during Kharif 2017) was produced by the University. • In addition to above, 513.57 q foundation seed of cereal, pulses, oilseeds and vegetable crops (372.00 q during Rabi 2016-17 and 141.57 q during Kharif 2017) was also produced. C. Seed Technology Research • Genetic purity of 6 private sector maize hybrids was ascertained using SSR markers and the fingerprinting library maintained. • A significant increase of 10.7% in seed yield of dhaincha was observed with pinching of terminal bud and foliar spray of DAP @ 2% + MN mixture (ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + Boric acid @ 0.3%) + NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) @ 40 ppm over control. • Transplanting method in combination with organic and inorganic fertilizers recorded a significant increase of 103% in seed yield of finger millet over direct sowing without any fertilizer and manure.

II. Crop Production • Integrated nutrient supply system in Rice-Wheat cropping system: Based upon twenty three years of research finding (excluding three stabilizing years) 50% NPK through fertilizers+50% N through FYM applied to rice and 100% NPK to wheat resulted in significantly highest RGEY of 7.97 t/ha followed by T5 i.e. 100% NPK through chemical fertilize both to rice & wheat with RGEY of 7.12 t/ha. This shows that IPNSS is the best option for getting higher productivity in Rice-Wheat cropping system. The 3rd best treatment was 50% NPK through fertilizer+50% N through Green manure to rice and 100% NPK to wheat through fertilizer with RGEY of 6.83 t/ha. • Evaluation of Alternative cropping systems: Colocasia – Pea + Coriander cropping system gave significantly highest RGEY of 24.51 t/ha which was 156% higher than the traditional Rice-wheat cropping system (9.57 t/ha). The cropping system was followed by Turmeric-Pea-Summer squash with RGEY of 19.07 t/ha and Rice-Pea- Summer squash with RGEY of 17.10 t/ha. These two cropping system resulted in 99% & -78% increase, repectively over traditional Rice-Wheat cropping system. However, the highest net returns of Rs.1,73,746/- were recorded in Colocaia- pea+coriander followed by Rice-Lettuce-Potato with net returns of Rs.83,105/- and Okra-radish-Onion with net returns of Rs.80504/-. • Standardization of seeding ratio of multi-cut sorghum and bajra hybrids: Seed of sorghum hybrid var. KH-105 and bajra hybrid var. K-35 mixed in the ratio of 25:75 (i.e. 25% recommended seed of sorghum and 75% recommended seed of bajra) and sown in line produced green forage yield of 435.73 q/ha with crude protein yield of 9.37 q/ha and B:C ratio of 4.19. Broadcast sowing of crops using 25% and 75%

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recommended seed rate produced green forage yield of 369.21 q/ha. This treatment combination produced about 150 q/ha and 30 q/ha more green fodder than pure sorghum ad bajra hybrids, respectively. • Studies on the effect of planting geometry of tall fescue grass and seed rates of white clover in wet temperate conditions: Tall fescue planted at 30x30 cm spacing and over sown by white clover @ 3.0 kg/ha produced higher green fodder yield (360.65 q/ha), crude protein yield (12.14 q/ha), net returns (Rs.70,505/ha), B:C ratio (3.79) and LER (1.61). This treatment produced 35.54% and 37.03% more green forage over sole tall fescue grass and white clover, respectively. The respective increase in dry forage yield was 20.47%, 65.84%. In the third year inclusion of white clover in the system increased available soil nitrogen to the tune of 30-40 kg/ha over initial value of 212 kg N/ha. • Studies on the productivity and carbon sequestration of silvi-pastoral system in hills of north western Himalayas: Experiment was initiated in Kharif 2015 to study the system productivity and organic matter input to soil through silvio-pastoral system. Among trees species Morus produced more biomass than Grewia. Highest green fodder and dry fodder yields of 541 q/ha and 119 q/ha, respectively was obtained with the planting of Setaria grass. Similar effect on crude protein yield was also (14.42 q/ha). Setaria grass resulted in highest return (Rs.1,01,895/ha) and B:C ratio (3.06). No appreciable effect of treatments on soil organic carbon was observed. • At Bajaura, sowing of barley crop at 20 cm row to row spacing gave 14.81 % higher grain yield over the existing spacing of 23.5 cm (2 years data). • The residual effect of bio-fertilizers applied to barley crop was studied on succeeding blackgram showed that seed treatment with PSB alone, Azotobacter + PSB and Azotobacter alone increased the blackgram grain yield by 18.60 and 15.38 and 9.53 per cent, respectively over the no treatment with bio-fertilizers. • Cauliflower gave significantly highest pea equivalent yield (141.46 q/ha) and net return (Rs. 4,83,562/ha) followed by Peas-oats for green fodder (101.17 q/ha & Rs. 3,23,645/ha), Cabbage (94.99 q/ha & Rs. 3,02,730/ha), Red Cabbage (92.60 q/ha & Rs. 2,91,267/ha) and Tomato (92.58 q/ha & Rs. 2,84,663/ha) however, later 4 crops were statistically at par with each other regarding both pea equivalent yield and net return. • Organic treatment comprising of 10 t/ha Vermicompost + 3 applications of Jeevamrit @ 500 lt/ha mixed with 5-8 times water, one at transplanting & two during growth period gave 69.5% higher yield of cauliflower over control in the very first year of experimentation.

III. Soil, Water and Nutrient Management • The study on long-term use of fertilizers and amendments revealed that FYM application in combination with 100% NPK increased carbon stocks by about 45% over control compared to initial C stock. Further, carbon sequestration rate varied from 0.01 t ha-1 yr-1 in control to 0.18 t ha-1 yr-1 in 100% NPK + FYM treated plots.

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-1 • In Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh, application of Zn @ 5.0 kg ha along with recommended NPK resulted in highest crop yield in maize. Similarly, the foliar spray of Fe and Zn @ 2.0% at three growth stages produced highest fruit yield of apple. • Following fertilizer prescription equation for gobhisarson (cv HPN-1) was developed for mid hills sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh: FN = 11.04 T- 0.41 SN-0.30 OM FP2O5=5.55 T- 1.45 SP-0.22 OM FK2O = 3.34 T- 0.21 SK-0.12 OM • In mid-hills sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh, deficiencies of N, P, S and Zn were observed to the extent of 39, 33, 28 and 39 % in soils growing maize, 18, 7, 24 and 10 % in soils growing paddy and 25, 32, 32 and 38 % in soils growing wheat, respectively. Respective values in low hills subtropical zone were 33, 39, 11 and 39% in soils growing maize and 39, 39, 22 and 44 in soils of wheat. However, 17 and 24 % K deficiency was also observed in maize and wheat growing soils of in mid-hills subhumid zone. Significant and positive correlations were observed between nutrient content in soils and crops. • Under protected conditions, strawberry fertigated with 75 % NK along with drip irrigation at 0.6 PE which remained at par with drip irrigation at 1.0 PE, resulted in significantly higher (18.98 %) yield of strawberry than drip irrigation with 0.8 PE. In another experiment on capsicum grown in soil less culture under protected conditions, highest per plant capsicum yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were obtained when capsicum plants were fertigated with NPK level of 6.00:3.60:3.00 per plant, which were 1.57 and 1.54 times higher than that obtained with fertigation level of 3.00:1.80:1.50. Irrigation levels from 0.4 PE to 1.2 PE did not differ in their effect on productivity. • At Dhaulakuan, Desi cow’s dung and urine based zero budget natural farming practices were found satisfactory during the year under report for getting high yields of Mash in Kharif and for Wheat, Gram, Sarson alone and as intercrops in Rabi season.

IV. Vegetable Production

• In garden pea, advance breeding lines (F8) namely, ‘DPP-2011-SP-6’ and ‘DPP-2011- SP-22’ significantly outperformed the recommended varieties Pb-89, Azad P-1, Palam Priya and Palam Sumool for pod yield and other related attributes in the multilocation/station trials which were conducted over five locations namely, Palampur, Bajaura, Una, Dhaulakuan and Kukumseri These lines also carry desirable pod attributes such as well filled, long and green pods and are resistant to powdery mildew disease under field conditions. • Multi location testing of garden pea line ‘Line1-2’ developed through marker assisted backcross breeding followed by pedigree selection showed superiorty for pod yield and other traits over standard check, Azad Pea-1 at KVK Dhaulakuan, KVK Una, KVK Bajaura, HAREC, Kukumseri and Vegetable Research Farm, Palampur and was completely resistant to powdery mildew disease in comparison to the standard check, Azad Pea-1. Average pod yield per plant of Line1-2 was 136g, 146 g, 115g, 135 g, 213 g and 106 g at Dhaulakuan, Una, Bajaura, Kukumseri and Palampur in comparison to 65g, 115g 107g, 243.5 g and 79g of Azad Pea-1 in the respective locations.

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• Multilocation trials conducted on advance breeding lines (F7) of edible pod pea/snap pea (isolated from interspecific crosses between garden pea and edible pod pea varieties by following pedigree method) revealed that line DPEPP-15-1 performed uniformly for pod yield with top rank over five locations i.e. Palampur, Bajaura, Una, Dhaulakuan and Kukumseri. It had significantly outperformed the check varieties Arka Apoorva and Arka Sampoorna from IIHR and Meethi Phali from PAU, Ludhiana. • The most promising cabbage hybrids namely, DPCbH-1 gave 335.81, 440.6, 387.85, 550.26, 446.62q/ha head yield while DPCbH-2 gave 362.8, 431.28, 416.67 and 426.75q/ha at Palampur, Barthin, Dhaulakuan, Bajaura and Sangla, respectively. • Various high yielding lines/hybrids have been identified/developed namely, 5 hybrids in cauliflower, two lines in colocasia, two green seeded genotypes of faba bean, bacterial wilt resistance lines of chilli and capsicum, one line of white onion. • In an experiment on evaluation of cabbage hybrids (24 Nos) in line x tester mating design (8 lines x 3 testers), the maximum marketable head yield (314.66 q/ha) was exhibited the hybrid I-4-3 x E-1-1&-2. Some of the other promising cross combinations were I-4-6 x Palam Glory-7 (299.89q/ha), SC-5-5-4 x Palam Glory-7 (288.15 q/ha), I-4-3 x Palam Glory-7 (275.05 q/ha) and I-4-6 x E-1-1 & -2 (270.55q/ha). The hybrids viz., I-4-3 x E-1-1&-2 and I-4-6 x Palam Glory-7 were also found to be superior to both the checks. • Four (4) genetic male sterile lines in chilli have been isolated from different crosses (F7) with varying fruit bearing habit and fruit characteristics which will be utilized in hybrid development programme. • Twenty five (25) lines of chilli developed from different intervarietal crosses have been advanced to F7 generation. These lines have been developed by giving emphasis on specific plant (erect) and fruit characteristics (pendent/erect, size, colour etc).

V. Crop protection A. Disease Management • At Dhaulakuan, seed priming with 150ppm (SP) + 150 ppm foliar spray (48 hrs before inoculation) gave good control (55.84%) of bacterial stalk rot and 71.74% of banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) with an increase of 26.15 % in yield in maize crop as compared to control under artificial epiphytotic conditions. • At Bajaura, single spray with Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50% @ 0.05% or Validamycin @ 0.1% in maize were found effective which gave 53.5% and 53.1% banded leaf and sheath (BLSB) control with 47.8% and 34.3% increase in yield, respectively. • Tebuconazole 6 % FS at 3.0 – 3.5 ml per 10 kg of wheat seed as a seed dresser perform statistically at par with each other and better than standards i.e.tebuconazole 2% DS at 10 g per 10 kg of wheat seed and carboxin 75% WP at 25 g per 10 kg of wheat seed to keep the per cent control more than 90.0 over check. It was also recorded that, yield potential was increased up to 40% during second season as disease pressure was very low as compared to untreated plots. Hence, tebuconazole 6 % FS can be recommended at 3.0 ml/10 kg seed of wheat as seed dresser against Karnal bunt. • Seed treatment with sedaxane 2.5 % + fludioxonil 2.5 %+ thiamethoxam 26.25% (312.5) FS at 2 g/Kg of seed and even at 1 and 3 g/kg of seed , resulted in very good management of Loose smut (Ustilago nuda tritici) and Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica)

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of wheat as compare to control and other fungicides tested. None of the treatment showed phytotoxicity. • Trichoderma spp. (5 Nos) collected from different locations showed post- emergence mortality between 4.25 to 5.80 in treated seeds, whereas, it was 18.95 in untreated plots against Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceri and Macrophomina phaseolina associated with wilt and dry root rot of chickpea under field conditions • Study conducted at Malan reaveled that fungicide Merger (tricyclazole 18 % + mancozeb 62 % WP), Avatar (zineb 68% + hexaconazole 4% WP) and Nativo 75WG (trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG) were found highly promising against rice blast and in decreasing disease and increasing yield. • Seed treatment with vitavax power (2 g/kg seed) + two foliar sprays of hexaconazole (0.1 %), first at disease initiation followed by second spray after 15 days interval were found most effective against rust in linseed, whereas seed treatment with vitavax power (2 g/kg seed) +two foliar sprays of mancozeb (0.25 %) were found effective for the management of Alternaria blight. • In Rajmash, seed treatment with Raxil (tebuconazole 0.1%) followed by two foliar sprays (before flowering and at the time of pod formation) gave almost complete control of anthracnose disease. • Under polyhouse conditions, three sprays of tebuconazole (0.05%), carbendazim (0.1%), hexaconazole (0.05%), difenoconazole (0.05%) at 15 days interval and four sprays of copper oxychloride (0.3%) at 10 days interval were found effective in providing 85.5 to 76.9 per cent disease control of target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) of tomato with 50.0 to 61.8 percent increase in fruit yield over check. • Seed treatment with carbendazim@ 2 g/kg seed followed by one spray each of Trichoderma (0.5%), wettable Sulphur (0.3%) and hexaconazole (0.1%) at 10 days interval gave best management of clover rot (86.7 % disease control) and powdery mildew (90.4 % disease control) over check. • A PCR based protocol has been standardized for the detection of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) from chili seeds through RT-PCR using cp gene specific primers. • Two SCAR markers (ScJK5-OR15F & ScJK5-OR15R) linked with resistance gene Co-Ind in common bean land race KRC-5 has been validated on mapping population (F7) for their use in Marker assisted selection.

B. Insect-Pest Management

• Studies on the bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis infesting paddy revealed that adult population had a positive relationship with minimum and maximum temperature. Six parasitoids namely, Cotesia cypris, C. ruficrus, Trathala flavoorbitalis, Xanthopimpla sp., Trichogramma sp. and tachnid fly were specific to leaf folder. Amongst forty three genotypes of paddy, 33 were found moderately resistant with minimum damage of 10.8 per cent in HPR-2543. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against the pest, flubendiamide (24 g ai/ha), indoxacarb (30 g ai/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 g ai/ha) were found to be efficacious. • Among the various abiotic and biotic weather factors, relative humidity significantly and positively influenced the population build up of rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera depicting that humid conditions favour its development. Dinotefuran 20 SG @ 200

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g/ha and traizophos 40 EC @ 500 ml/ha were most effective treatments against the pest. • Integrated management of greenhouse whitefly in vegetable crops under protected cultivation: It comprises polyhouse structure fitted with double door and insect-proof net of 35-40 mesh; installing yellow sticky traps 15 days prior to transplanting @ 1 trap per 10 m2; soil application of imidacloprid (0.009%; 100 ml/ plant) one day after transplanting and need based alternate foliar application of thiamethoxam (5 g per 15 litre water) and spiromesifen (15 g per 15 litre water) when the population goes beyond the economic threshold level of 5 adults per leaf. • Evaluation of acaricidal properties of natural products: i) Acaricidal properties of cow by-product based natural products ascertained against red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae revealed them to possess different levels of toxic, repellence, feeding deterrence, oviposition deterrence and ovicidal activity. Darekastra and tamarlassi possessed moderate level of acaricidal activity. Whereas, cow urine, fermented butter milk, jeevamrit, panchgavya and vermiwash exhibited a low level of acaricidal activity. ii) The field efficacy of the natural products evaluated in parthenocarpic cucumber under protected cultivation revealed darekastra, vermiwash and tamarlassi being promising in the suppression of red spider mite and were more efficacious as preventive management measures. They were at par to commercial biopesticide formulation, Neembaan 0.15 EC (azadirachtin) in efficacy. • On capsicum grown in polyhouse, the combined application of fipronil (0.007%) and SlNPV (1x109POBs) was found most effective in controlling Spodoptera litura which was at par with combined application of emamectin benzoate (0.00002%) and SlNPV (1x109POBs) as well as novaluron (0.006%) and SlNPV (1x109POBs). • Amongst different insecticides evaluated in potato, clothianidin 50 WDG @ 120 g ai/ha was highly effective against white grubs with a tuber damage of 7.2 per cent as compared to control (24.4 % tuber damage). When different insecticides were applied in furrows at the time of earthing up in June, minimum tuber damage (6.2 %) on number basis was recorded in chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 400 g ai/ha followed by clothianidin 50 WDG @ 80 g ai/ha (6.8 % tuber damage). The damage in control plots was 22.5 per cent. • Among 30 collected pollinator insects in different ecosystems of state, 18 have been sent for identification to NAE, Dept. of Entomology UAS, Bangaluru during 2017-18, • Tribal farmers of Chamba and Lahaul were promoted for utilization of honey bees for pollination and feed back is being taken. • Number of A. mellifera colonies was raised to 82 in 2017 from existing number of 59 colonies at this station. A total of 354.5 Kg of honey was extracted.

