Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
An Assessment on Spelling Rules and Punctuation Marks of Latin based Anywaa Orthography
Okello Ojhu Ogud Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
Abstract: Anywaa, which is locally called dha 1. INTRODUCTION Anywaa, is a Western Nilotic language, is natively spoken by the Anywaae in Gambella, Ethiopia and The Anywaa are Lwoo Nilotic people who live both South Sudan. Many years ago, the language was not in Ethiopia and South Sudan along Sobat (Baro), used for schooling, but since 1995, Anywaa has been Gilo, Akobo, Alworo and Oboth rivers. This must be used as a medium of instruction in Gambella, the reason for which many researchers sometimes Ethiopia, by using Latin based alphabet modified in describe the Anywaa as riverine people. The tribal 1994. However, there was no study conducted to name Anywaa was derived from the root nywaak describe and design spelling rules and punctuation ‘sharing’. The people therefore named themselves marks of the current Latin based Anywaa Anywaa (Pl. Anywaae) to mean a sharing tribe. In orthography. Thus, it became worth conducting study fact, as their real life reveals, sharing food, clothing, to capture the spelling rules and punctuation marks shelter, acting communally and fighting against an of Anywaa. Because designing spelling rules and enemy are part of the Anywaa custom. The Anywaa punctuation marks cannot be captured numerically, refer to a person who is not their tribe as jur (Pl the present study used qualitative method applied juurë). through elicitation and document analysis. The Genealogically, the Anywaa are closely related to documents analyzed evidenced that the alphabet of Shilluk, Acholi, Pӓri, Jur, and Luo. Most of the the current Latin based Anywaa orthography is Anywaa believe that the Pӓri, who live near Lafon composed of 29 letters out of which 19 are Hill, in South Sudan nowadays, were the Anywaa consonants and 10 are vowels, which are further who migrated there. The Anywaa had their ancestor classified into breathy and plain. A breathy vowel has Gilo and the shilluk had their ancestor Nyikaanga; 2 dots above it and it is read with voice like sighing the two people were brothers (Perner, 1994). but its plain counterpart does not have dots above it. According to Perner (1994) and Evans-Pritchard In Anywaa orthography, gemination and lengthening (1940) the original homeland of Anywaa was are distinctive and both are marked by doubling the Rumbeck in the center of the present day South same form of letter. The spelling rules of Anywaa Sudan. And the Anywaa call this homeland Tingdir. require the merging and separation of roots The livelihood of the Anywaa is cultivation which depending up on the meaning. The present study mainly takes place along the rivers and the crops designed full stop, question mark, exclamation mark, cultivated mostly consist of abӓy (maize) and beel comma, colon, semi-colon, quotation marks, ellipsis, (sorghum). With maize or sorghum, the Anywaa hyphen and parentheses as the appropriate prepare their common food kwön 'porridge'. punctuation marks for the current Latin based Although the degree of cattle rearing has declined Anywaa orthography. The spelling rules designing when compared to that of the early time, the Anywaa revealed that there are words with more than one still rear cattle, goat, sheep and chicken. Gold spelling rules. Therefore, because the study was not mining, which mostly takes place in Dima, comprehensive, further study or discussion is needed particularly in Dambala and the small scale business to standardize the orthography. activities are also used to support the life of the Keywords: Anywaa, orthography, spelling, Anywaa. punctuation marks, capitalization In earlier times the Anywaa were genealogically tied by their clans and this prevented marriage among members of similar clan ancestor. While naming the clan, first the jø 'people of' is mentioned; next wӓӓt
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
