DOCSLIB.ORG

PHC6562 Lecture1 Part1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

PHC6562 Lecture1 Part1 Slide 1: Slide 1 Welcome to the first lecture for the Microbiology For Healthcare Workers course. The lectures for this course will be numbered in sequence as presented throughout the semester. The first lecture is labeled Lecture 1. Lecture 1 will be divided into Parts 1 and 2 for convenience; this is an effort on my part to avoid long presentations. Most, but not all of the lectures in this course will be divided into 2 parts. The formal course number is PHC6562. As described in the introductory lecture, this course is divided into 2 modules. The first module comprises of lecture material that covers the basic concepts of microbiology and infectious diseases. Lectures 1 through 6 make up Module 1. The second module covers applications of Microbiology in Public Health. Module 2 is comprised of Lectures 7 through 12. As an instructor for this course, I encourage questions being asked on material that may not have been clearly presented in the lectures. Since this is a web-based course, I encourage that questions be posted on the discussion board. This will enable other students to view the questions, as well as view Instructor and TA responses to the questions. However, if there is a need to contact instructors or the TA regarding course material or other matter, please do not hesitate do send out emails to us as needed. Slide 2: Lecture 1 Overview of Microbiology In Lecture 1, I will introduce you to the discipline of Microbiology. In Part 1, I will start with a basic introduction to Microbiology, and then provide a historical perspective on how this discipline evolved. In Part 2, I will introduce you to groups of microorganisms, which are the main players in the field of Microbiology. Next, I will discuss the history of the microscope, from the historical perspective, to the description of the current modern types of microscopes that are routinely being used in diagnostic and research microbiology laboratories. I will end part 2 lecture 1 with a preview of some of the concepts that are covered in Chapters 1 and 3 of the assigned text book, Microbiology: A system's Approach. Slide 3: Microbiology The question posed on this slide is, how does one define Microbiology? “Biology” can be defined as the study of life, and “micro” represents the study of microorganisms. These are organisms that cannot be viewed by the unaided eye, and can only be seen through the microscope. There are endless scopes, disciplines and applications of microbiology, which are described in detail in Chapter 1 of the assigned text book. The various disciplines of Microbiology correspond mostly to the types of microorganism under study. For instance, virology is the study of viruses, bacteriology is the study of bacterial pathogens, mycology is the study of fungal organisms, and parasitology is the study of parasites and the diseases they cause. The applications of microbiology are boundless. For instance, in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, the tools of microbiology are being utilized in the laboratory to detect the presence of the pathogen that cause the disease. This laboratory diagnosis confirms the diagnosis for the physician or other healthcare workers requesting specific diagnostic tests to detect the presence of the suspected organism, or pathogen. Microorganisms such as the bacterium Escherichia coli, or E. coli, are also used widely in the research field and industry for the production of useful or important biological products such as vaccines and recombinant proteins. Our world is filled with microorganisms- they are everywhere in our environment and living with us in and on our bodies. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause infectious diseases. Only 3% of microorganisms can actually cause these specific infectious diseases by virtue of them being ‘infectious”. However, there is another category of microorganism termed “opportunistic pathogens”. These microorganisms normally do not make a person sick and can live harmoniously on our bodies as “commensals”. However, if the situation changes for the host, such as for hosts that become immunocompromised, or if these opportunistic pathogens find their way on persons of extreme ages, for instance (the very young or the very old), these same commensal microbes can become pathogenic and cause infectious diseases. There are also many microorganisms such as some specialized yeasts that we will discuss later in this lecture, that can be beneficial in food and beverage industries. Slide 4: Slide 4 This slide shows the relative sizes of various objects, and the detection devices used to visualize them. The power of the eye, the most basic image sensor, has its limits. Anything smaller than the width of a single human hair cannot be seen with the naked eye. When the light microscope was developed in the later 1600’s, a whole new world of tiny wonders was discovered. The basic light microscope allows us to visualize objects such as the different types of cells such as bacteria, as well many other types of cells. The