C. Weed Management • Under organically managed maize-garlic cropping system, raised stale seed bed + mulch or intercropping was an effective mean of suppressing weeds and increasing garlic bulb equivalent yield.

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• Study on weed management in maize-wheat system showed that for weed control in maize, Pendimethalin (1000 ml a.i./ha) pre-emergence fb. Atrazine (750 g a.i./ha) + 2,4-D Amine (0.4 kg a.i./ha) at 25 DAS and Atrazine (1.5 kg a.i./ha) pre-emergence fb. Tembotrione (120 g a.i./ha) at 25 DAS were as good as weed free. • New herbicide combination product (Penoxsulam + Butachlor) at 717.5 g/ha is an effective alternative for weed control in rice. Tembotrione 130 g/ha with surfactant at 14 and 21 DAS is an effective treatment in increasing yield attributes and grain and stover yield of maize. • Pre-emergence application of Metribuzin 0.7 kg/ha or pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha fb mulch (2-5 DAP) fb hoeing (75 DAP) could be an effective integrated weed management strategy in turmeric. • Early post-emergence application of Imezethapyr 80 g/ha or pre-emergence Pendimethalin + Imezethapyr 900 g/ha are the effective treatments for controlling weeds in peas.

V. Biotechnology

Identification and mapping of a new leaf blast resistance gene Pi-67(t) from rice genotype Tetep • A new leaf blast resistance gene Pi-67(t) was identified from a doubled haploid line TDH251 that derives its resistance from a broad-spectrum resistant line Tetep. The gene Pi67(t) was genetically mapped to a 0.4 cM interval flanked by markers YL87/115 and RRS8 near the centromeric region of the rice chromosome 12. Using chromosome landing approach, the gene Pi-67(t) was physically mapped to a 2.03 MB region extending from position 10.60 to 12.63 Mb near the centromere of chromosome 12. The search of equivalent genomic region in Rice Annotation Project database (RAP-db) (http://rapdbbeta.dna.affrc.go.jp) revealed the presence of 106 predicted genes in the target region of which one Os12g0281600 predicted to encode Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) protein was shortlisted as a probable candidate for Pi-67(t). The Pi-67(t) linked markers identified during this study can be exploited in breeding programs for the speedy and precise mobilization of this broad-spectrum resistance gene into susceptible varieties. Detection of pea wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi using DNA-based markers • Identification of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop), the causal organism of wilt disease of pea, is a time consuming and arduous task. Diagnosis of Fop by traditional means requires more than two months and involves two steps, identification of species using morphological characters and formae specialis ‘pisi’ using pathogenicity assays. The ambiguous morphological differences between F. solani and F. oxysporum further complicate the diagnosis of F. oxysporum. A polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based method was developed to detect Fop from India. A PCR-RFLP marker, HPACAPS1380, generated after restriction of 28S rDNA region with enzyme MvaI, detected accurately the Fop among several other fungi with detection sensitivity of 5 fg of Fop genomic DNA. In a mixture of Fop and pea DNA, the sensitivity was 500 pg of Fop DNA in 50 ng of pea DNA. The assay was further refined to detect the Fop from infected tissues and infested soil. The current assay can detect Fop from culture, plant tissues and soil in a considerably shorter period of time compared to traditional methods.

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Development of genomic resources and draft genome sequence in horsegram • Developed additional genomic resources in horsegram in the form 2300 SSR from genomic data. • Hon’ble Vice Chancellor of CSK HPKV Palampur announced Draft genome sequencing of the horsegram variety HPK 4 on December 5, 2017 in the presence of scientists from Japan and India. • Identification of 36105 genes in horsegram variety and in comparative analysis revealed the presence of 4390 common family genes with Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus japonicus,Phaseolus vulagaris and Vigna angularis.

VI. Organic Agriculture • Soybean variety Palam Soya gave significantly highest yield of 21.40q/ha Among all the genotypes tested under natural farming conditions. Among all organic composts treatments, highest crop yield was recorded in vermicompost 5t/ha + Himcompost 2.5t/ha (13.51q/ha) followed by Himcompost 5t/ha (11.52q/ha). • Seven different organic inputs were evaluated against blister beetle and Riptortus bug in Mash. Lantana dust 10% and neem oil (Neembaan) 5ml/l were proved most effective and provided 100% protection against blister beetle. Lantana dust 10% and neem oil (Neembaan) 5ml/l also provided highest protection against Riptortus bug in the range of 71.48-90.50% and 50.32-75.11%, respectively. Treatments neem oil 5ml/l and Lantana dust 10% had highest crop yield, i.e., 10.63q/ha and 10.38q/ha respectively. • Vermicompost (VC) applied @ 5 t/ha in conjunction with biofertilizer and liquid manure (vermiwash-3 sprays) resulted in significantly higher gram yield which was at par with that obtained by the application of Vermicompost (VC) applied @ 10 t/ha. • Among the 13 lines of gram evaluated under natural farming conditions, P-81 gave significantly highest yield (9.17 q/ha) followed by 18-II (8.26 q/ha), 113-P (8.23 q/ha) compared to the best check Him Chana-I (5.72 q/ha) • Vermicompost (VC) @ 7.5 t/ha + Jeevamrit + vermiwash sprays or VC @ 10 t/ha + vermiwash sprays were found to be the best treatments for nutrient management in garden pea. Maximum control in Pea root rot/wilt complex was achieved by seed treatment with Trichoderma or Trichoderma + Beejamrit. VII. Farm Mechanization

• Ergonomic interventions in garlic cultivation practices through use of garlic planter were conducted at organic farm. Ergonomic assessment revealed that the energy expenditure for sowing garlic by both the methods was almost the same. The farmers perceived discomfort and exertion in traditional sowing and rated it as heavy activity when compared with garlic planter. They used garlic planter for the first time and gave a positive feedback for its performance. • Agricultural accidents survey was carried out in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. A major proportion of victim had injury due to fall from tree (35.71%) while collecting fodder followed by a percentage of 28.57 who had snakebite. An equal percentage of 14.28 had accident due to agriculture machine and tools and 7.14% was hit by cattle while doing agriculture operation. The possible causes reported were carelessness (41.17%) followed by ignorance (35.29%), lack of safety cover (11.76%) and loose garments as well as sloppy terraces (5.88%). 17

Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

• Health and nutritional status of hill farm women was assessed. Anthropometric status of farm women was below national standards hence their body mass index indicated that they had poor nutritional status. Drudgery assessment of farm women in agriculture and allied activities was worked out by assessing perceived exertion and overall discomfort in different farm and household activities. Maximum exertion was perceived by them in agriculture operations followed by livestock activities and household chores. • Himshakti biogas plant of 1 m3 was modified to insulated type biogas plant and evaluated for its performance. On an average, the insulated biogas plant produced higher gas in both the seasons as compared to conventional biogas plant. In summers (April to Sept), the average gas production was 885 l/day for insulated biogas plant which was 44.6 % higher than conventional type ( 612 l/day ) when average outside temperature was 25.30C. During winter season (Oct to Mar), the gas production was 652 l/day (56.7 % higher gas) and 416 l/day with insulated and conventional biogas plant, respectively with outside temperature of 16.80C.

VIII. Tea Husbandry and Technology • Application of Grofarm Flusian @ 3.75 kg/ha alongwith Grofarm Flusian additive (100 ml/ha) resulted in maximum yield of Tea leaf (6041.67 kg/ha) as well as maximum polyphenol content (21.71%) and caffeine content (4.60%) of tea liquor. • Worked out the economics of tea and found that per kg production of processed tea was rupees 282/- on variable cost and rupees 470/- on total fixed cost.

IX Horticulture • Standardized IBA concentrations on stenting method of propagation in plum cvs. Frontier, Santa Rosa and Meriposa under polyhouse conditions. Plum cv Frontier grafted onto non-rooted cuttings of Pixy plum registered maximum height (136.1 cm) as compared to Santa Rosa and Meriposa under polyhouse conditions when the basal end was treated with IBA at 5000 ppm. • Growth and flowering behavior of blueberry genotypes were studied and it was observed that the southern high bush blueberry cultivar produced maximum annual shoot growth (58.65 cm) whereas minimum shoot growth was recorded in cultivar Alapaha (arabbiteye blueberry). Similarly, the cultivar Jewel was earliest to initiate flowering (February 10) and both rabbiteye cultivars viz., Alapaha and Austin were last to unfold their flowers under Palampur conditions. • Quality planting material of fruit plants such as apple, apricot, peach, almond, plum, pomegranate, kiwi, pear, pecan, mango, litchi, guava, papaya, strawberry and citrus were raised on large scale during 2017 till date. • Approximately 64, 524 number of different fruit plants have been sold worth Rs. 26, 02,250/- to the farmers/orchardists of the state and neighboring states during the period under report. X Geo-informatics • The Village Information System (VIS) evolved as a network programme under the aegis of NRDMS, DST, Government of India would be of immense help for replicating the technology/methodology in other villages of the state. Subsequently, State Govt. will be benefitted with this programme in better management of resources at village level and lead to quick decision making when available at a click away anywhere anytime by the highest administrator to village Pradhan/ Secretary/ local

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people (aam adami). Refer to web link for outputs on http://14.139.224.135:6090/cgrtgis/vis_hp/ • Web GIS Portal for Himachal Pradesh Crop Diversification Project (HPCDP) developed by CGRT, CSKHPKV-Palampur contains spatial and attribute information of the 1st phase sub projects (proposed and actual) spread over 5 districts namely Kangra, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una and Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh. Helpfile for HPCDP Website Portal provides whole interactive walkthrough the portal. The web Portal link is http://14.139.224.135:6090/myapp/cgrtjica/ • The five days forecasts on different weather parameters viz. rainfall, temperature, cloud cover, relative humidity and weekly cumulative rainfall for four study districts (Chamba, Kangra, Hamirpur and Una) were validated and weather based agro- advisory prepared • Medium range weather forecasts based Agro-advisory services development and dissemination to farmers through web media at district scale. About 20 SMS to 41.45450 lakhs farmers of Chamba, Una, Hamirpur and Kangra and more than 98 weather based agro-advisories were issued and published in university website (www.hillagric.ac.in /kisanokeleye and www.imdagrimet.gov.in. Kisan Portal (www.farmers .gov.in; www.weathershimla.gov.in and mkisan.gov.in and www.cropweatheoutlook.com of CRIDA (ICAR) websites. • The final maize forecasted yield for Kangra,Chamba,Hamirpur and Una districts were 1891.1 kg/ha, 2827.3 kg/ha, 1548.9 kg/ha and 1995.7 kg/ha respectively as compared to averaged yields of 1775.9 kg/ha, 2664.5 kg/ha, 1707.9 kg/ha and 2096.2 kg/ha respectively. The RMSE values varied between 181.3 to 440.9 with and R2 range of 0.36 to 0.78 • The F1 stage wheat yield forecast for 2015-16 varied between 1571.3 to 1957.4 kg/ha/ with RMSE values range of 203.9 to 296.6. The RMSE values remained same for F2 and F3 district yield forecasts but magnitude of yield values remained between 1602.9 to 2010.0 kg/ha for F2 and 1356.7 to 2065.2 kg/ha for F3 stage of forecasts in all districts. • The rice experiment data generated for food security analysis and future projections investigation under IIRS, Dehradun Project. The Leaf areas and dry matter of Maize and Wheat of different sites were collected. The observation recorded with Eddy Covariance on carbon fluxes would be used as inputs for fine tuning of the crop simulation models.

XI Agricultural Economics

• A study on the impact of crop diversification on food security and farmers’ income in Himachal Pradesh Crop Diversification Promotion Project (HPCDP) area revealed that the diversification from foodgrains to vegetable crops to the extent of 15% is the most likely possible scenario that would fetch an income of about Rs 44000/-, of which 60% would come from vegetables and the remaining 40% from foodgrains without jeopardizing the food security of the households in HPCDP districts. For handling the resulting additional vegetable production, augmentation of market yards/ sub yards needs to be scaled up by around 1.5 times by 2030. • A study on farm mechanization in HPCDP Project areas showed that only eight per cent of the total investment on farm implements and tools was made on improved ones. The level of possession of usable power operated farm machinery and equipment to perform the major farm operations in the project area was quite low.

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Except chaff–cutter no other major machinery such as power tiller, potato digger, seedling trans planter, power sprayer, field leveler, etc. was in the possession of farmers both at the sample village level and the project area. As regarding the hiring- in service of tractors and power tillers, majority of beneficiaries reported that hiring- in charges were high and also the machinery was not available in their own villages and at the proper time. • A study on vegetable marketing in Kangra district showed that the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee varied from 61 to 71 per cent in summer vegetables and 58 to 62 per cent in winter vegetables when the commodities were sold through commission agents (channel-II). However, the producers share was fairly high (90 to 91%) in channel-IV (direct sale) for both summer and winter vegetables. Further, the degree of competition in Kangra market yard has increased as depicted by indices that increased from 17.15 during 2009-10 to 22.92 in 2014-15, which shows fairly high degree of competition among the traders, however, due to poor implementation of open auction sale and lack of effective supervision, it was not so beneficial to producers. • A study of climate change impacting agrarian economy in Western Himalayas revealed that the climatic factors has positively impacted the production of most of the crops except for significant negative impact in maize crop. The benefit:cost ratio for expected profits over cost incurred on adaptation strategies were 7.22, 1.94 and 1.75 in Zone I, Zone II and Zone III, respectively. • Economic analysis of tomato under protected and open environment in Kangra District, H.P. showed that under open field conditions, the net returns over variable cost were Rs. 2, 32,282/ha and output-input ratio stood at 1.50:1. Protected cultivation contributed 10.68 per cent in the total annual gross household income of the polyhouse growers, at overall level. Large polyhouse category earned higher proportion (14.52 %) as compared to small category (7.02 %). The income variability of polyhouse growers was found to be less in comparison to the open field growers. • A study on post-harvest losses in marketing of vegetables in Chhota Bhangal area of District Kangra showed that total post-harvest losses of vegetables were estimated at 9.77 q/ household on all farms and varied from 5.74 q/ household on small farms to 19.28 q/ household on large farm category. The total physical post-harvest loss of 20.50 kg/ q valued at Rs 1201 was found to be highest in coriander crop. It was followed by broccoli with total loss of 18.97 kg/ q (Rs 462/ q), cauliflower with total loss of 18.96 kg/ q (Rs 331/ q), cabbage with total loss of 18.38 kg/ q (Rs 250/ q), potato with total loss of 15.02 kg/ q (Rs 157/ q) and radish with total loss of13.98 kg/ q (Rs 156/ q).

VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES

1. Animal Genetics and Breeding

A. AICRP on Poultry Breeding Rural Poultry Unit, Palampur • The Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding has developed a new location specific dual- purpose poultry variety “Himsamridhi” suitable to backyard poultry farming in Hilly areas under AICRP on Poultry Breeding. The department is supplying day old chicks and grower birds of this stock to poultry farmers in the state. • A selected population of native non-descript “Desi” fowls with improved egg production and other performance traits is being maintained by the department. Desi chicks are also supplied to interested farmers opting for rearing Desi birds in remote areas.

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• 26630 chicks of different stocks including Himsamridhi were hatched out of which 24481chicks were supplied to 541 farmers. A total of 111 poultry units (5414 chicks) were established in tribal areas of Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur and Bharmour under TSP component by providing input and technological assistance.

B. AICRP on Goat Improvement, Gaddi Field Unit • Technological interventions in breeding, feeding and health had resulted in increase in birth weight (2.88 kg to 3.05 kg), decline in mortality (10.49 % to 7.11%) and incidence in twin births (19.77 to 21.56 %) in 4 adopted migratory Gaddi goat flocks under AICRP on Goat improvement (Gaddi Field unit). • 40 selected male kids (4-5 months’ age) from farmer’s flocks were reared to sexual maturity. 27 mature bucks introduced in farmer’s flock as breeding inputs for genetic improvement. • All selected animals were provided health coverage under migratory conditions (vaccination against PPR (2000 doses), deworming against endo- parasites (1500 animals), faecal samples analysis and periodic health check-ups) and Strategic supplementary feeding (Mineral mixture: 200 kg and concentrate feed: 24 qtls.).

II. Animal Nutrition

• Dried whole ripened tea seed was not efficient in broiler production but it can be safely administered as unconventional feed stuff in broiler diet up to 3 per cent level under draught and scarcity of feed stuff. • Ensiling AP with WS in the ratio of 85:15 was the best method to preserve and feed AP to cow calves. • Supplementation of dried Azolla with probiotics in broilers led to significantly (P<0.05) lower pH, higher gizzard weight, total breast muscle yield and pectoralis minor muscle yield. Its use exhibited numerically higher carcass weight, dressed weight, dressing percentage, giblet weight (liver, heart and gizzard), wing weight and skin weight.

III. Veterinary Surgery and Radiology

• The anesthesia for doing eye surgery especially cataract using Neuromuscular blocking agents has been developed to induced muscle relaxation provided the centering of the eyeball within seconds and improved the position of the eye. • The intramedullary interlocking nailing (IILN) technique can be used successfully for repair of long-bone diaphyseal fractures in dogs in a variety of cases including severely comminuted fractures. • Video otoscopy allowed the visualization and documentation of imaging of ear canal. The configuration of the working channel facilitated sampling, improved efficacy of cleaning procedures, and decreased risks of iatrogenic injury to structures of the middle and inner ear. • Superficial lamellar keratectomy can be used successfully in case of dermoid but should be done under magnification of operating microscope. Pannus and pigmentary keratitis can be controlled with long term use of topical Prednisolone (1%) and cyclosporine (0.2%).

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• Use of ultrasound guidance for performing the nerve blocks in animals is a far better technique and satisfactory low dosage surgical analgesia was achieved using ultrasound-guided sciatic and brachial plexus nerve block. IV. Veterinary Microbiology • Whole Genome sequencing (WGS) of two native sheep pox virus and goat pox virus strains was completed. • Leptospira isolated for the first time in culture in Himachal Pradesh from a dog. Sequencing of Leptospira species revealed it to be Leptospira illini. • Metagenomic analysis of Pahari cattle rumen revealed predominance of Prevotella genus. • Footrot AprV2 gold nanovaccine induced better immune responses in comparison to MPLA adjuvanted AprV2 when measured at 45 and 60 days post booster vaccination. Gold nanoparticles inmmunopotentiated the effect of recombinant AprV2 vaccine, thus reinforcing their use in effective vaccine development. • To study the impact of climate change on emergence of vector born infectious diseases and their affects on livestock production system in mid hill of western Himalayan region, 167 samples (Blood and ticks) were collected from livestock owners and veterinary clinics of eight districts of Himachal Pradesh (Kangra, Mandi, Shimla, Solan, Hamirpur, Kullu, Chamba and Kinnaur). A total of 65 blood samples were analysed through PCR for Anaplasma, Babesia and Theleria. Out of which 5 samples were positive for Anaplasma (7.6 %), 14 for Babesia (21.5 %) and 7 for Theleria (10.7 %).

V. Veterinary Pathology • Animal Disease Investigation was carried out in 1692 necropsies originated from cattle (53), buffalo (1), horse (1), goats (4), sheep (1), dogs (9), poultry (1619) and wild animals (4) under a departmental project on ‘Live-stock, Poultry Fish and Wild Life Disease Investigation’. • Livestock disease outbreaks (02), field autopsy samples (06), biopsy cases (21) and the clinical samples (75) such as blood, urine and aspiration fluid were diagnosed on histopathological or cytological examinations. • Some of the important disease conditions diagnosed are Tuberculosis, Fasciolosis, Hemonchosis in cattle; Canine distemper in Dog and IBD, Marek’s Disease, Colibacillosis, Coligranuloma, Aspergillosis, Ascariasis, Coccidiosis in poultry. • Under Outreach Program on Ethno-Veterinary Medicine, 42 medicinal plants were collected for identification; extracts from five potential plantswere prepared for the screening of in vitro anti-cancerous potential using cancer cell lines and analysis of bioactive constituents. • Under AINP-NM, 30 calf mortalities and 110 clinical samples were attended for aetio-pathological investigation. Pathotyping of 145 E. coli isolates was completed and 34 E coli isolates were got serotyped. Seven calves were diagnosed with chlamydial pneumonitis/ enteritis. VI. Veterinary Anatomy • Gross Anatomical studies on bronchial division of Gaddi sheep and Gaddi goat were studied to compare the efficiency of lung ventilation system. It was found that Gaddi goat have efficient airways up to third bronchiole for carrying oxygen to the lungs.

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• Prenatal development of lungs of the Gaddi sheep was studied. The studied animals were divided in three groups. Group I (below 50 days), Group II (between 50-100 days) and group III (above 100 days).The study revealed that there is significant increase in all the gross morphometrical observations from group I to group III. Four different stages of development were observed in the lungs of the sheep fetii which are as follows: Pseudoglandular/Tubular, Canalicular, Saccular/Terminal sac and Alveolar. The first bronchiole was visible as early as 46 days of gestation and cartilage plate was first observed at 54 days of gestation period. The external lobation of the lungs was evident from 42-43 days of gestation. Blood vessels were increased in number and size from group I to group III which indicated increased vascular supply to the surrounding architecture with advancing gestational age.

VII. Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics

• In last one year, scientists from department have organized 51 infertility treatment camps under RKVY project in diverse parts of Himachal Pradesh, including 7 camps in tribal areas of Lahaul & Spiti and Kinnaur. • Around 1100 animals (800 cows and 300 buffaloes) have been examined and treated in these camps. • Around 200 blood, uterine discharge and fecal samples have been collected from cows and buffaloes for detailed investigations of various diseases. Area wise mapping of reproductive ailments through clinic-gynaecological examination, nutritional deficiencies through blood investigations, parasitic infestation responsible for reproduction problems and microflora (bacteria and fungi) responsible for uterine infections is being done. • In addition, presently more emphasis is being given on recording reproductive abnormalities of Yaks and their crosses (Churi) reared in tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh, causes of abortion and obstetrical problems in bovines. • During post-treatment follow-up of treated animals (through follow-up camps at some locations and through telephonic conversations with owners), it was recorded that around 70.0% cows have been treated successfully.

VIII. Veterinary Medicine

Investigations on Enzootic Bovine Hematuria (EBH) in Cattle of Himachal Pradesh: • Epidemiological investigations revealed that Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is a prevalent disease in Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Chamba and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Prominent clinical signs were voiding of blood stained urine, pale visible mucous membranes, mild tachycardia, general debility and depressed rumen motility but with normal appetite. • Papilloma Virus-2 DNA was also detected from blood of EBH affected cattle. Symptomatic therapy comprising of antibiotic, haemostat, haematinic mixture and mineral mixture lead to mild and transient response suggesting long term therapy to increase longevity of affected animal Clinico-therapeutic studies on canine seizure: • The overall incidence of the disease was 2.68% in the clinics. Out of 40 cases, 62.5% were of idiopathic seizure, 25% were of structural (Canine Distemper) and 12.5% were of reactive seizure.

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• The prominent clinical signs were generalized tonic-clonic movements (62.5%) and partial seizure symptoms (37.5%) including jaw champing, myoclonous, stiffness of limbs and jaws and circling movements. • Combined therapy comprising Potassium bromide and Levetiracetam along with supportive therapy was found most efficacious with least adverse effects. Investigations on Bovine Cutaneous Papillomatosis: • Investigations on Bovine Cutaneous Papillomatosis showed its prevalence as 6.52 per cent. • Teats were affected in maximum cases followed by Warts on other body parts like face, muzzle, periorbital area, neck, shoulder, ventral abdomen, perineal region, fore and hind limbs. • Most warts were sessile in nature, rough surfaced with brown colour followed by grey or black coloured. Histopathologically, the wart tissues were classified as Papilloma and Fibropapilloma. • Combined use of Anthiomaline, Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole was more efficacious than combination of Autohaemotherapy and Levamisole. Autogenous wart vaccination was effective in 75 per cent cases.

IX. Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry

• Assembly of lateral flow device and synthesis of gold nano-particles was achieved for standardizing the diagnostic assay for the early detection of subclinical mastitis in bovines. • Protocols for blood biochemical characterization of newly released variety of poultry “Him Samridhi” were initiated for developing the better understanding of its rearing and management at farm level.

X. Pharmacology and Toxicology • Degradation kinetics and stress degradation study of amoxicillin trihydrate was performed in vitro in veterinary preparations (Intamox 3.5 & Moxikind-SB 4.5) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The degradation rate constants of amoxicillin trihydrate were 29.05, 34.03 & 37.19 per hour under acidic, alkaline and oxidative conditions, respectively. • Half-life (0.0245, 0.0391, 0.0251 h) and shelf-life (0.0037, 0.0059, 0.0038 h) of Intamox 3.5 was significantly higher than t1/2 (0.159, 0.204, 0.0186 h) and t90 (0.0024, 0.0031, 0.0028 h) of Moxikind-SB 4.5 under acidic, alkaline and oxidative conditions, respectively. • After studying stress stability and degradation kinetics of both veterinary preparations, Intamox 3.5 was found to be more stable than Moxikind-SB 4.5 under varying conditions of pH at 250C.

XI Vety. Public Health

• 101 water samples were tested for its portability by MPN test and only 41 /101 (40.59%) were found safe for drinking as per WHO standards. Mostly underground water samples were found potable.

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• Out of 29 ready to eat foods of animal origin were tested for its microbial quality, 44.3% food samples were found to be unsatisfactory, 18 samples (hand washing, eggshell washing, animal feed and scrapping from wooden blocks used for meat cutting) and 15 raw animal products were tested for the presence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus contamination. In another experiment 80 poultry meat samples (raw and cooked) for isolation of coliform, E. coli and Salmonella spp and 21 samples were found positive for coliform out of which 10 were E. coli and 7 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Microbiological analysis of 20 mastitic milk samples (Clinical cases) revealed the presence of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Coliforms and mixed infection. • 29 fecal samples of stray animals (19 cattle and 10 dog) were examined for contamination with zoonotic parasites and only 26.3% of cattle faeces showed parasitic contamination but no dog faeces. However, no parasites of zoonotic significance could be detected from the fecal samples examined. • A total of 10 soil samples (school, village/community grounds) were analyzed for contamination with zoonotic parasites and presence of coliforms. However no soil samples were found positive for parasitic contamination. However 80% samples showed the presence of coliforms. Higher level ≥2400( per gm of soil) of coliform contamination was detected in 30% soil samples. No ready to eat raw vegetables from market samples screened showed the presence of parasites of zoonotic importance. • Air samples were evaluated for microbial contamination from different working and living areas of the University and the lowest level (3-5cfu/cubic feet) was detected in COVAS canteen and university library and highest level (>100cfu/cubic feet) was found in Chamundeswari Girls’s hostel mess and Monal hostel mess during the period Feb-April. During the period Sept.-October 62.06% of the samples were found satisfactory.

XII. Fisheries

• Work on breeding of ornamental fishes has been started in the department from last 5 months. Breeding of Dwarf Gorami (Trichogaster lalius), Golden Gorami (Trichogaster trichopterus) Egg layer, Balloon Molly (Poecilia sephenops), Guppy (Poecilia reteulata), Platy (Xiphophorus helleri) Live bearer and Ramhorn snail has been conducted successfully. • Guppy and Platy breeding is most successful. Presently around 130 fingerlings of Guppy and 30 of Platy are available in the department just in two months from only two pairs of Guppy fish and one pair of Platy. • Effect of temperature on haematological parameters of fish Common Carp have been observed.

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III. HOME SCIENCE

I. Food Science Nutrition and Technology Quality evaluation of buckwheat based value added products: • The formulations containing different proportions of buckwheat flours obtained from F. esculentum and F. tataricum have been standardized for preparation of biscuits, cookies and pasta and assessed for physico-chemical, nutritional and nutraceutical properties. The protein content of species of buckwheat F. esculentum (8.77%) was significantly higher as compared to F. tataricum (8.26%). The flavonoid content was higher in F. tataricum (3.03%) as compared to F. esculentum (2.29%). Whereas, total phenolic content was higher in buckwheat sample obtained from F. esculentum (5.28mg/g TAE) as compared to F. tataricum (3.81 mg/g TAE). • Addition of buckwheat flour in preparation of biscuits, cookies and pasta improved the nutritional quality and nutraceutical properties of the products. The addition of buckwheat flour also improved the minerals as compared to product prepared from wheat flour (100%). The products viz biscuits, cookies and pasta prepared from blends containing wheat flour and F. esculentum flour were highly acceptable followed by products prepared from wheat flour contained F. tataricum flour. Preparation and evaluation of soft-chewy nutritious bar based on sesame seeds • Formulation for preparation of “Soft-chewy Nutritious Bar” was standardized/ developed by incorporating roasted sesame seeds with oats, puffed rice, roasted bengal gram, roasted peanuts and honey. The developed bar was analyzed for quality characteristics and consumer’s acceptability in terms of colour (8.5), taste (8.5), texture (8.0) and chewability (8.0).The developed bar had good amount of calcium, protein and iron contents. Due to incorporation of roasted sesame seeds it had good antioxidants properties.

Formulations for preparation of weaning food mixes based on under-utilized crops • The formulations having different proportions of buckwheat, amaranths and rice bean have been standardized for preparation of weaning food mixes. For better nutritional profile, the weaning foods mixes can further be enriched with carrot, mango, banana and apple being rich in vitamins. Results of the study revealed that being rich in protein content and other nutrients, the standardized/developed rice bean based products have great potential for household food security and add variety to diet for better nutrition. Characterization and Utilization of Protein Isolates of Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi&Ohashi] for Health Foods • The utilization of protein isolates of adzuki bean have been explored with respect to its functional properties and protein quality through amino acid profiling. Six genotypes of adzuki beans were procured from the Department of Organic Agriculture, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur and were analyzed for their protein content from which three varieties viz. EC-340264, HPU-51, and Local totru on the basis of maximum protein content were selected for further study. These

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were analyzed for the physico-chemical characteristics, nutritional and anti-nutritional parameters, antioxidant properties, functional properties, protein isolation, recovery, yield and amino acid profile and efforts were made to develop some value added health foods.

Effect of processing on the phytochemical constituents of selected vegetables • Effect of various methods of processing (viz. boiling, blanching, sautéing, steaming and microwaving, at different time and temperatures) on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of selected vegetables viz. tomato (var. Palam tomato hybrid 1), spinach (var. Pusa harit) and carrot (var. Early red F1 hybrid) was assessed. It was observed that in all the vegetables and among all the processing methods, sautéing and microwaving were found to have maximum retention of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Among various value added products, tomato soup, spinach saag and carrot sabji had maximum phytonutrients i.e.7.08 mg/100 g lycopene, 1.80 µg/100 g lutein and 2.07 mg/100 g β-carotene and 40.80, 45.10 and 15.69 per cent antioxidant activity respectively. The phytonutrients and antioxidant activity of the value added products decreased with increase in storage period.

Nutritional Evaluation and Value Addition of Black Gram (Vigna mungo) Grown in Himachal Pradesh • The study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional quality and value addition of Black gram grown in H.P. Three cultivars/varieties of Black gram viz. UG-218, HIM MASH and Local cultivar were taken for the study. The various nutritional parameters studied were physico-chemical characteristics, proximate compositional, nutritional quality, functional properties and anti-nutritional constituents. The results of the investigation showed that UG-218 had maximum length, breadth and 1000 seed weight as compared to HIM MASH and Local cultivar. Whereas Local cultivar had highest amount of nutritional constituents followed by UG-218 and minimum was in HIM MASH. HIM MASH contained highest amount of proteins i.e. 34.41 per cent. Functional properties i.e. water absorption capacity was non-significantly higher in local cultivar whereas oil absorption capacity was for UG-218. Anti-nutrients were maximum in the local cultivar and minimum in the UG-218. For cultivar grading Local cultivar was the best. The various value added products like Biscuits, Papad, Wadian and Seviyan were prepared by supplementing Black gram with other cereals and vegetables. All the products were organoleptically acceptable.

II. Family Resource Management

• Two tools that is medium hoe and vegetable plucker were ergonomically tested and were found to reduce the drudgery of farm women. These tools were acceptable by the farm women for further use in the field. • The nomogram has been prepared at national level for assessing the physical workload capacity of the worker. • An enterprise on candle making and also decorative diyas has been started by a group named ‘Shri lakshmi’.

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III. Human Development • Significant gain in academic achievement, socio emotional status of academically backward children (n=150) whereas in case of vocational interest gain in scores after pre-test were very less. • Regarding resilience of academically backward children , there was significant gain in scores of the respondents. • Significant gain in the scores of the respondents on family environment, coping strategies to overcome socio-emotional problems and vocational interest were observed. • A total of 304 married women in the age group of 29-35 years were selected and were administered scales on knowledge on maternal and child care, reproductive health care, psychological well being and Socio economic Status. Statistical operations of the data are in progress. • One short course of three months duration on Beauty Care and one short course on Stitching was organised in one of the adopted villages.

IV. Textiles and Apparel Designing

• Optimized and standardized the conditions for fibre extraction from Agave cantula through mechanical and chemical methods. • Optimized and standardized the conditions for extract preparation from plant sources viz. lantana, guava, piplamint, lime and vitex leaves to study the antibacterial properties for fabric finishing. Phytochemical analysis of selected plant sources.