invention of the microscope opened up a whole new world. From the knowledge that microorganisms exist all around us, the field of microbiology was born. The electron microscope was invented in the mid-twentieth century. This instrument made it possible to detect even smaller objects that cannot be seen using a light microscope. This includes smaller molecules and viruses. The detection power of most electron microscopes stops just short of being able to visualize incredibly small structures such as the electron orbital systems of individual atoms. Atoms are considered the smallest units of an element that have the characteristics of that element. Similarly, cells are the smallest units of an organism capable of functioning independently. In Lecture 1 this course, we will learn about the different types of biological cells and the different classification of microorganisms that exist all around us. Slide 5: Slide 5 In this slide, I am illustrating again the point I made earlier about the different types of microorganisms that are found all around us. Only 3% of all microorganisms are pathogenic, and 10% are opportunistic pathogens. Slide 6: Beneficial Microorganisms There are many microorganisms that are utilized in various industries to prepare processed food and drinks such as bread, yogurt, wine, and beer. This slide lists the different ways these microorganisms become beneficial to us the consumers. Since ancient times, societies all over the world learned different ways to harness microbes for beneficial aspects, even before they knew microorganisms even exist! Microbes in the environment participate in the cycle of life in the ecosystem, mostly as decomposers, and thus function as “recyclers”. An example is bacterial actions on decomposing materials in swampy areas, and as a result, we can detect the odor of “marsh gas” or methane in these areas. Microbes involved as scavengers are usually non-pathogenic and free-living. Microbes in the environment are also involved in the process of recycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, iron and phosphorus, resulting in the return of these elements to nature for reuse. There are many types of foods and beverages that are dependent on microorganisms for their production. The list is long and includes cheese, bread, many types of dairy products, wine, beer and many other types of drinks. Microbes have been utilized in the production of fermented foods for thousands of years. Fermentation is the process involving a series of chemical reactions, mediated by bacterial enzymes. During fermentation, sugars in the original food are broken down into acids or alcohol, and carbon dioxide. Which organism used during this process determines the taste and aroma of the product. For example, yeasts are fungi that are efficient fermenters of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This property of yeast is exploited in the production of breads and alcoholic beverages. The yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, known as “bakers yeast”, is commonly used for this purpose. Carbon dioxide produced by this yeast strain allows dough to rise, and is used to bake bread. Yogurt and other dairy products such as cheese is another example of popular food that requires microbes for production. Yogurt is fermented milk that is preserved by its acidity, and contains live bacterial cultures of predominantly Lactobacilli species, (which is mainly Lactobacillus acidophilus species). Decreased pH in yogurt causes milk to thicken and inhibit growth of pathogens. Foods supplemented with live microbes are called “probiotics”. Advocates of probiotics claim that there are many health benefits to consumption, which include partial replacement of normal flora for individuals on antibiotic therapy, reduction of blood pressure, regression of tumors as well as decreased diarrhea and gas production. Beer is brewed from barley, hops and water, and uses yeast to produce the alcohol during fermentation. Wine is fermented grape juice, that uses yeast (Saccharomyces ellipsoidues) to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast extract, which is prepared from autolysing yeasts (separated using specialized centrifuges such as shown in the middle figure at the bottom of this slide) can be purchased for home use, such as for baking. Please do not worry about memorizing the specific names of beneficial bacteria and yeasts I just mentioned here. These names will not be asked on the exam pertaining to Lecture 1. Slide 7: Slide 7 Microbes are also used as research tools. Genetics and molecular biology fields have benefited greatly from experimentations using different types of microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Biologists have capitalized on the fact that microorganisms are easy and inexpensive to grow, and reproduce rapidly. A very important bacterial species commonly utilized in the cloning of many important gene products for use in medicine and research is the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.
Recommended publications
  • C Semmelweisâ•Žs 19Th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored

    C Semmelweisâ•Žs 19Th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored

    Headwaters Volume 29 Article 3 2016 Dr. Ignác Semmelweis’s 19th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored in Vienna’s Maternity Wards: His Sympathy for Women Victims and Their Newborns Costs Professional Standing Anna Lisa Ohm College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Ohm, Anna Lisa (2016) "Dr. Ignác Semmelweis’s 19th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored in Vienna’s Maternity Wards: His Sympathy for Women Victims and Their Newborns Costs Professional Standing," Headwaters: Vol. 29, 23-35. Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters/vol29/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Headwaters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANNA LISA OHM ____________________________________ Dr. Ignác Semmelweis’s 19th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored in Vienna’s Maternity Wards: His Sympathy for Women Victims and Their Newborns Costs Professional Standing For some 19th-century women ready to give birth, even a public street was preferable to a bed in an accredited hospital delivery ward where statistics suggested a massacre of women and newborns throughout Europe and the United States. Puerperal septicemia, commonly called childbed fever, was the culprit, and nobody in the world’s medical or scientific community at the time knew how to control its epidemic proportions.
  • Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function

    Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function

    INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century.
  • Applications of Microscopy in Bacteriology

    Applications of Microscopy in Bacteriology

    Microscopy Research, 2016, 4, 1-9 Published Online January 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/mr http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/mr.2016.41001 Applications of Microscopy in Bacteriology Mini Mishra1, Pratima Chauhan2* 1Centre of Environmental Studies, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India 2Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India Received 28 September 2015; accepted 2 January 2016; published 5 January 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Bacteria are smallest primitive, simple, unicellular, prokaryotic and microscopic organisms. But these organisms cannot be studied with naked eyes because of their minute structure. Therefore in search for the information about the structure and composition of bacterial cells, cell biologist used light microscopes with a numerical aperture of 1.4 and using wavelength of 0.4 µm separa- tion. But there are still certain cellular structures that cannot be seen through naked eyes, and for them electron microscope is used. There are certain improved types of light microscope which can be incorporated to improve their resolving power. Hence microscopy is playing a crucial role in the field of bacteriology. Keywords AFM, SEM, TEM, Microscopy, Bacteriology 1. Introduction To get acquainted with the world of bacteria like small organisms, very effective and advanced technique is re- quired. The size of bacteria ranges between 0.5 - 5.0 micrometer in length; the smallest of them are members of mycoplasma which measures 0.3 micrometers [1].
  • Medical Bacteriology

    Medical Bacteriology

    LECTURE NOTES Degree and Diploma Programs For Environmental Health Students Medical Bacteriology Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem University of Gondar In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education September 2006 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2006 by Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. PREFACE Text book on Medical Bacteriology for Medical Laboratory Technology students are not available as need, so this lecture note will alleviate the acute shortage of text books and reference materials on medical bacteriology.
  • History of the Department of Microbiology 1868 – 2009

    History of the Department of Microbiology 1868 – 2009

    June 2015 HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 1868 – 2009 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 A HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 1868 – 2009 This 141 year history of the Department of Microbiology includes an article (Chapter 1), written and published in 1959 by the Department, which covers the period 1868 to 1959. I joined the Department in 1953, and my recounting of the Department’s history includes personal observations as well as anecdotes told to me by H. O. Halvorson and others. Later I realized what a unique experience it had been to join a first-class department, and I resolved to play a role in maintaining its research stature. Ralph Wolfe 2 Department of Microbiology History of the Headship: 1950 – 1959 Halvor Halvorson 1960 – 1963 Kim Atwood 1963 – 1972 Leon Campbell 1972 – 1982 Ralph DeMoss 1982 – 1987 Samuel Kaplan 1987 – 1990 Jordan Konisky 1990 – 1991 Ralph Wolfe (Acting Head) 1991 – 1997 Charles Miller 1997 – 2002 John Cronan 2003 – 2004 Jeffrey Gardner (Acting Head) 2005 – Present John Cronan 3 Organization of the History of the Department In Chapters 2 to 6 the data are divided into Academic Decades, each containing the following sections: Section I, an overview of the decade; Section II, some events for each year of the decade; Section III, a summary of the research interests, honors received, publications, and invited off-campus lectures or seminars for each faculty member. These data have been obtained from the annual reports of the faculty submitted to the departmental secretary. 4 CHAPTER 1 1868 – 1959 During this time period the name of the Department was Department of Bacteriology (Anecdotes by Ralph Wolfe) A SHORT HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BACTERIOLOGY H.
  • Objectives the Basics of Clinical Bacteriology the Basics of Clinical