V. Home Science Extension and Communication Management

• Generated data from farm women of Kangra district of the state on availability and access to ICT & use of ICT in agriculture and allied areas under All India Coordinated Research Project in Home Science (Extension Component). • Strengthened linkages with other PRI officials and Self Help Group leaders. • Arranged a stall of Soya products in ‘Arogya Swasthaya Mela’ on 21st, 22nd and 23rd April, 2017 at Vivekananda Medical Institute Palampur for women of ‘Om Sai Ram’ Self Help Group of village Molichak. • Celebrated the ‘World Water Monitoring Day’ on 18th Sep., 2017 at Govt. Sr. Sec. School, Kandbari with 57 Students. • Formed Farm Women Knowledge Groups (FWKGS) in the adopted villages of district Kangra (H.P.) to promote the use of ICT in agriculture and allied areas.

IV. BASIC SCIENCES

I. Chemistry and Biochemistry • To achieve the target of silencing of F-BoX kelch gene in model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, anti-sense fragment silencing construct have been developed successfully with further confirmation through sequencing. The sense silencing construct development is in progress.

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Item No.4: To place before the Council the list of research projects sanctioned since 09-03-2017 to date

The summary of research projects sanctioned from 09-03-2017 to date is given below for kind perusal of the Hon’ble members of the Research Council and the detail of these projects is annexed as ANNEXURE-I:

Summary of research projects sanctioned from 09-03-2017 to date

Name of the College/ No. of Total Funding Agency(ies) Department/ College/ Project Budget Station sanctioned (Rs. In lakh) College of Agriculture Crop Improvement 1 6.88 HPCS&T, Shimla Agronomy 3 13.10 Ms Shanuka Agritech Limited, 82, Abhinash Mansion, Ist Floor, Joshi Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, M/s Willowood Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, M/s Saraswati Agro Chemicals, (India) Pvt. Ltd. Unit-II, Lane-2, Phase-1, Near ESI Hospital, Sidco Industrial Complex Barhi Brahmana, Distt. Jammu (J&K) Soil Science 1 28.82 DST, New Delhi Entomology 5 146.57 M/S Gowan India Pvt. Ltd. Gurgaon, M/S Bayer Crop Science Ltd. Mumbai, NBB, Govt of UIndia, New Delhi, M/s Willowood Chemicals, Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai Horticulture 1 5.50 HPCST&E, Shimla Vegetable Science & 3 164.87 The Project Director, HPCDP-Jica-ODA, Floriculture Hamirpur (HP), HP Council for Science, Tech. & Environment, B-34, SDA Complex, Kasumpti, Shimla, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anushandhan Bhawan-II, Pusa, New Delhi -12. Agricultural 4 76.10 DST, New Delhi, SERB, New Delhi, DBT, New Biotechnology Delhi, Coordinator, GEF funded project of Biodiversity International, New Delhi. Agril. Economics, Ext. 1 7.99 IPH Deptt. Bilaspur Edu, & Rural Sociology Organic Agriculture 1 300.00 Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla Deptt. of Seed Science & 1 11.00 H.P. State Biodiversity Board, SCST&E, Shimla Technology Total 21 760.89 College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Vety. Surgery & 1 0.60 M/s Cirugia De Lux (India) Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai Radiology Vety. Medicine 1 2.24 M/s SBL, Pvt. Ltd. Shrestha Vihar, New Delhi

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Vety. AH Extension & 1 5.80 HPCS&T, Shimla Education Total 3 8.64 College of Home Science College of Home 1 19.20 Serb, New Delhi Science Total 1 19.20 Research Centre / Stations HAREC, Bajaura 2 7.54 CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HPCST&E, Shimla KVK Mandi at 1 4.40 State Innovation Council, Govt, of HP, Shimla Sundernagar Total 3 11.94 Grant Total 800.67

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Item No. 5: To place before the Council the abstracts of Ph.D. theses submitted and approved from 09-03-2017 to date.

I. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

Crop Improvement

1. Title of Thesis : Assessment of genetic diversity amongst winter x spring wheat and triticale x wheat derived wheat doubled haploids using molecular and morpho- physiological markers

Name of the Student : Amaninder Deep Singh (A-2013-40-010)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. H.K. Chaudhary

Salient findings

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the variability amongst wheat doubled haploids using various morpho-physiological traits and SSR markers, infer genetic relationship between the pedigree of the doubled haploids together with the potential bread wheat varieties and to identify the doubled haploids of bred wheat with targeted traits like yield, resistance to biotic (yellow rust and powdery mildew) and abiotic (drought) stresses. The experimental material comprised of 196 genotypes along with two checks viz., Him Palam Gehun-1(HPW-360) were evaluated for different morpho-physiological traits in Simple Lattice Design of 14x14 with two replications during rabi 2014-15. Sufficient genetic variability was observed for seed yield and its component traits suggesting the scope of selection for these traits. High PCV & GCV along with high heritability and high genetic advance were observed for seed yield per plant and harvest index indicating selection would be effective for these traits. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation with plant height, tillers per plant, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and harvest index. Also, biological yield per plant and harvest index were observed as best selection index for increasing seed yield per plant. Principal component analysis revealed 65.33 per cent variation which was elaborated by the first four significant principal components. D2 statistical analysis grouped genotypes into six clusters whereas molecular analysis delineated them into three clusters thereby revealing that the population structure was mainly based on genetic origin along with moderate to high gene flow. On the basis of mean performance, four genotypes viz., TWDH-6, HPW-236, HPW-147 and HS490 were found superior for seed yield and DH-47, DH-52, DH-85 and DH-87 expressed very strong resistance against yellow rust and powdery mildew diseases, whereas DH-40 and DH-100 appear to be promising for drought so, these genotypes need further multilocation evaluation over the years or can be utilized in future hybridization programme.

2.Title of Thesis : High resolution mapping of chromosome elimination approach-mediated rye (Secale cereale) chromatin introgressed bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) recombinants for drought tolerance and rust resistance through molecular cytogenetic techniques

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Name of the Student : Navdeep Singh Jamwal (A-2011-40-005)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. H.K. Chaudhary

Salient findings

The present investigation was undertaken to accelerate the wheat improvement programme with enhanced precision in respect of transferring the rye chromatin(Secale cereale) into wheat (Triticum aestivum) through triticale (x Triticosecale) as a bridging species. Five triticales and 16 wheat genotypes along with Himalayan eye were utilized as the parents in the wide hybridization programme. Analysis of variance revealed significant high seed setting in dry temperate zone, Kukumseri (long photoperiods) (26.50%) than that of sub-humid mid hills, Palampur (short photoperiods) (22.46%), which indicated the influence of environment on the seed set in wide hybridization. Moreover, indigenous triticales (Tyari 1 x Rye & Tyari 2 x Rye) have been synthesized utilizing Himalayan wheat landraces and rye. The triticale x wheat recombinants were further subjected to Imperata cylindrical-mediated chromosome elimination approach of doubled haploids production. The variability in the haploid induction parameters was observed to be under genetic control for embryo formation and regeneration, while pseudoseed formation was only affected by auxin treatment. The detection of new recombinants for introgression of rye chromatin through molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed that 67 lines were carrying 1RS.1BL translocation, 21 lines with five or more pair rye chromosomes substitution, 16 lines carrying translocation along with the substitution and 12 lines with 1R(1D) substitution, while only three lines carrying rye addition and two lines carrying rye addition along with translocation. There were 18 lines detected through GISH which had no rye chromatin. In the line F7DT 126 x VL 829, two translocation (1RS.1BL and 6BS.6RL) along with 2R(2D) substitution have been detected. The GISH revealed genetic stability and hexalpoid level instead of octoploid in new indigenous triticales. There was complete loss of D genome which was substituted by R genome. Moreover, Tyari 2 x Rye has also carried 1RS.1BL translocation along with R genome. To validate molecular cytogenetic results, all 139 genotypes were subjected to field evaluation. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among genotypes for all the yield traits. The introgression of rye has directly influenced grain yield, tillers number, spikes number and harvest index. The screening for yellow rust resistance revealed differential disease reaction, where 117 recombinants were observed from immune to resistant. The screening for drought tolerance under in vitro conditions revealed that ryr introgressions have no significant effect on germination percentage. Translocations have significant influence on more of the drought parameters. Root shoot length ratio increased significantly with substitution of more than five pair of rye chromosomes, while root shoot weight ratio increased with increase in stress level in all types of introgressions. Similarly, among all the introgressions, tolerance index decreased by 50% as the moisture stress level doubled. The lines exhibiting positive significance for the traits can be used as a parental source in wheat improvement endeavours.

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management

1. Title of Thesis : Comparative performance of organic and inorganic farming practices on productivity of different cropping system

Name of the Student : Ashish Kumar (A-2013-40-005)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. J.P. Saini

Salient findings

The experiment was laid out in aplit plot design with three farming practices in main plots and four cropping systems as in subplots with three replications. Among farming practices, organic farming practice resulted in significantly higher MGEY (7571.40 kg ha-1) and production efficiency (20.74 kg ha-1 day-1) over inorganic farming practice. Organic farming practice remaining at par with integrated farming practice resulted in significantly higher uptake of N, P, K and protein yield over inorganic farming practice. Organic and integrated farming practice outperformed inorganic farming practice in improving various soil properties. At the conclusion of the experiment, a reduction of 7.2% in bulk density was recorded under organic farming practice while inorganic farming practice resulted in an increase of 1.6% over its initial value. Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon increased by 30 and 53%, respectively under organic farming practice while, inorganic farming practice resulted in a decrease of microbial biomass carbon by 1.06% over its initial value. Organic farming practice resulted in an increase of about 24, 50 and 28% in available N,P and K, respectively over its initial value while, its corresponding values under inorganic farming practice were 15, 35 and 20%. In the absence of premium pricing and comparatively lower yields of cereal crops under organic farming practice the inorganic farming practice resulted in higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio to that of organic farming practice. Legume based mash – gram cropping system improved the soil fertility status with respect to available N, P, K and soil physical and biological properties over all other cropping systems. While, maize – wheat and mash – wheat cropping systems remaining at par with each other resulted in significantly highest MGEY, production efficiency and net returns but benefit: cost ratio was significantly highest under mash – wheat cropping systems over all other cropping systems.

2. Title of Thesis : Physio-morphological appraisal of crop and weeds as influenced by integrated plant nutrition System (IPNS) in Rice-Wheat Cropping System.

Name of the Student : Gunjan Guleria (A-2013-40-006)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. S.S. Rana

Salient findings

The present investigation was undertaken in a long-term experiment on IPNS in rice-wheat cropping system at the Bhadiarkhar farm of the university. Twelve treatments viz., control (no fertilizer/manure), 50, 75 and 100% NPK each to rice and wheat through fertilizers, 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat through fertilizers, 50% substitution of

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N through FYM, wheat straw and green manure in rice and 100% NPK through fertilizers in wheat; 25% substitution of N through FYM, wheat straw and green manure in rice and 75% NPK through fertilizers in wheat; and farmers’ practice (40% NPK through fertilizers to each crop plus 5 t FYM/ha on dry weight basis to rice) were evaluated for a period of two years (2014-15 and 2015-16) with four replications. Ammannia baccifera was the most dominant weed constituting 40% and 35% of the total weed flora during Kharif 2014 and 2015. This was followed by Monochoria vaginalis, Eleocharis sp., Scirpus sp., Echinochloa sp. And Cyperus difformis during 2014 and Monochoria vaginalis, Brassica sp., Eleocharis sp., Scirpus sp., Cyperus difformis and Cynodon dactylon during 2015. Phalaris minor was the most dominant weed constituting 74% of the total weed flora during rabi 2014-15 and 59% during rabi 2015-16 followed by Alopecurus sp. (13 and 19%), Vicia sativa (7 and 15%), Polygonum hydropiper (2 and 3%), Lathyrus aphaca (2% and 1%) and Polygonum alatum (1 and 1%). Artemisia sp. (1%) and other weeds (0.4%) had a little infestation during rabi 2014-15. While Cynodon dactylon (0.2%), Anagallis arvensis (0.3%), Centella asiatica (0.1%) and other weeds (2%) had shown their invasion during rabi 2015-16. Significantly higher plant height, plant population, dry matter accumulation in root, shoot and leaves, CGR, RGR and NAR in rice during both the years were recorded in T6 where 50% substitution of N in rice was made through FYM. Higher root: shoot was obtained in T7 (25% N substitution through FYM in rice). In wheat significantly higher plant height, plant population, dry matter accumulation in root, shoot and leaves and CGR were also in T6 during both the years. Wheat RGR was maximum in T2 (50% NPK through fertilizers in both crops) during 2014-15 and T6 during 2015-16. Wheat NAR was maximum in T1 (control) during both years. The minimum days to flowering and maturity in both rice and wheat were in T6 during both the years. T6 gave significantly higher grain and straw yield of rice during both years and of wheat during 2015-16. The system’s net returns were maximum in T6 during both the years. Benefit cost ratio was maximum in T5 during 2014-15 and in T6 during 2015-16. On an average T6 where 50% NPK in combination with 50%N (FYM) was applied to rice and 100% NPK to wheat was found to be the best treatment for getting higher productivity and profitability.

3. Title of Thesis : Studies on bioefficacy of tembotrione in controlling weeds in maize and its residual effect in wheat and sarson

Name of the Student : Ankush Kumar (A-2013-40-004)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. M.C. Rana

Salient findings

The field experiment was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Palampur to evaluate the bioefficacy of tembotrione in controlling weeds in maize and its residual effect in wheat and sarson. The soil of the test site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, high in organic carbon and P, medium in K and low in N. Sixteen weed control treatments comprising 3 doses of tembotrione (110, 120 and 130 g/ha) alone and with surfactant (isoxadifen-ethyl, 1000 ml/ha) at 2 and 3 weeks after sowing (WAS) along with farmer’s practice, atrazine 1.5 kg/ha, weed free and weedy free and weedy check in maize during kharid each year as main factors were tested in randomized block design with three

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replications. During winter season all these sixteen treatments considered in main plots and three treatments (unweeded check, isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha and hand-weeding (30 & 60 DAS) in wheat and unweeded check, pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha and hand-weeding (30 & 60 DAS) in sarson) each in wheat and sarson in sub plots were in split plot design with three ereplications. Echinochloa colona and Commelina benghalensis were the major weeds consistuting 25.7 and 23.2 per cent, respectively of the total weed flora in maize during kharif season. This was followed by Ageratum conyzoides (13.7%), Cyperus iria (15.1%), Aeschynomene indica (9.4%) and Galinsoga parviflora (8.0%) and other weeds (5%).Among treatments applied in maize, post emergence application of tembotrione 130 g/ha along with surfactant at 21 DAS was as effective as weed free to control the grassy as well as non-grassy weeds. Tembotrione 130 g/ha with surfactant at 21 DAS resulted in lowest weed index (5.4, 4.7%) and highest weed control efficiency (83.9, 82.0%) during both the years. Significantly lowest N, P and K uptake by weeds were obtained with weed free followed by tembotrione 130 g/ha+surfactant at 21 DAS during both the years. Tembotrione 130 g/ha with surfactant at 14 and 21 DAS was comparable to weed free in increasing yield attributes and grain and stover yield of maize during both the years. Addition of surfactant (1000 ml/ha) significantly increased the grain yield and reduced the density of weeds effectively as compared to the application of tembotrione without surfactant. Dehydrogenase activity in soil decreased for applied herbicide concentrations from 20 to 60 DAS. However, at later stages of the crop growth (60, 80 and 100 DAS), there was a drastic increase in the activity of dehydrogenase enzyme in all the treatments. CGR and RGR were significantly higher in tembotrione 130 g/ha at 21 DAS as compared to other treatments. Weed free being at par with tembotrione 130 g/ha+surfactant at 21 DAS resulted in significantly higher N,P and K uptake by maize crop during both the years. No residual effects were observed on the growth and yield of succeeding wheat and sarson crops and weeds associated therein. Anagallia arvensis and Phalaris minor were the major weeds constituting 29.6 and 24.7 per cent, respectively of the total weed flora in wheat during rabi season. This was followed by Vicia sativa (15.2%), Trifolium repens (12.8%), Spergula arvensis (11.3%) and other weeds (6.6%). In sarson, Phalaris minor and Lathyrus aphaca were the major weeds constituting 43.9 and 24.3 per cent, respectively of the total weed flora. This was followed by Vicia sativa (19.5%) and other weeds (12.4%). In wheat, hand-weeding (30&60 DAS) followed by isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha was found to be effective for controlling weeds and increasing yield attributes and yields as compared to weedy check. In sarson, hand-weeding (30&60 DAS) followed by pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha was also found to be effective for controlling weeds and increasing yield attributes and yields. In maize, net returns over weedy control/check were highest in weed free followed by tembotrione 130 g/ha + surfactant at 21 DAS during both the years. Marginal benefit cost ratio was higjhest in tembotrione 130 g/ha + surfactant at 21 DAS followed by tembotrione 130 g/ha + surfactant at 14 DAS during both the years. In maize-wheat and maize-sarson cropping system, tembotrione 130 g/ha with surfactant at 21 DAS was comparable to weed free for increasing gross and net returns in maize and highest B:C ratio were obtained with same treatment in maize and isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha in wheat and pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha in sarson during both the years.

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Soil Science

1. Title of Thesis : Soil-plant water dynamics and soil health as affected by nutrient management practices under gram-maize cropping seuence

Name of the Student : Shilva Dhiman (A-2012-40-013)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Y.P. Dubay

Salient findings An experiment was conducted at the farm of Department of Soil Science, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2013-16 by taking gram-maize cropping sequence. There were three tillage treatments i.e. conservation tillage, conventional tillage and no tillage; and three nutrient management practices i.e. organic management, integrated management and RDF management (inorganic). Gram and maize was taken as main crops and wheat was grown with gram crop without any tillage practice i.e. integrated and RDF management. Aerobic and anaerobic composts were used in crop as soil application and for top dressing. The organic management with conventional tillage was found to be significantly superior with rest of the treatment combinations on yield attributes, symbiotic parameters and yield of gram in all the three years. The major constraints to grow gram at Palampur was the attack of root rot disease. The disease incidence was reduced through organic nutrient management with conventional tillage. The yields attributes and yield of maize was better in integrated management in first year and in organic management in second year. The conventional tillage in both the years registered significant impact on yield and yield attributes of maize. The yield and yield attributes was better in gram-maize cropping sequence than wheat-maize cropping sequence under integrated and RDF management. The protein and carbohydrate content of gram and maize in both seed and straw was found to be higher in organic management with conventional tillage. The nutrient content and uptake of nutrients was the highest in organic nutrient management with conventional tillage in all the crop growth stages in gram and at harvest whereas in maize it was the highest in integrated nutrient management with conventional tillage. The RLWC, LSC and volumetric soil moisture content was recorded highest in organic management with conventional tillage in both gram and maize. All the physical properties except available water and SPR were found to be higher in inorganic nutrient management with conventional tillage. The chemical properties i.e. pH, OC, total nitrogen and total phosphorus was found to be highest in organic nutrient management with conventional tillage whereas available N, P and K was found to be significantly higher in integrated nutrient management with conventional tillage in both surface and subsurface soil. The ammonical nitrogen in both surface and subsurface soil was found to be highest in inorganic nutrient management with conservation tillage whereas the nitrate nitrogen in both surface subsurface soil was found to be higher in inorganic management with conventional tillage. The physical properties i.e. particle density, WHC, FC, PWP, AW and WSA were significantly and positively correlated with chemical and biological properties whereas SPR and ammonical nitrogen were negatively correlated. All the chemical properties were positively correlated with soil physical and biological properties were except SPR and pore space. All the biological properties were positively and significantly correlated with physical and chemical properties except SPR, ammonical nitrogen and pore space. The physical, chemical and biological properties were generally positively correlated with each other except few parameters i.e. SPR, Ammonical nitrogen

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and pore space at both the depths.

2. Title of Thesis : Evaluation and standardization of water soluble fertilizer as foliar spray for pea-tomato sequence under mid-hill sub humid zone of Himachal Pradesh

Name of the Student : Navneet Jaryal (A-2012-40-010)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. D.K. Parmar

Salient findings

The application of water soluble fertilizers as a foliar spray is an important crop management strategy, which may help maximizing crop yield and produce quality. The primary objective of the present study entitled “Evaluation and standardization of water soluble fertilizer as foliar spray for pea-tomato sequence under mid-hill sub humid zone of Himachal Pradesh” was to assess the effects of foliar fertilization at different rates and time intervals on tomato-pea sequence. The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive seasons (2013-14 and 2014-15) at Research Farm of Hill Agricultural Research & Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu. The experimental treatments consisted two rates of soil applied NPK fertilizers, three foliar sprays of NPK fertilizer (19:19:19) and foliar spray of NPK at two intervals. One separate control treatment with soil application of 100% NPK fertilizers was also carried out to compare with other treatments. The treatments were replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The state level cultural practices were adopted for raising the crops. The results of the present study showed that the mean marketable yield, net monetary returns and B:C (168.4q ha-1, 1,83,243 Rs ha-1 and 1.61 in pea; 201.9 q ha-1, 1,76,108 Rs ha-1 and 1.54 in tomato) were the maximum due to application of NPK @ 100% as compared to 75% NPK. The data also demonstrated that 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) in comparison to 0.5% and 1.0% spray, recorded higher mean marketable yield, net returns and B:C (171.5 q ha-1, 1,86,792 Rs ha-1 and 1.62 in pea; 205.6 q ha-1, 1,81,270 Rs ha-1 and 1.57 in tomato). Further, it was observed that foliar spray of NPK at 15 days interval had maximum mean marketable yield (166.6 q ha-1 in pea; 200.3 q ha-1 in tomato). However, NPK spray applied at 15 and 30 days interval did not influence mean net returns and B:C. The results also indicated that application of fertilizers at different rates, concentration and intervals exhibited a significant influence on different parameters like growth and yield components, nutrient content and produce quality in pea and tomato crop. However, treatments did not show any significant effect on soil properties except N, P and K availability in soil, which was influenced following application of NPK in soil and maximum build-up of these nutrients, was noticed with 100% NPK application. The positive interactions among treatments for few parameters were also observed during the current study. The results of this study also indicated very high positive inter-relations among different soil and plant parameters. Therefore, based on the net monetary returns and cost benefit ratio obtained in current investigation, the soil application of 100% NPK in conjunction with 1.5% foliar spray of NPK (19:19:19) performed at 30 days interval is encouraged for tomato-pea sequence under mid-hill and sub-humid zone of Himachal Pradesh.

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3.Title of Thesis : Long term effect of prescription based fertilizer application on soil carbon and potassium dynamics under maize-wheat cropping system in an acid Alfisol Name of the Student : Ibajanai Kurbah (A-2013-40-014)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. S.P. Dixit

Salient findings

The present investigation was carried out during rabi, 2014-15 and rabi, 2015-16 to study the effect of prescription based fertilizer application on soil organic carbon and potassium dynamics under maize-wheat cropping system in a long term experiment initiated during kharif, 2007 at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Soil Science CSK HPKV, Palampur. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eight treatments. The soil of experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, pH 5.2, organic carbon 7.2 g kg-1 and available N, P and K status was 236, 41 and 271 kg ha-1, respectively. The soil samples from 0-0.15 m soil depth were collected before and after harvest of wheat and analysed for some physical, physico-chemical, biological properties, fractions of soil organic carbon and potassium in the soil. Grain and straw samples were collected from each plot and analysed for total, N, P, K and macronutrient contents and uptake. There was an overall improvement in the physical properties of soil under STCR (IPNS) treatments for target 25 and 35 q ha-1. Soil organic carbon, pH, CEC, available N, P, K, enzyme activities and DTPA extractable micronutrients were higher under treatments where inorganic fertilizers along with FYM were applied under targeted yield treatments. The study also revealed that the target yield of 35q ha-1 with FYM resulted in highest wheat grain and straw yield during both the years. However, the highest B:C ratio was recorded in treatment for target yield 35 q ha-1 without FYM followed by soil test base. Higher uptake of N,P, K and micronutrients by wheat were recorded in treatments comprising of target yield 25 and 35 q ha-1 with and without FYM. Continuous application of inorganic fertilizers alone or in conjunction with FYM improved the different fractions soil organic carbon and potassium significantly. All the passive and active pools of soil organic carbon significantly improved under STCR (IPNS) treatments for target yield 25 and 35 q ha-1 in comparisons to unfertilized plots. Among K fractions, non-exchangeable K was found to be the most dominant followed by exchangeable K and water soluble K. Different fractions of soil organic carbon were found to be positively and significantly correlated with yield and soil properties except bulk density, where it was negative. All forms of potassium were positively and significantly correlated with grain and straw yield of wheat, available K and total K uptake by wheat.

4.Title of Thesis : Effect of seed priming for zinc nutrition of rainfed maize-pea sequence under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh

Name of the Student : Munish Sharma (A-2013-40-015)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. D.K. Parmar

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Salient findings

Seed priming techniques for maize and pea crop are not well established for rainfed agro-climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Keeping this in view, the present study entitled “Effect iof seed priming for zinc nutrition of rainfed maize – pea sequence under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken considering the beneficial effects of seed priming on germination and vigour for maintenance of optimum plant population to obtain higher yield levels. The study was carried out for two years (2014- 15 and 2015-16) at the experimental farm of Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu (31o84’ N latitude and 77o16’ E longitude). Four priming levels of Zn (0% ZnSO4) and three priming durations (4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours) were compared with basal dose of recommended NPK+ZnSO4 and farmers’ practice (absolute control). The data were recorded on various growth parameters (% germination, plant stand and plant height) and yield attributing characters (pod and cob length, number of pods and cobs/plant, number of grains/pod, cob girth, test weight of maize grains and pod and cob shelling percentage). The concentrations of mnacro and micronutrients at different growth stages and also their availability in soil were also determined after pea and maize harvest. Soil samples collected before start of the experiment and after pea and maize harvest during both years, were analysed for various soil properties. The data generated from the field and laboratory studies were subjected to statistical analysis using the technique of analysis of variance for factorial randomized block design. Seed priming with 0% ZnSO4 (water soaking) resulted in higher germination of pea and maize than other priming levels. Therefore, water soaking for a period of 12 hours may be used for enhancing emergence and better seedling growth in pea and maize crop. Most of the growth and yield attributing characters of pea crop were improved due to priming with 1% ZnSO4 for 12 hours, however such characters in maize crop were found to be better using 2% priming solution of ZnSO4 for a period of 12 hours. The yield of green peas, maize equivalent, stover yield, net returns and B:C were maximum due to priming with 1% ZNSO4 for 12 hours duration, however, maize grain, stover yield, net returns and B:C were highest with treatment combination of 2% ZNSO4 priming for 12 hours duration. The concentration of macro nutrients (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Cu) of pea and maize leaves at initial and harvest stage were not affected either due to priming levels or their durations. However, Zn content at all stages of pea and maize crop was highest due to priming with 2% ZnSO4 for a duration time of 12 hours. The N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Cu uptake of pea pods and stover was highest using 1% priming solution of ZnSO4 for a duration period of 12 hours, whereas Zn uptake by pea pods and stover was found maximum due to priming with 2% ZnSO4 for a period of 12 hours. Similarly, N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu uptake of maize grains and stover was found highest with 2% ZnSO4 priming done for a period of 12 hours. The quality of fresh pea pods (TSS) and protein content of pea and maize grains were not influenced due to treatments. The most of measured soil properties after harvest of pea and maize were not influenced due to various treatments, however DTPA-extractable Zn in soil was significantly affected due to different treatments and its contents improved with increasing levels of priming and durations. It may be concluded that priming of pea seed for 12 hours with 1% ZnSO4 and that of maize seeds for 12 hours using 2% solution of ZnSO4 was useful for proper germination, better crop establishment and yield enhancement.

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Entomology

1. Title of Thesis : Bioefficacy and persistence of botanicals against insect- pests on cauliflower

Name of the Student : Pallavi Ghosh (A-2011-40-003)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. D.C. Sharma

Salient findings

Supercritical fluid extracts of eupatorium, melia and sarcococca were screened through technique-A (dry powder replaced at every pressure) and technique-B (same dry powder used at subsequent pressures) at different pressure under laboratory for insecticidal activity. The higher insecticidal activity as well as extract yield were obtained using technique-A. The eupatorium extract obtained at 125 bar (LC50:0.0085, 0.0057, 0.0082%) at 100 bar pressure were found effective against B. brassicae, P. brassicae and P. xylostella, respectively and selected for the study on field evaluation against insect-pests of cauliflower, persistent toxicity and relative safety to predators. Based on different mode of entry of botanicals, the contact toxicity of azadirachtin was found to be the maximum followed by eupatorium extract. On the basis of stomach and both stomach and contact action, azadirachtin was highly efficacious followed by melia extract. Maximum antifeedancy was observed in azadirachtin (AC50:0.0001, 0.002%) followed by melia (AC50: 0.078, 0.0107%), eupatorium (AC50: 0.016, 0.0183%) and sarcococca (AC50: 0.0127,0.0185%) against P. brassicae and P. xylostella. Similar trend was followed for repellent effect. Studies on variation in the insecticidal activity of eupatorium in different seasons and melia extract obtained from different drupe stages revealed that eupatorium extract of old leaves collected during summer and autumn seasons and melia extract of unriped drupes possessed maximum insecticidal activity. Bioefficacy studies conducted during three cropping seasons (2012-13 to 2014-15) at Experimental farm of Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur revealed that among botanicals, azadirachtin (0.00045%) and melia (0.06%) were found most effective against all the tested insects and statistically at par with cypermethrin (0.01%). The order of effectiveness based on persistent toxicity value was cypermethrin>azadirachtin>melia (0.06%)>eupatorium (0,06%)>melia (0.03%)>sarcococca (0.06%)>eupatorium (0.03%)>sarcococca (0.3%). Studies on dissipation pattern of botanicals revealed the average recovery of 82.63 and 89.33 per cent of eupatorium and 88.04 and 89.63 per cent of melia through bioassay and LC MSMS was observed. The initial deposit of eupatorium, melia, sarcococca, azadirachtin and cypermethrin were 2.79, 2.80,2.88, 2.07 and 3.13 ppm during 2014 and 2.92, 3.01, 3.01, 2.99 and 2.19 during 2015 with zero day waiting period for eupatorium, melia, sarcococca and azadirachtin and 1.89 days for cypermethrin, respectively. Studies on relative safety of botanicals for C. septempunctata showed that safety index was>16 in case of melia and eupatorium formulations, while for sarcococca it was >32 as compared to cypermethrin (1.52, 1.23) for adults and grubs.

2.Title of Thesis : Population dynamics and management of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) in Himachal Pradesh

Name of the Student : Nikhil Sharma (A-2012-40-005)

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Research Council Meeting-May 29, 2018: Agenda Papers

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Y.S. Chandel

Salient findings

Survey for the incidence of Spodoptera and its species prevalent in four districts (Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kangra and Mandi) of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015-2016. The pest was found associated with a number of vegetable crops (tomato, capsicum, beans, cucumber and cabbage) with 69.23 and 46.85 per cent infestation during 2015 and 2016, respectively. Three species of Spodoptera were recorded i.e. S. Litura, S. littoralis and S. exigua/ S. litura was recorded from all the four districts surveyed while S. littoralis has been recorded only from Kangra and Mandi districts and S. exigua from Kangra district only. The fertility table studies of S. litura at 30+1oC revealed average fecundity of 1760.00+117.50 eggs per female and gross and net reproductive rates of 693.18 and 266.70 female progeny / female, respectively. The mean generation time (T) of 34.91 days was calculated with maximum mortality in the larval stage (25.94%). The temperature from 30 to 35oC was found to be congenial for the growth and development of S. litura. High temperature of 40oC was proved lethal to all the stages of the insect with very low survival at 15 and 38oC. The mean lower development thresholds for egg, larvae, pre-pupae and pupae were 8.61, 6.00, 7.90 and 6.18, wityh thermal requirements of 65.36, 416.6, 53.19 and 222.22 degree days, respectively. There was wide variation in the moth catches in light and pheromone traps, with peak activity of the pest during the month of May. Maximum temperature (Tmax.) was found as the most important factor affecting the moth catches in the traps followed by wind speed. The pheromone trap was found to be 6-15 times superior over the light trap in monitoring the activity of S. litura moths. Under laboratory conditions, emamectin benzoate was found to be most effective against all the larval instars of S. litura followed by fipronil and novaluron. On tomato grown under polyhouse, emamectin benzoate (0.15 x 10-3%), fipronil (0.04%), novaluron (0.03%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.36%) were found to significantly check the larval populations of nS. Litura. On capsicum grown under polyhouse, the combined application of fipronil (0.007%) and SINPV (1x109 POBs.ml) was found as most effective in controlling S. litura which was at par with the combined application of emamectin benzoate (0.02 x 10-3%) and SINPV (1x109 POBs/ ml) as well as novaluron (0.006%) and SINPV (1x109 POBs/ ml). The interaction effect of SINPV (1x109 POBs/ ml) with emamectin benzoate (0.02 x 10-3%), fipronil (0.007%) and novaluron (0.006%) was found as additive while Beauveria bassiana (2 x 108 spores/ ml) formulation with emamectin benzoate (0.02 x 10-3%) and fipronil (0.007%) gave antagonistic effects. However, B. bassiana (2 x 108 spores/ ml) was found compatible with novaluron (0.006%).