    Objectives the Basics of Clinical Bacteriology the Basics of Clinical

    Biosafety Risk Assessment Objectives Understand the most common tests used by the clinical bacteriology laboratory for identification and susceptibility testing of clinical isolates. Understand the classes of antimicrobial agents and their potential uses. Describe mechanisms for development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, including carbapenem resistance. Describe the laboratory tests used to detect carbapenem resistance and the challenges involved in the interpretation of the laboratory data. Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Network Describe the role of biosafety in protecting the healthcare provider. (ARLN) Explain the relationship between hazard, risk, and risk assessment. Clinical Microbiology and Biosafety Understand the Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network initiative. The Basics of Clinical Bacteriology The Basics of Clinical Bacteriology Bacteria are classified by various characteristics which allow them to be identified by 2. Types of culture media exhibiting 3. Colony shape and size: the laboratory: growth: 1. Gram stain appearance and shape: Gram Positive Cocci in chains (purple) Gram Positive Diplococci (purple) Gram Negative Diplococci (red/pink) Nutrient Agar BAP BAP BAP Selective and Differential Agar Gram Negative Rods(red/pink) Gram Positive Cocci in Clusters (purple) Gram Positive Rods (purple) MacConkey Agar MacConkey Agar XLD Agar 1 Biosafety Risk Assessment The Basics of Clinical Bacteriology The Basics of Clinical Bacteriology 4. Atmospheric requirements for bacterial growth: 5. Organism Identification: Spot tests – rapid biochemical tests which can be used to rule in/out various groups of organisms Catalase: Ability to breakdown H2O2 Oxidase: Presence of cytochrome oxidase CO2 – Neisseria spp., Haemophilus spp., Streptococcus pneumonia 2 Microaerophilic ( reduced O ) – Campylobacter spp. (+) Staphylococcus spp. (=) Streptococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. E. coli (Enterobacteriaceae) Anaerobic (lack of O2) – Clostridium difficile The Basics of Clinical Bacteriology The Basics of Clinical Bacteriology 5.
  • Bacteriology

    Bacteriology

    SECTION 1 High Yield Microbiology 1 Bacteriology MORGAN A. PENCE Definitions Obligate/strict anaerobe: an organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis). Spirochete Aerobe: an organism that lives and grows in the presence : spiral-shaped bacterium; neither gram-positive of oxygen. nor gram-negative. Aerotolerant anaerobe: an organism that shows signifi- cantly better growth in the absence of oxygen but may Gram Stain show limited growth in the presence of oxygen (e.g., • Principal stain used in bacteriology. Clostridium tertium, many Actinomyces spp.). • Distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative Anaerobe : an organism that can live in the absence of oxy- bacteria. gen. Bacillus/bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (e.g., gram-negative Method bacilli); not to be confused with the genus Bacillus. • A portion of a specimen or bacterial growth is applied to Coccus/cocci: spherical/round bacteria. a slide and dried. Coryneform: “club-shaped” or resembling Chinese letters; • Specimen is fixed to slide by methanol (preferred) or heat description of a Gram stain morphology consistent with (can distort morphology). Corynebacterium and related genera. • Crystal violet is added to the slide. Diphtheroid: clinical microbiology-speak for coryneform • Iodine is added and forms a complex with crystal violet gram-positive rods (Corynebacterium and related genera). that binds to the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-posi- Gram-negative: bacteria that do not retain the purple color tive cell walls. of the crystal violet in the Gram stain due to the presence • Acetone-alcohol solution is added, which washes away of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall; gram-negative bacteria the crystal violet–iodine complexes in gram-negative appear pink due to the safranin counter stain.
  • Ignaz Semmelweis: a Victim of Harassment?