3.Title of Thesis : Bioecology and management of rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Oliver) under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh

Name of the Student : Urvi Sharma (A-2013-40-008)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Ajay Srivastava

Salient findings

Detailed studies on rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Oliver) were undertaken at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. The studies included understanding rice hispa’s annual life

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cycle, its population build-up, assessment of losses inflicted and management with suitable insecticides and biopesticides. The life history of D. armigera consisted of four distinct stages viz. egg, grub, pupa and adult, each having an average duration of 4.5, 14.0, 9.1 and 22.4 (male); 38.7 (female) days, respectively. Both adults and grubs caused damage due its feeding on paddy leaves. As many as 3-4 generations were recorded under laboratory conditions (mid June-mid Nov), but the adults of last generation failed to lay eggs. A few individuals of adults of last generation survived on rice seedlings and weed host, Cyanodon dactylon (Linn.) till April-May with limited feeding and no egg-laying. Field observations recorded the incidence of hispa adults on wheat crop during February-April. With the early monsoon showers, the adults of hispa started appearing on weeds viz. C. dactylon, Cyperus rotundus (Linn.), Andropogon gayanus (Kunth), Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) and Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., etc in the early June and thereafter it started feeding on paddy crop as soon as it was transplanted (July). During early stages of crop till 39 Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), bioth adult and grub incidence were recorded on paddy, which build-up during the season. Adults remained associated with the crop till its maturity. The population reached its peak during 31-39 SMW (August-September). Relative humidity significantly and positively influenced its build-up. Natural parasitisation of grubs (or pupae) by a eulophid wasp Chrysomotomyia sp. Was reported. Damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to rice hispa as quantified by infestation level and phonological crop stage revealed that early stage infestation (20-days after transplanting, DAT) inflicted more leaf damage (64.9 per cent leaf damage index, at 3-hispa infestation level) compared to later stages. Moreover, the regression analysis revealed that per unit increase in hispa infestation at early stage (20- DAT) resulted in 5.82, 5.73, 441.4 reduced number of tillers, panicles and grains, respectively, and the respective grain weight by 8.06g (per four rice hills). Also, at 40-DAT, the grain number and grain weight reduced significantly (b=258.5 and 6.87, respectively), but at advanced stage (60-DAT), no significant losses were recorded. Application of various insecticides viz. dinotefuran 20 SG, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, monocrotophos 36 SL @ 200g, 500, 1250, 850 ml ha-1, respectively, and biopesticides viz. beauveria 106 spores ml-1, melia 5%, eupatorium 5% @5.0, 2.5, 2.5L ha-1, respectively, proved promising in checking hispa infestation, with dinotefuran being the most effective and more or less comparable with other insecticides. Among biopesticides, beauveria application provided a significant check. However, maximum returns were obtained from triazophos.

4.Title of Thesis : Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh

Name of the Student : Chhavi (A-2013-40-007)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Pawan Kumar Sharma

Salient findings

The present investigation entitled “Bioecology and management of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) infesting paddy in Himachal Pradesh” was undertaken in the Department of Entomology, CSKHPKV, Palampur and Rice and Wheat Research Centre, Malan during 2014-2016. Under laboratory conditions, C. medinalis completed three generations from August to mid-December. The life cycle of C. medinalis consisted of four distinct stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult, each having an average duration ranging between 3.70-4.50, 17.50-20.50, 7.00-7.50 and 6.40-7.40 (female); 2.50-

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3.30 (male), respectively, during different generations. The fertility parameters worked out for first, second and third generation resulted in the net reproductive rate (Ro) of 29.16, 17.94 and 17.72 female eggs per female with the corresponding true generation time of 37.06, 37.99 and 39.38 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum in the first generation (0.091) and minimum in the third generation (0.073). The field collected adults of last generation when reared under laboratory conditions to study the survival of pest, failed to lay eggs. However, a few individuals of C. medinalis larve survived in winter till January on paddy plants anmd weeds and a limited feeding was observed during this period. Survey for the incidence of C. medinalis and plants and its associated natural enemies in four locations viz., Sundernagar, Nurpur, Jogindernagar and Palampur of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at different time intervals. The pest appearance was noticed in the second fortnight of July at Nurpur, Palampur and Jogindernagar. Whereas, at Sundernagar, the pest activity initiated during first fortnight of July and population of adults was at its peak in the first fortnight of September in all the four locations. From the correlation studies between adult catch and abiotic factors, it was concluded that the temperature (maximum and minimum) favours the C. medinalis build-up. However, RH (maximum and minimum) and rainfall had a negative impact on C. medinalis abundance. During survey, Cotesia cypris (Nixon) was found to be the most dominating larval parasitoid associated with C. medinalis. Fifty natural enemies were encountered in paddy ecosystem of all the four locations, out of which twenty four were found associated with C. medinalis. Spiders viz., Araneus pseudosturmii (Yin et al.,). Micropholcus fauroti(Simon) and Runcinia ghorpadei (Tikader) were recorded for the first time from India. Based upon the Shannon index, diversity of natural enemies was maximum at Palampur (2.58-2.65) and minimum at Nurpur (1.52-1.89). The leaf damage and losses inflicted to paddy due to different release levels of C. medinalis viz., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae per hill released at panicle initiation stage revealed that maximum leaf infestation was 24.48 per cent at highest release level (10 larvae/ hill) and lowest (6.94%) at release level of 2 larvae per hill and per cent avoidable losses varied from 0.94-28.93 per cent. Among forty three genotypes evaluated against C. medinalis, thirty three genotypes were found moderately resistant, nine as moderately susceptible and one as susceptible. None of the genotypes was found to be free from leaf folder damage. Among the six treatments of Trichogramma chilonis, maximum control was achieved when 1,50,000 parasitized eggs per hectare were released. However, this treatment was found to be at par with 1,00,000 and 1,25,000 parasitized eggs per hectare. Out of six insecticides and one biopesticides evaluated against C. medinalis, flubendiamide (24 g a.i./ha), indoxacarb (30 g a.i/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (12.5 ga.i./ha) were found to be efficacious. However, biopesticide, Bt (1.5 kg/ha) was found to be least effective for the control of pest. Incremental output input ratio was highest in case of lamba-cyhalothrin and lowest in Bt.

5.Title of Thesis : Population modelling and management of greenhouse whitefly in tomato under protected cultivation

Name of the Student : Vinay Singh (A-2013-40-009)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. A.K. Sood

Salient findings

The present investigations were undertaken under naturally ventilated polyhouses at CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during 2014-16 at

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an altitude of 1290 masl, between 32.11o North latitude and 76.23o East longitude. Population buildup of greenhouse whitefly (GHWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) adults on tomato plants and monitoring adult activity using yellow sticky traps studied under three crop raising situations namely, augmenting GHWF after transplanting (Situation-A), natural buildup of GHWF (Situation-N) and natural buildup of GHWF under standard management practices (Situation-N+) in summer and autumn cropping seasons revealed it to vary significantly under all the cropping situations in both the cropping seasons. The population levels and trap catch remained higher in ‘Situation-A’ as compared to other cropping situations. Insect-proof net with 24x27 mesh resulted in more influx of GHWF adults in the polyhouse as compared to the structures fitted with 27x32 mesh insect-proof net. GHWF population remained low in autumn crop as compared to summer cropping season. GHWF population followed negative binomial distribution during middle part of cropping seasons and was dispersed aggregately. Highly significant and positive correlation between GHWF adult population on plants and adult catch on yellow sticky traps in both the cropping seasons was evident (r=0.72 and 0.85in summer and autumn crop, respectively; P=0.01). Abiotic factors of the environment namely, minimum temperature, relative humidity (minimum and maximum) influenced the GHWF adult population positively and significantly during summer cropping season. Whereas, during autumn cropping season the population was influenced significantly by maximum relative humidity only. The step-wise regression predictive model developed for population buildup of GHWF in summer cropping season revealed that minimum relative humidity and maximum temperature were major abiotic factors in predictability of GHWF population and influenced the buildup to the extent of 62 per cent. Whereas, during autumn season, maximum relative humidity and maximum temperature were the major factors influencing the buildup of GHWF. A parasitoid, Encarsia Formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) was recorded for the first time from India and found to parasitize GHWF immatures to the extent of 93 per cent under protected cultivation. For the management of T. vaporariorum, different approaches were evaluated under augmented CHWF conditions during autumn 2014 and summer 2015. Amongst eight fertilizer level evaluated, treatment having 25 per cent higher dose of potassium than recommended dose of fertilizers (N:P:K::150:120:55 kg/ha) influenced the population buildup adversely and resulted in lowest cumulative GHWF days of 223 and 846 in autumn and summer cropping season, respectively. Fifteen genotypes/varieties of tomato evaluated for resistance screening against GHWF, revealed those having bigger sized leaves, higher density of non-glandular trichomes (Type-V) and lower density of glandular trichomes (Type-IV and VI) to favour CHWF population buildup. For mass trapping of adult GHWF, 11 types of yellow sticky traps were evaluated. Amongst self-made yellow sticky traps mustard oil pasted on thick paper sheet was observed to be cost effective and one of the best in performance. Eight insecticidal treatments comprising combinations of soil application of imidacloprid alongwith foliar application of azadirachtin, spiromesifen and thiamethooxam were evaluated for the suppression of GHWF. Treatment comprising soil application of imidacloprid followed by alternate foliar applications of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam (when population goes beyond 5 adults/leaf) resulted in higher incremental output-input ratio and was good in efficacy. The best performing management toolds in terms of efficacy and cost effectiveness were selected for formulating integrated GHWF management modules evaluated under natural infestation conditions of GHWF during summer 2016. The module comprised naturally ventilated polyhouse structure fitted with double door and insect-proof net of 27x32 mesh on side and top vents; installing self made yellow sticky traps smeared with mustard oil on yellow thick paper sheet 15 days prior to transplanting @ 1 trap per 10

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m2; using 25 per cent higher dose of potassium fertilizer to RDF and soil application of imidacloprid (1DAT) alongwith foliar applications of spiromesifen and thiamethoxam initiating when population goes beyond 5 adults per leaf (ETL), resulted in higher incremental output-input ratio (18.1). The findings lead to the conclusion by following ‘Good Protected Cultivation Practices’ alongwith suggested ‘Pest Management Tactics’ GHWF can be managed effectively in tomato grown under protected environment.

Plant Pathology

Title of Thesis : Virulence analysis of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and its management in common bean.

Name of the Student : Naiya Sharma (A-2013-40-013)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. P.N. Sharma

Salient findings

This study was aimed to determine pathogenic and molecular variability in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the casual organism of bean anthracnose; to evaluate bean germplasm to find out the sources of resistance against prevalent races; validation of R genes using molecular markers; and to identify suitable fungicide, biocontrol agents and botanicals for the management of disease. Virulence spectrum of 65 isolates determined on a set of 12 bean differential cultivars revealed the existence of 27 races in North western Himalayas. Race 503 contained maximum number of 12 isolates from diverse geographic regions. Fifteen races viz., 5, 6, 7, 16, 18, 51, 87, 99, 145, 179, 211, 259, 337, 503 and 1395 were identified for the first time as none of them resembled with previously known races in Himachal Pradesh hence increasing the total number to 44 in the state. The isolates from J&K (3) and Uttrakhand (13) categorized into different races constitute their first record from these two states. The virulence analysis suggested 4 interaction types in accordance with the genetic origin of differential cultivars that were infected by a particular race. Twenty-one races having virulence for genotypes of both the gene pools showed Type IV interaction. Nine of 12 differential cultivars were found to be infected by one isolate suggesting 9 virulence factors among 65 isolates of C. lindemuthianum. RAPD data at 43 per cent similarly coefficient distinguished various isolates into 8 clusters, whereas, ISSR markers categorized test isolates into 5 clusters using 43 per cent similarity coefficient as a cutoff point. There was no congruence between the pathogenic variability and the molecular diversity data, showing no utility of such markers in differentiation of the physiological races whose identity is based on pathogenic behaviour of the given isolate involving many pathogenicity factors. Out of 313 accessions, 45 were found resistant to race 0 (20), 17 (21), 503 (19) and 1395 (13), respectively. R-gene prediction analysis using SCAR marker linked to R genes showed the presence of 4 resistant genes Co-2, Co-4, Co-42, Co-6 in various resistant accessions. A maximum of 4 genes Co-2, Co-4, Co-42, Co-6 were detected in 6 accessions. In the fungicides evaluation tests, trifloxystrobin 25 per cent+ tebuconazole 50 per cent (Nativo), tebuconazole (Folicur), and carbendazim 12 per cent+mancozeb 63 per cent (SAAF) were found highly effective whereas, among the botanicals aqueous extracts of M. azedarach was more effective against the C. lindemuthianum Whie Trichoderma harzianum was more effective than Pseudomonas fluorescence and T. viride. The seed treatment with carbendazim (2.5 g/kg) followed by two foliar sprays of trifloxystrobin 25 per

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cent+tebuconazole 50 per cent (Nativo), and T. harzianum at 45th and 60th day after sowing were found very effective against the disease in field trials and resulted in higher seed yield.

Vegetable Science and Floriculture

1. Title of Thesis : Studies on induced mutagenesis in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

Name of the Student : Novedita Gupta (A-2013-40-017)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Sonia Sood

Salient findings

The present investigations entitled “Studies on induced mutagenesis in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was carried out with the objectives to study the efficacy of physical and chemical mutagens and their combinations, induced genetic variability for horticultural traits, yellow vein mosaic virus, powdery mildew and to identify putative okra mutants for desirable traits. A well adapted variety P-8 of okra was treated with gamma-rays (35 kR, 40 kR, 45 kR, 50 kR, 55 kR, 60 kR, 65 kR, 70 kR, 75 kR, 80 kR and 85 kR) and EMS (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.4% and 1.6%) to find lethal dose (LD50) during kharif 2014. LD50 values for gamme rays and EMS were 75 kR and 1.4%, respectively. Selfed sseds of P-8 variety of okra were treated with succeeding and preceding lethal dose value of gamma rays (65 kR and 85 kR), EMS (1.2% and 1.6%) and their all possible combinations. During kharif 2015, various observations on germination percentage, seedling height, pollen sterility and survival were recorded in M1 generation. During kharif 2016, half of the M2 seeds of each selected plant were used for raising M2 generation in plant to row progenies in Augmented Block Design along with checks P-8 and Palam Komal for different agromorphological traits viz., chlorophyll mutants [albino, xantha, viridis and chlorine], qualitative characters [immature fruit colour, fruit pubescence, ridges per fruit, disease incidence of yellow yein mosaic virus and powdery mildew] and quantitative characters [days to first flowering, days to first picking, first fruit producing node, nodes per plant, intermodal length (cm), fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), average fruit weight (g), plant hgieht (cm), harvest duration (days), fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant (g) were recorded. Half of the M2 seeds of each selected plant were used for raising M2 generation at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra for screening of Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) along with susceptible check Pusa Sawani. The seed germination and plant survival decreased with increase in mutagen concentration except in combinations. Highest frequency of macromutants was observed in the combination of 85 kR with 1.2% EMS. EMS gave maximum effectiveness and efficiency as compared to gamma rays and their combinations. Maximum effectiveness and efficiency was found at 1.2% EMS> EMS generated more variability in quantitative traits followed by the combinations and gamma- rays. Highest number of progenies with desired shift in mean over control were observed at 65 kR+1.2% EMS. Lower and intermediate doses of various combinations followed by gamma rays were highly effective in inducing early maturity. The superiority in intermodal length was maximum in combinations (65kR+1.6% EMS) as compared to sole treatments. Mutants selected for high fruit yield were maximum in 65kR in combination with 1.2% EMS. YVMV resistant mutants were observed in three treatments viz., 1.6% EMS, 75kR+1.6% EMS and 85kR+1.4% EMS. Mutant P122-2-2 (65kR+1.4% EMS) had less plant height, short intermodal length and high fruit yield per plant. Mutants P11-1-1 (65kR+1.2% EMS), P4-20-

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2 (75kR) and P8-83-1 (1.6% EMS) showed earliness for first picking and gave more fruit yield per plant. Mutant P15-2-1 (75kR+1.4% EMS) had more number of nodes with short intermodal length. The selected mutants for high yield, earliness, short intermodal length, dwarf height and yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV) resistance will be further screened in M3 generation to isolate early, high yielding lines with desired traits.

2.Title of Thesis : Inheritance of quantitative and qualitative traits and downy mildew resistance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)

Name of the Student : Arti Verma (A-2013-40-016)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Yudhvir Singh

Salient findings

The present investigations entitled “Inheritance of quantitative and qualitative traits and downy mildew resistance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)” was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur to gather information on the gene effects for some quantitative and qualitative traits, to study the genetics of downy mioldew resistance and its association with various traits, to study the extent of heterosis and to identify the heterotic combinations. The experimental material comprising of P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, BC2 generations of six crosses developed by utilizing the four diverse parents viz., DPCaY-3, Palam Uphar, DPCaY-8 and DPCaY-6 were evaluated in Randomized Block Design along with standard check in three replications during rabi 2015-2016. Data were recorded on days to curd initiation, days to marketable curd maturity, plant frame (cm), plant height (cm), gross curd weight (g), marketable yield per plant (g), net curd weight (g), curd depth (cm), curd diameter (cm), curd size index (cm2), curd compactness (degree), stalk length (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf size index (cm2), per cent marketable curds (%), harvest index (5), dry matter content (%), total soluble solids (oBrix), vitamin C (mg/100g), total sugars (%) and total phenols (mg/g). Complementary type of epistatis was recorded in most of the cross combinations for yield and its contributing traits, which indicates the importance of heterosis breeding for the improvement of yield in cauliflower. The nature and magnitude of gene effect varied with different crosses for most of the quantitative as well as qualitative traits. So, specific breeding strategy has to be adopted for a particular cross to get improvement in a particular trait. Single dominant gene was observed to govern downy mildew resistance in cauliflower. Correlation matrix revealed that plant disease index exhibited significant and positive correlation with total sugars, days to curd initiation, days to marketable curd maturity, stalk length and number of leaves per plant, whereas this association was significant and negative with vitamin C, total phenols, marketable yield per plant, net curd weight, gross curd weight, harvest index, curd diameter, curd size index, per cent marketable curds, curd depth and curd compactness. Gross curd weight, marketable yield per plant, net curd weight, curd depth, curd diameter, curd size index, curd compactness, per cent marketable curds, harvest index, vitamin C and total phenols in resistant genotypes were higher than susceptible ones. DPCaY-3 x DPCaY-6, Palam Uphar x DPCaY-6 and DPCaY-3 x DPCaY-8 were found to be the most promising heterotic combination for most of the economic traits and also showed resistance to downy mildew. On the basis of visual observations, plants producing white colour, non-ricey curds and were categorized as Type No.3 of plant type i.e. plants having long erect leaves with or without self-blanching habit and medium size curds.

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3.Title of Thesis : Genetic studies on triple test cross progenies for horticultural traits involving bacterial wilt resistant genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Name of the Student : Smita Kumari (A-2013-40-018)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. K.S. Chandel

Salient findings

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) also known as egg plant or aubergine belong to family Solanaceae and one of the most commonly grown vegetables throughout the country. India is considered to be the centre of origin with secondary diversity in China and South East Asia. It is grown commercially as fresh market crop especially in low and mid hill areas of Himachal Pradesh. Inspite of its economic importance, no major strive has so far been made for the improvement of yield and quality traits in this crop. Based on these considerations, the present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to obtain information on the relative magnitude of additive, dominance and epistatic component of genetic variance and average degree of dominance as inferred from the analysis of different traits such as marketable fruit yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to first picking, number of marketable fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, number of branches per plant, fruit weight, pedicel length, total soluble solids, dry matter content, iron content, phenol content and bacterial wilt incidence by following a triple test cross mating design analysis involving contrasting parents/inbred lines. The experimental material consisted of thirty triple test cross (TTC) progenies of a) SP and H-8, b) AK and BN, c) AN and SN, d) PPC and DPBBWR-2 (Sel-2) developed through the triple test cross mating design proposed by Kearsey and Jink (1968) during Kharif, season 2014. The triple test cross (TTC) progenies of the respective parents were then planted and evaluated along with corresponding original parents/testers (L1 and L2), F1’s (L3) and F2’s) (Pi lines) in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications at the Experimental Farm, Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) during kharif, 2015. Good quantum of genetic variability has been generated through triple test cross progenies with respect to different traits studied as revealed by the significant analysis of variance. The triple test cross (TTC) progenies viz., (P1 x L1), (P2 x L3), (P5 xL1), (P7 x L1), (P2 x L1); (P3xL1), (P4 x L3), (P2xL2), (P7xL1), (P3xL3); (P4xL1), (P6xL1), (P3xL2), (P6xL3), (P3xL1) and (P1xL1), (P9xL1), (P6xL3), (P3xL3), (P8xL3) manifested high mean values and heterotic effects for fruit yield, quality traits and yield contributing components over the respective better parent/testers in each inter- varietal cross SPxH-8, AKxBN, ANxSN and PPCxDPBBWR-2, respectively. Heterotic effects were observed in almost all the characters studied and supported through genetic analysis of the triple test cross (TTC) progenies, where the preponderance of epistasis, additive and dominance components of genetic variation was observed for marketable fruit yield, quality traits and yield contributing components, revealing thereby the role of additive and non-additive gene action for the inheritance of marketable fruit yield and its component traits which could be exploited through bi-recurrent selection and heterosis breeding for the development of better cultivars possessing high yield and quality traits in brinjal.

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Agricultural Economics Extension Education and Rural Sociology

Title of Thesis : A Study of Climate Change Impacting Agrarian Economy in Western Himalayas

Name of the Student : Jayant Ratna (A-2013-40-003)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. S.K. Chauhan

Salient findings

India in true picture represents an agrarian economy as agriculture and allied sector plays an influential role in the country’s development by providing livelihood options to more than half of its population and contributes around 17.3 per cent to the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The growth of agriculture and allied sector is witnessing a prolonged period of severe crisis and couldn’t be able to achieve its target of 4 per cent growth since last two decades. Recently, climate change has emerged as a global issue and India is likely to be more seriously affected because of the dependence of its large population on climate-sensitive sector like agriculture for the livelihood. Therefore, the present study was conducted in the state of Himachal Pradesh mainly to identify one of the most affected districts based on long term changes in climate variables and available studies in Himachal Pradesh; to analyse the impact of changes in climatic conditions on cropping patterns, livestock composition, crop-livestock productivity, insect-pest and diseases, the affordability of cost of adaptation, returns and livelihood of the farmers in the selected district; to document and validate the adaptation measures for the affected district and screening of the available crop-livestock concerning technologies and to suggest suitable changes in the agricultural research agenda and policy measures in combating the adverse effect of climate change. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Various mathematical, statistical and econometric tools such as averages, ratios, percentages, functional techniques, non-parametric and parametric tests, etc. were extensively used for the analysis of data. District Mandi showed the highest vulnerability in terms of index value of 0.535 and 0.532. Markov chain analysis revealed that the area under paddy, maize, barley and finger millet crops have decreased whereas the area under pulses, vegetables, oilseeds, fodder crops and fallow land have increased over last decade. In addition the prevalence of insect- pests and diseases were found to be increased over this decade. As far as the disease and parasite infestation on livestock is concerned, it was observed that the problem of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) has significantly decreased while, proportion of common parasites (ticks, mites and lice and flea) incidence has significantly increased among cows and bullocks. The results of the regression analysis revealed that the climatic factors has positively impacted the production of most of the crops except for significant negative impact in maize (-0.4097) crop. The Benefit:Cost ratio for expected profits over cost incurred on adaptation strategies were 7.22, 1.94 and 1.75 in zone I, zone II and zone III respectively showing an expected profit to the tune of Rs.7.22, Rs.1.94 and Rs.1.75 of per rupee invested in following adaptation strategies. The inter-correlation between adaptation measures and socio-economic characteristics showed that the adaptation measures in crop production were significantly correlated with qualification of the head of the family, total land holding and irrigated cultivated land, total area under vegetables and gross returns from crop production. As far as adaptation strategies in livestock are concerned, these were found to be significantly correlated with literacy of family members, number of milch animals and gross returns from livestock showing that livestock adaptation is likely to increase with increase in gross returns

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and their number possessed. The awareness with respect to symptoms of climate change was reported by 49 per cent of the farmers. As many as 47 per cent of farmers could explain about the impact and causes of climate change and 37 per cent of the farmers could reveal about the climate change adaptation strategies. The awareness about climate change as well as its adaptation was more in Zone I (60% on all farms) as compared to other zones viz. zone II and Zone III of the study area. The policy recommends promotion of high yielding cultivars especially in maize crop, availability of increased area under food grains, optimum livestock and proper strategies for crop diversification planning in the study area. Irrigation water infrastructure needs to be strengthened. Besides, creation of better rural infrastructure and institutional facilities in the high altitude areas need to be developed.

II. COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES

Animal Nutrition

Title of Thesis : Effect of feeding Seabuckthorn fruit residue (pomace) on nutrient utilization and performance in goats

Name of the Student : Arun Kumar Sharma (V-2013-40-001)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. V.K. Sharma

Salient findings

Balanced and effective feeding is the most important prerequisite for economic production of livestock. So, minimization of feed cost would be a great achievement for livestock farmers if the unconventional but potential ingredient like Seabuckthorn (SBT) pomace would be introduced as the replacer of major nutrient sources. Nutritionally, SBT pomace is very rich in nutrients. Very little systematic and scientific work has been conducted to study the effects of feeding SBT pomace to the livestock. Hence, the present study was envisaged to see the effect of replacement of CP of conventional feed of goats, with that of SBT pomace and evaluate biological performances, nutrient utilization, blood biochemistry, rumen metabolites and cost benefit ratio by feeding SBT pomace. An experiment was conducted in beetal goats to study the effect of SBT pomace on biological performance and nutrient utilization. The experiment was aimed to study the effect of SBT pomace on growth of goats, where 24 goats of 5 months age were divided in 4 treatment groups having 6 animals in each group. The conventional ration was offered in control group (T1) and replacing 10,20 and 30 per cent CP of the control group with the CP of SBT pomace in three treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Trial was also conducted which was aimed to observe the effect of SBT pomace on rumen metabolites and rumen microbial population in goats. The change in body weight, average daily dry matter intake, average gain in weight per day, dry matter intake per kg metabolic weight, blood biochemical profile, serum mineral status, rumen fermentation studies were recorded. It was observed that significantly (P<0.05) highest gain in body weight was observed in animals fed T4 (30% supplemented SBT pomace) diet followed by T3 (20%) and T2 (10%) diets as compared to control T1 group. Maximum digestibility of nutrients was observed in group fed diet supplemented with SBT pomace at 30% level. Serum mineral status of animal showed improvement. Serum minerals level like Phosphorus, Magnesium and iron levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 and T3 treatment group as compared to T2 and control group, T1. Lipid

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profile picture also improved in groups having SBT pomace as compared to control diet. Gain in body weight and profit was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group T4 and T3 as compared to T2 and T1. It was noticed that, as the level of SBT pomace increased, the biological performance of the goats increased though the blood biochemical parameters were not affected at large by replacement of SBT pomace at any level. It was noticed that, as the level of SBT pomace increased, the biological performance of the goats increased though the blood biochemical parameters were not affected at large by replacement of SBT pomace at any level. It was revealed that replacement of CP of conventional goat feed with SBT pomace CP up-to 30 per cent level was economic for goats production. Higher body weight gain and better balance of nutrient in goats was observed than traditional goat ration. Best FCR was observed in treatment group T4 having 30% SBT pomace than control group. Higher microbial population in rumen of goats and lower protozoal population was found in SBT pomace added diets thus reflecting that SBT pomace increased bacterial degradation and also acted as defaunating agent by lowering protozoan population thereby increasing microbial protein availability to animals reflected by higher body mass gain and better health parameters. Looking at the results of present investigations, it could be concluded that 30 per cent CP of the traditional concentrate ration could be replaced with the CP of SBT pomace in goats for a viable and cost effective goat production, as well as improving the nutrient utilization efficiency for sustainable goat production.

Veterinary Surgery and Radiology

Title of Thesis : The diagnosis and management of cataract in animals

Name of the Student : Amit Kumar (V-2014-40-003)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. S.P. Tyagi

Salient findings The present study was undertaken to record the regional occurrence of ocular affections and to diagnose and manage the cataracts in animals. The study was done on the 2814 animals patients presented to the department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Palampur for over a period of 30 months from April 2015 to September 2017. The incidence of ocular affection in animals was found to be 10.95% in which 76.94% showed singularand 57.79% bilateral affections. The ocular patients included 235 dogs, 49 bovine, 12 equine and 12 other animal species. Species, sex and age-wise cincidences were highest in dogs, males and adults respectively. The corneal (36.26%) and lenticular (14.01%) affections were more common. The incidence of the cataract was 1.71 per cent in all the surgical patients and accounted for 15.58 per cent of ocular disorders. 27 cataractsurgeries were performed in different animal species fter standardizing the procedure on goat/ sheep cadavereyes. Standard pre and post –operative treatment protocol was used in all uncomplicated clinical cases of cataract surgeries. The small animals were operated under general anaesthesia and large ones under regional nerve block and sedation. The central eyeball position was achieved by using retrobulbar anaesthesia in 4 dogsand NMBA in 18 with the latter proving substantially better. Eyeballs was positioned in front of operatingmicroscope and stabilized with 2-4 stay sutures. The major and minor surgical ports were made as clear corneal inclusions at about 10-11 and 2-3 O’ clock position respectively. Trypan blue dye was used to stain AC satisfactorily and 1 ml of diluted adrenaline (1:10000) was used intra-camerally to augment the mydriasis. Different OVDs were used during surgeries to maintain the shape

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of chamber and the use of a combination of low and higher viscosity OVDs together proved better. A clean circular capsulotomy of a desirable diameter (5-6 mm) could be performed in twelve cases using CTCC and the IOL could be placed in 5 dogs following phacoemulsification and extraction of lens. Complete and proper ‘endo-capsular’ extraction of cataract could be accomplished successfully only in nine dogs. One month follow-up revealed restoration of good functional vision in 8 (36.36%), fair in 6 (27.27%) and poor in three (13.64%) dogs. Five dogs were foundto be blind (22.73%). Intraocular bleeding, radial tear, vitreous presentation and IOL haptic breakage were intra-operative and uveitis, retinal- detachment, posterior-synechiae are the postoperative complications. Long term follow-up beyond one month ranging from 6 months to 35 months could be possible in 11 dogs, which revealed deterioration in vision in 4 (36.37%) and improvement in 7 (63.63%) cases. In addition to twenty two dogs, five cataract surgeries were done in one calf, cow and bull each during the study period in which the cow was unable to recover aand other two animals got functional vision postoperatively.

Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Title of Thesis : Investigation of follicular dynamics and semen cryopreservation in goats

Name of the Student : Amit Kumar Sharma (V-2014-40-002)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. Pankaj Sood

Salient findings

Goats are multipurpose animals. Two different breeds, namely Gaddi and Chegu, strengthen the socioeconomic status of a large percentage of rural population in Himachal Pradesh. Out of season breeding in Gaddi breed is known, but has not been proved scientifically. Genetic degradation in both Gaddi and Chegu breeds due to lack of males of superior genetic males is seriously restricting the benefits from goat rearing. According, in present study (May 2016 to December 2017) information on breeding practices adopted by regional Gaddi shepherds (n=25) was collected and out of season breeding was confirmed to occur in 80% Gaddi goats. To verify breeding during long days, experimental studies on ovarian follicular dynamics were undertaken during non-breeding (n-11) and breeding seasons (n=7) in the same Gaddi does raised under semi-intensive conditions. Follicular dynamics revealed active ovaries during both seasons as indicated by a preponderance of 3- and 4- follicular waves in 94.4% animals. The ovaries were more active during breeding than non-breeding season. It was reflected by higher number of follicles of different sizes/day (5.50+0.55 versus 3.15+0.67) and higher growth rate of dominant follicle (0.79+0.04 versus 0.65+0.03 mm/d). The most distinct feature was presence of relatively larger dominant follicle during non-breeding than breeding season (7.66+0.10 versus 6.85+0.24 mm) which, however, remained anovulatory and could be incriminated to a shorter interwave interval during breeding season (4.90+0.31 versus 5.66+0.28 d). To overcome the paucity of superior males, a cryopreserved semen bank was established using elite Gaddi (n=11; aged 2.16+0.36 years) and Chegu (n=8; aged 1.98+0.34 years) bucks. The semen cryopreservation protocol was established using 74 ejaculates from Gaddi bucks. Removal of seminal plasma and incorporation of 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol in the extender provided best post thaw semen in the study. The standardized protocol was

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eventually used to cryopreserve 106 and 180 qualifying ejaculates, collected twice weekly, in Gaddi and Chegu, respectively. In terms of progressive motility, the sperms of Gaddi compared to Chegu were more resilient to cryoinjury as indicated by a relatively reduced % reduction of 52.03 versus 58.31 and accordingly significantly higher progressive motility of 35.18+0.87 versus 30.86+0.78, respectively. In terms of age, the sperms of young than adult Gaddi bucks were more cryosensitive, while such disparity was missing in Chegu. The semen quality improved with a reduction in temperature, while there was no such relation with photoperiod (sunshine hours) in both the breeds. The average fertility using cryopreserved semen generated in present study as double straw coupled with 4 ug GnRH administration at induced estrus resulted in a fertility percentage of 41.25% in Gaddi (confirmed pregnancy in 33 out of 80) and 67.50% (non return rates in 27 out of 40). In conclusion, (i) the discrepancy in out of season breeding in Gaddi does at farmers versus experimental conditions could be due to variation in management practices (ii) the ovaries are active, but with anovulatory waves during non-breeding season (iii) removal of seminal plasma, use of 10% egg yolk and 6% glycerol provides best semen quality from Gaddi and Chegu bucks with acceptable fertility results (iv) Gaddi sperms are less cryosensitive (v) it is temperature instead of photoperiod that could have varying effects on semen quality from Gaddi and Chegu bucks.