    Ignaz Semmelweis: a Victim of Harassment?

    main topic Wien Med Wochenschr https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-020-00738-1 Ignaz Semmelweis: a victim of harassment? Sonja Schreiner Received: 4 November 2019 / Accepted: 10 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Summary Ignaz Semmelweis’ (1818–1865) discovery 1865, his relatives (including his wife) and friends of the endemic causes of febris puerperalis is a strik- took him from Budapest to Vienna. He thought he ing example of the role of pathology in medicine. was going to spend some time relaxing, but in fact Transdisciplinarity encounters Semmelweis’ biogra- was led into a newly built asylum for the mentally ill, phy, which is neither linear nor totally focused on the Niederösterreichische Landesirrenanstalt.When medicine. He completed the philosophicum (artis- he realized what was happening, he tried to escape. terium), studying the septem artes liberales (1835–1837) Badly abused, he died from sepsis caused by open in Pest, comprising humanities and natural science. wounds and a dirty straightjacket 2 weeks later. This After moving to Vienna, he began to study law, but article will show Semmelweis to be a multilingual turned to medicine as early as 1838. In 1844, he grad- author of scientific literature and (open) letters; it will uated with a botanical doctoral thesis composed in present him as a researcher who became a victim of Neo-Latin, showing linguistic and stylistic talent and harassment and what is referred to as the “Semmel- a broad knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics. The weis reflex” (“Semmelweis effect”); and it will focus style and topoi demonstrate the interchangeability of on his afterlife in (children’s) literature, drama, and what he learnt during his propaedeuticum.Nowa- film.
  • Ignaz Semmelweis and the Birth of Infection Control M Best, D Neuhauser

    Ignaz Semmelweis and the Birth of Infection Control M Best, D Neuhauser

    233 Qual Saf Health Care: first published as 10.1136/qshc.2004.010918 on 2 June 2004. Downloaded from HEROES AND MARTYRS OF QUALITY AND SAFETY Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control M Best, D Neuhauser ............................................................................................................................... Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:233–234. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2004.010918 orldwide, sepsis is the cause of death in about 1400 people each day.1 Many of these people develop Wsepsis from infections acquired as patients while in a hospital. Infections acquired in the hospital are called nosocomial infections. They are the most common complica- tions of hospitalized patients, with 5–10% of patients in acute care hospitals acquiring at least one infection. Nosocomial infections occur in 2 million patients per year in the United States, causing 90 000 deaths and resulting in $4.5–5.7 bil- lion in additional patient care costs.2 INFECTION CONTROL Influenza virus, Legionnaires’ disease, bacterial meningitis, measles, West Nile virus, tularemia, hepatitis A, rotavirus, Norwalk virus, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas, super- resistant Klebsiella, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus are just a few of the infectious organisms and diseases that may be contracted while in hospital. Infection control is essential to limit the spread of these diseases. Cross-infection of patients by the contaminated hands of healthcare workers is a major method of spreading infectious agents. Hand hygiene is noted to be the single most important factor for infection control. Even today, hand washing is performed only one Figure 1 Postage stamp of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, 1818–1865. third to one half as often as it should be.3 Issued in Austria in 1965 on the 100th anniversary of his death.
  • The Development of the Germ Theory of Disease and the Impact That Discovery Has Had on Human Health Human Population Growth Over the Millennia

    The Development of the Germ Theory of Disease and the Impact That Discovery Has Had on Human Health Human Population Growth Over the Millennia

    Determinants of the Quality of Human Life Humans have always been interested in infectious diseases even before they knew their cause. In this course we will examine the development of the Germ Theory of Disease and the impact that discovery has had on human health Human population growth over the millennia Causes of Death, 1900-1984 1900 1984 Increasing life expectancy Decreasing pediatric death-rate Again, more data comparing 1900 with 2000 “The Triumph of Death”; Depictions of plague or ‘The Black Death’ from the mid-sixteenth century. Girolamo Fracastoro • Fracastoro, a careful observer of disease transmission – obvious that some diseases were the same regardless of patient – specific diseases passed person to person had same symptoms • “On Contagion”, 1546 – mentions “seminaria” or seeds of disease. – before microbial world • Three general patterns: – Direct contact only – Fomes (fomites) – At a distance Fracastoro’s “Incurable Wound” on rabies, humans not the only ones, but they always die Anton van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope (1632-1723) Recipe for making mice J.B. van Helmont ∼ 1620 AD “If a dirty undergarment is squeezed into the mouth of a vessel containing wheat, within a few days (say 21) a ferment drained from the garments and transformed by the smell of the grain, encrusts the wheat itself with its own skin and turns it into mice. And what is more remarkable, the mice from the grain and undergarments are neither weanlings or sucklings nor premature but they jump out fully formed.” p • Sugar metabolism: Fermentation – with O2 = CO2 + water = – W/O O2 organic acids or alcohol – was considered a chemical process due to unstable molecules – The “ferment” – Schwann, yeast = Etoh – L.
  • Discovery of Bacteria by Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek D

    Discovery of Bacteria by Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek D

    MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Mar. 1982, p. 121-126 Vol. 47, No. 1 0146-0749/82/010121-06$02.000/ Copyright 0 1983, American Society for Microbiology The Roles of the Sense of Taste and Clean Teeth in the Discovery of Bacteria by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek D. BARDELL Department ofBiology, Kean College ofNew Jersey, Union, New Jersey 07083 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 121 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SENSE OF TASTE AND THE DISCOVERY OF BACTERIA. 122 vAN LEEUWENHOEK'S PRIDE IN HIS CLEAN TEETH AND THE DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE FOR THE DISCOVERY OF BACTERA .................................... 124 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................. 125 LITERATURE CiTED ............... ............................................... 126 INTRODUCTION approach, van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria in the course of the study. The discovery of protozoa, unicellular algae, It is true that van Leeuwenhoek's numerous unicellular fungi, and bacteria by Antoni van microscopic observations covered a broad spec- Leeuwenhoek is well recorded in standard trum of subjects, but they were not made with- books on the history of microbiology (1, 4), the out definite aim. If one reads the letters van history of biology (5, 6), and the history of Leeuwenhoek sent to the Royal Society in Lon- medicine (3). The discovery of such a variety of don, and the extant letters the Royal Society and microorganisms is the reason for books devoted individual persons sent to him, one can see that entirely to van Leeuwenhoek (2). Furthermore, he pursued investigations which he originated many microbiology and biology books, for what- because the subject interested him and also that ever purpose they were written, introductory studies were made in response to requests by textbooks or otherwise, give some attention to others to investigate a specified subject with the the discoveries.
  • Infection Control Through the Ages

    Infection Control Through the Ages

    American Journal of Infection Control 40 (2012) 35-42 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Infection Control journal homepage: www.ajicjournal.org Major article Infection control through the ages Philip W. Smith MD a,*, Kristin Watkins MBA b, Angela Hewlett MD a a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE b Center for Preparedness Education, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE Key Words: To appreciate the current advances in the field of health care epidemiology, it is important to understand History the history of hospital infection control. Available historical sources were reviewed for 4 different Hospitals historical time periods: medieval, early modern, progressive, and posteWorld War II. Hospital settings Nosocomial for the time periods are described, with particular emphasis on the conditions related to hospital infections. Copyright Ó 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Approximately 1.7 million health careeassociated infections One of the few public health measures was the collection of (HAIs) occur in the United States each year.1 Hospital infection bodies of plague victims. The bodies were left in the street to be control programs are nearly universal in developed nations and have picked up by carts and placed in mass graves outside of town.3,4 significantly lowered the risk of acquiring a HAI since their inception Other infection control measures included hanging people who in the mid 20th century. As we debate the preventability of HAIs, as wandered in from an epidemic region into an uninfected area, well as the ethical and logistic aspects of patient safety, it is impor- shutting up plague victims in their homes, and burning clothing tant to recall the historical context of hospital infection control.