III. COLLEGE OF BASIC SCIENCES

Microbiology

1. Title of Thesis : Evaluation of functional traits of indigenous bacterial probiotics of North-Western Himalayas

Name of the Student : Sakshi Sharma (S-2012-40-004)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. S.S. Kanwar

Salient findings

Eleven indigenous probiotic bacteria obtained from traditional fermented foods of North-Western Himalayas were screened for their functional attributes including antagonistic activity against strict anaerobic pathogens viz., Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. The growth of indigenous probiotics in selected prebiotics was maximum in lactulose followed by fructooligosaccharide and inulin. Lactic and short chain fatty acids viz., acetic, propionic and butyric were analysis. The growth of anaerobic pathogens in prebiotics was almost negligible, thereby indicating their safe use without any ill effect to the host. The antagonistic activity against strict anaerobic pathogens was analysed in cell free crude filtrates of probiotics and expressed in terms of specific activity. Maximum specific activity in crude filtrate was observed with AdF10(L. plantarum) against C. perfringens followed by P. anacerobius and B. fragilis. The antagonistic activity present in crude filtrate was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography yielding 17.88 fold increase in purification. The specific activity of crude filtrate on purification was increased from 105.26 AUmg- 1protein to 1882.35AUmg-1protein against C.perfringens. The antagonistic activity was primarily mediated by proteinaceous compound(s) as the activity was lost after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. The characterization of partially purified fractions by Tris-Tricine

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SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a wide range of proteins with molecular mass in the range of 3.5-100 kDa. The adherence of eleven indigenous probiotics was evaluated using Caco-2 and HT-29 cells as in vitro models. Among all probiotics, AdF10 (L. plantarum) was found to be the most adhesive to HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines with % adhesion of 12.88+0.63 and 9.55+0.76, respectively, which was statistically at par with reference strain L.rhamnosus GG. The three inhibition assays were employed to determine the adherence inhibition ability of probioics against anaerobic pathogens. Maximum inhibition in adherence was observed with exclusion assay as compared to competition and displacement assays. The interaction of different prebiotics with pathogens resulted in reduction of adherence of pathogens to tested cell lines. The crude supernatants obtained from indigenous probiotics were effective in checking the proliferation of transformed cell lines as detected by MTT assay indicating the utility of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents.

IV. COLLEGE OF HOME SCIENCE

Food Science Nutrition and Technology

1.Title of Thesis : Characterization and utilization of protein isolates of adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi] for health foods

Name of the Student : Shweta Sharma (H-2012-40-001)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. (Mrs.) Ranjana Verma

Salient findings

The present study was conducted to determine the nutritional, physico- chemical, and functional properties of the flour and protein isolates prepared from selected genotypes of adzuki bean viz. EC-340264, HPU-51 and Local Totru. Protein isolates were prepared by isoelectric precipitation. SDS PAGE electrophoresis and amino acid profiling of the protein isolates was done to analyse the quality of the protein present in the isolates. Various value added products viz nutribar, instant protein shakes and biscuits were prepared by supplementing adzuki bean flour and protein isolates in the varying proportions. Nutritional evaluation of adzuki bean revealed that HPU-51 genotype had maximum protein content in both flour as well as protein isolate i.e. 24.03 and 76.56 per cent followed by in Local Totru and EC-340264. The protein isolates prepared from HPU-51 had maximum recovery and yield i.e. 16.07 and 51.69 per cent respectively. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in EC-340264 with 52.00 per cent inhibition. Protein isolates extracted from the adzuki bean had lower values for functional properties viz. water absorption capacity, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability except for fat absorption capacity which was higher in comparison to the commercial soy protein isolate. The results of SDS PAGE electrophoresis revealed that the molecular weight of adzuki bean seed protein and protein isolates ranged between 17.0 kDa to 117.0 kDa and 17.0 kDa to 56.23 kDa respectively. The sensory acceptability scores of supplemented value added products revealed that good quality protein enriched products can be prepared by incorporating adzuki bean flour and protein isolates up to 30 and 6 per cent respectively.

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2.Title of Thesis : Impact of dietary intervention on nutritional status of anemic adolescent girls of Kangra district (HP)

Name of the Student : Preeti Chaudhary (H-2013-40-001)

Name of the Major Advisor : Dr. (Mrs.) Radhna Gupta

Salient findings

The present study was planned and executed with the specific objective to study the impact of dietary and nutrition intervention on moderately anemic adolescent girls. A total of 300 adolescent girls aged-12-18 years were selected from Panchrukhi, Baijnath and Bhawarna blocks of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. Their socio-economic profile, dietary pattern, nutrient intake, anthropometric profile, haemoglobin level and knowledge/perceptions regarding anemia and related aspects were examined. Analysis of these indicators gave evidence of a better socio-economic status in terms of education, type of house and accessibility to drinking water. The intake of cereals, pulses, fruits and green leafy vegetables was less than suggested dietary intake thereby lowering their mean daily intake of energy, protein, vitamin and minerals in comparison to RDA. Majority of subjects irrespective of age group met standard height above 90 per cent and in range of 75.31-85.86 per cent for weight when compared with ICMR and NCHS standards. Based on their haemoglobin level, 77.33% of the adolescent girls had moderate anemia, 12.33% mild anemia, 6.33 per cent had severe anemia and only 4 per cent were having normal haemoglobin. Soaking, 6.33 per cent had severe anemia and only 4 per cent were having normal haemoglobin. Soaking, drying and roasting of garden cress seeds reduced its pungency and increased the total iron, ionisable iron, soluble iron and per cent bio- availability of iron and other minerals. Among various developed recipes, variant -2 of ladoo and mathri that constituted processed garden cress seeds was highly acceptable. Based on haemoglobin values, 90 moderately anemic adolescent girls were screened out and divided into three groups for intervention programme. Group I received sweet and savoury preparations on alternate days of 20g of ladoo and mathri each that provided 100 per cent of RDA for iron. Group II received nutrition counselling only and Group III was control as it did not receive any type of intervention. A very positive impact of intervention was observed in experimental groups i.e. group I and group II as assessed by extent of improvement in knowledge, attitude and practices score and gain in aerobic capacity and physical fitness. Significantly increase was calculated for dietary and nutrient intake. After receiving intervention for a period of 120 days, 13.33 per cent of group-I subjects were not anemic at all, while 76.66 fall into mild anemic category. 86.66 per cent of respondents in group-II remained in the same category of moderately anemic and 13.33 shifted to mild anemic category. No change was observed in control group for any parameter post intervention. Thus, the present study concluded with a positive and strong impact of diet and nutrition intervention on eradicating anemia in adolescent girls.

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Item No. 6: New items put forth by the Hon’ble members of the Research Council

6.1: Researchable Issues put forth by the Director Extension Education, CSKHPKV, Palampur

Issue No. 1: Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of Kullu district and farmers are getting lucrative prices of the crop. Due to high incidence of bacterial blight, its production has been affected severely during the last 2 years. Therefore, management of bacterial blight is an important researchable issue. Issue No.2: Capsicum is also an important high value cash crop of Kullu district and its production has been hampered by high incidence of Bacterial wilt. Therefore, bacterial wilt resistant variety of capsicum should be developed to boost its production. Issue No.3: There is no recommendation on private sector hybrids in package of practices. However, majority of the area is under these non-recommended hybrids in Kullu district. Therefore, some mechanism should be there for their inclusion in the POP to enable KVKs to guide the farmers in this front. Issue No. 4: Peas and garlic are the important cash crops of Kullu district and there is urgent need of post emergence herbicide inclusion in the package of practices because of scarcity of labour. Issue No.5: In Una district, crop failure due to white fly infestation in cucurbits especially the bitter gourd. Issue No. 6: In Una district, use of Atrazine as post emergence herbicide in maize (It is practiced by many farmers). Issue No.7: Tomato is an important high value cash crop of Sirmour district and the crop suffered badly due to high incidence of bacterial wilt. Therefore, bacterial wilt resistant variety should be identified/developed and incorporated in POP. Issue No. 8: There is high incidence of rust in garlic in Sangrah block of Sirmour district and for its management fungicide should be advised.

Item No. 7: Any other item (s) with the permission of the Chair.

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ANNEXURE-I

DETAIL OF RESEARCH PROJECTS SANCTIONED SINCE MARCH 9, 2017 TO DATE

Sr. Project Title Principal Budget Funding Agency Duration No. Investigator (Lakhs) College of Agriculture Crop Improvement 1. Development and Dr.Swarn Lata, 6.88 HP Council for November dissemination of Principal Science, Tech. & 2017 to maize QPM Scientist, Environment, B- October hybrids and their 34, SDA 2020 popularization for Complex, rural upliftment in Kasumpti, Himachal Pradesh Shimla Deptt. of Agronomy 1. Bio-efficacy of Dr.S.S.Rana, 4.05 Ms Shanuka April 2018 Glufosinate Principal Agritech Ammonium 13.5% Scientist, Limited, 82, SL against major Abhinash weeds, its effect on Mansion, Ist Succeeding crops Floor, Joshi and its Road, Karol phytotoxicity on Bagh, New Delhi Tea 2. Evaluation of Dr.(Mrs) Neelam 4.05 M/s Willowood April 2018 WCPL 29 and Sharma, Chemicals Pvt. OAH 56 on tea (Residue Ltd. Mumbai crop against target Chemist) weeds 3. Efficacy Dr.Suresh 5.00 M/s Saraswati May, 2018 Evaluation of Gautam, Prof. & Agro Chemicals, Ethylfluralin 36% Head (India) Pvt. Ltd. EC against Weeds Unit-II, Lane-2, in Soybean Phase-1, Near ESI Hospital, Sidco Industrial Complex Barhi Brahmana, Distt. Jammu (J&K) Soil Science 1. Networking Dr.S.K.Sandal, 28.82 DST, Ministry of June 2017 Projects on Revival Principal Science & Tech., to May of Village Ponds Scientist (Soil Tech. Bhawan, 2020 through Scientific Physics) New Mehrauli Interventions Road, New Delhi Deptt. of Entomology 1. Evaluation of Dr. P.C.Sharma, 03.35 M/S Gowan June 2017 formulation Sr. Scientist, India Private Ltd, INIG003 against (Entomology) Gurgaon

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thrips, aphids, fruit borer pests on chilli and against stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) 2. Bioefficacy and Dr.Pawan K. 06.75 M/S Bayer Crop October phytotoxicity of Sharma, Science Ltd., 2017 Sivanto Principal *Flupyradifurone Scientist 200 w/v SL) against tea mosquito bug in tea 3. Setting up of Dr.Surender K. 125.00 National Bee January Integrated Sharma, Sr. Board, Deptt of 2018 to Beekeeping Scientist, Agriculture, March 2019 Development CSKHPKV, Bee Cooperation & Centre (IBDC) / Research Station, Farmers Welfare, Centre of Nagrota Bagwan Ministry of Excellence (COE) Agriculture & by CSKHPKV, Finance Welfare, Palampur Govt. of India, New Delhi 4. Evaluation of Dr. Ajay K. 8.10 M/S Willowood January ECPL 505 and Sood, Principal Chemicals 2018 to WCPL 105 against Scientist Pvt.Ltd. Mumbai March 2019 tea crop pests 5. Bioefficacy and Dr.Pawan K. 3.37 M/S Bayer Crop November phytotoxicity of Sharma, Science Ltd., 2017 Sivanto Principal India, Regulatory (Flupyradifurone Scientist Science APAC2, 200 w/v SL) Bayer House, against tea Central Avenue, mosquito bug in Hiranandani tea Estate, Thane West- Maharashtra, India Deptt. of Horticulture 1. Imparting training Dr.N.D.Negi, 5.50 HP Council for March 2018 on nursery Scientist Science, Tech. & production Environment, B- technologies of 34, SDA important fruit Complex, plants to the rural Kasumpti, farmers for their Shimla

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socio-economic upliftment Dept. of Vegetable Science & Floriculture 1. On-Farm Dr.Akhilesh 2.50 The Project February Evaluation of Sharma, Prof. & Director, 2018, Start garden pea and Head HPCDP-Jica- March 1, edible pod pea ODA, Hamirpur 2018 lines with desirable (HP) pod characteristics and High Yield in Himachal Pradesh 2. Popularization of Dr.Pardeep 4.87 HP Council for March, innovative Kumar, Scientist, Science, Tech. & 2018. Start vegetable grafting (Vegetable Environment, B- April 1, technology to Science) 34, SDA 2018 uplift socio- Complex, economic status of Kasumpti, rural population Shimla 3. Capacity building Dr.Parveen 157.50 Indian Council March 2018 of Tribal farmers Sharma, Asstt. of Agricultural of Himachal Prof. (Vegetable) Research, Krishi Pradesh through Anushandhan technological Dr.Rameshwarm Bhawan-II, Pusa, interventions in Principal New Delhi -12. protected Scientist, cultivation and Organic organic farming – Agriculture reg. Dr.Lav Bhushan, SMS (Soil Science), KVK Kukumseri Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology 1. Award of SERB Dr.Rashmi under 19.20 Science & May 2017 National Post- the Mentership Engineering to April, DFoctoral of Dr.Kamal Dev Research Board, 2020 Fellowship Sharma, (SERB), New Professor. Delhi 2. Understanding Dr.Kamal Dev 37.90 Ministry of June 2017 Genetic Control of Sharma, India, Deptt of to May cold Professor Biotechnology, 2020 acclimatization in DBT, New Delhi Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) anthers and devising strategies to minimize losses due to cold stress

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3. Identification of Ms. Annu 17.50 DST, Ministry of November the mechanisms Verma, Ph.D Science & 2017 to governing cold Scholar cum PI September stress tolerance in under the Technology, 2020 somatic and mentorship of New Delhi gametic tissues of Dr.Kamal Dev Chickpea (Cicer Sharma, arietinum L.) Professor

4. Mainstreaming Dr.R.K.Chahota, 1.56 Coordinator, January agricultural Professor GEF Funded 2018 biodiversity Project of conservation and Biodiversity utilization in International, agricultural sectors New Delhi to ensure ecosystem services and reduce vulnerability Deptt. of Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology 1. An Evaluation Dr.J.S.Guleria, 07.99 IPH Department, March 2017 Study of Medium Professor Govt. of HP, Lift Irrigation Bilaspur Project Bassi in Tehsil Sh.Naina Devi Ji, District Bilaspur (HP)

Deptt. of Organic Agriculture 1. Establishment of Dr.J.P.Saini, 300.00 Department of March 2018 Gurukul Principal Agriculture, (Jurukshetra) Scientist cum Govt. of HP, Model of “Zero Head Shimla Budget Natural Farming” at CSKHPKV, Palampur Deptt. of Seed Science & Technology

1. Preparation of Dr.J.K.Sharma, 11.00 H.P.State May 2017 People’s Head cum Biodiversity Biodiversity Coordinator, (Note:Still Board, SCST&E, Register (PBR’s) Deptt. of Seed funds not 34-SDA Sci. and received) Complex, Dr.K.C.Sharma, upto Kasumpti, Programme February, Shimla Coordinator, 2018) KVK Bajaura

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College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Deptt. of Vety. Surgery 1. Evaluation of 00.60 M/S Cirurgia De May 2017 Stainless Steel Lux (India) Pvt. Aesculap -do- Ltd. Room Castrating Forceps No.34, 4th Floor VF 308 N for large Bombay, Mutual & VF 301 N for Annexe 17, small ruminants Rustom Sidhwa Marg, Mumbai Deptt. of Vety. Medicine 1. Studies on efficacy Dr.Ajay Katoch, 2.24 M/S SBL, Pvt. January of Veterinary Assistant Ltd., SBL House, 2018 Homoepathic Professor 2, Commercial Formulation in Complex, livestock diseases Shrestha Vihar, and production Shimla Deptt. of Vety. AH Ext. & Edu. 1. Knowledge Dr.Devesh 5.80 HP Council for March 2018 Systems: Disease Thakur, Asstt. Science, Tech. & control measures Prof. Environment, B- among smallholder 34, SDA livestock Complex, production units Kasumpti, Shimla

College of Home Science Deptt. of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, COHS 1. Award of SERB Dr.(Mrs) Shalika 19.20 Science and May 2017 National Post- Rana under the Engineering to April Doctoral Mentership of Research Board, 2020 Fellowship Dr.Y.S. (SERB), New Dhaliwal, Delhi Professor & Head Research Centres / Station HAREC, Bajaura 1. Demonstration of Dr.K.C.Sharma, 3.99 The Director, Sept. 2017 Bio-fertilizer Prof. (Veg.), CSIR-IHBT, to Technology HAREC, Bajaura Palampur (HP) September Developed by (HP) 2018 (One CSIR-IHBT in year) Experimental Farms and Farmers Fields in Collaboration with CSKHPKV, HAREC, Bajaura

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2. Agricultural Dr.Brij Bala, 3.55 HP Council for March, Technology Principal Science, Tech. & 2018 Interventions for Scientist (Agri. Environment, B- upliftment of Rural Econ.) HAREC, 34, SDDA population of Bajaura (HP) Complex, cannabis affected Kasumpati, villages of district Shimla Kullu KVK, Mandi at Sundernagar 1. Survey and Dr.Pankaj Sood, 04.40 HP State June 2017 surveillance of new Principal Innovation invasive pest South Extension Council, Govt. of American tomato Specialist Himachal pinworm, Tuta (Entomology) Pradesh absoluta in tomato and Programme crop under open Coordinator, and protected KVK Mandi cultivation in Mandi district of HP (R&D project under State Innovation Award- Scheme)

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