'sons of' follows and finally the name of the founder However, prior to the coming of Christianity to the of the clan follows. Based on Evans-Pritchard (1940), Anywaa land, the Anywaa did believe in the supreme the followings are the major clans of Anywaa. sky God, which they call Jwøk Nyingøla Bwöö. This Jø Wӓӓt Cwӓӓa: This clan descended from Cwӓӓy, is the God of favorable things as opposed to jwøk who is believed by the Anywaa as their ancestor, the nyoodungngö, which kills or harms people. Dung first chief and the first man created on the earth. The means kill severally and frequently in English. The honorific title of the clan is Waracwӓӓy/ Acwӓӓy. Anywaa also have local gods like Googø, Nyigwøø, Jø Wӓӓt Naadhi: The ancestor of the clan was found Atuk, Okïdï, Bey and others, which are worshiped by in the calabash together with a lizard which the one person or a group. Anywaa call digwii wӓӓt Naadhi ˈthe Naadhi lizardˈ. The traditional administrative system of Naath was the ancestor of Nuer; that is why many Anywaa consists of two leadership types: Anywaa people believe that the Anywaa whose the chiefdom call kwӓr and the nobility ancestor was Naath descended from Nuer. The clan call nyec. The headmanship is led by has the honorific title Waranaath/ Anaath. In fact kwӓӓrö (Pl. kwӓӓrï) 'chief' and the the earlier name of Nuer was Naath, which literally nobility is led by nyeyya 'king' (Pl. means the real people and today the Nuer are still nyeyye). The first leader of the Anywaa proud of this name and they express their pride as was the chief called cwӓӓy being the Kon nei ti Naath “We are the exact/the real people.ˮ ancestor of the Anywaa. The ancestor of Jø wӓӓt Mӓӓrö: The clan descended from Mӓӓrö, the king is believed to have originated Cwӓӓy’s sister. Their honorific title is Waracwӓӓy/ from the river. Unlike chief, a king Acwӓӓy. cannot be removed from his throne. Jø wӓӓt Jӓӓngö: Descended from Jӓӓng, which is the Today the administrations of both king earlier name of the current tribal name Dinka. The and headman are still in function among clan has the honorific title Warajӓӓng/ Ajӓӓng. the Anywaa, but the administration of Jø wӓӓt Maalø: This clan originated from maal king is still in practice among fewer 'sky'. To reach down the earth, they climbed down villages like those of Jor, Adongo, from their ancestral palm tree locally called tuun Obwodi, Okwaa and Omiila (Okello et kwarø. al, 2015). It seems that nowadays the recognition of clan among According to Reh (1996) Anywaa, which is locally the Anywaa is not very strong because members of called dha Anywaa, is a Western Nilotic language similar clan ancestor can marry each other. In fact, belonging within East Sudanic under Nilo-Saharan marriage among the Anywaa is endogamy. Super-family. Within Lwoo branch, Anywaa belongs Around 70 years back, Christianity was introduced to Northern Lwoo together with Shilluk, Pӓri, Thuri into the Anywaa land by the American Church and others. Based on Anderson (2017), the detailed Missionaries and this resulted in the conversion of genetic position of the language can be given as many Anywaa into Protestants preaching in the follows: churches of Anglican, Evangelical, Assemblies of God and United churches today.
Western Nilotic
Dinka-Nuer Lwoo Burun
Dinka Northern Southern Northern Southern Atuot Shilluk Acholi Mayak Mabaan Nuer Anywaa Chopi Kurmuk Ulu Pӓrï Dholuo Surkum Jumjum Luwo Adhola Thuri Alur Labwor Kumam Lango Figure 1:The Genetic position of Anywaa
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Lusted (1976) classifies Anywaa dialects into four Anywaa orthography, prescriptive and descriptive regional dialects: Openo, Lul, Chiro and Adongo, grammars of Anywaa so that the language will be which are also true of the present study. Members standardized through further studies or conventions. from the different dialect regions have mutual Furthermore, researchers and trainers can use this intelligibility except for fewer cases caused by paper as reference material. pronunciation or lexical variation. In the present study, qualitative method was applied Hirut (2005) and Okello and Mekonnen (2017), cited through elicitation and document analysis. Because in Okello (2017) mention that many years ago the data were varied in their forms or natures, they Anywaa was not used for schooling, but in 1994, the were organized in three different forms: enumeration, alphabet which was devised in Akobo, South Sudan, tabulation and texts so that arrangement and in 1940’s, was modified by Abala Omot, Ojulu provision of data became easy and appropriate. The Cham, Cham Adhom and an American Church elicited data were checked with Alfred Okuc and missionary, Marie Lusted (Nyaajaak) under the Omel Ojulu, who teach Anywaa in Gambella sponsorship of the Educational Bureau of the Region. Teachers’ Education and Health Science College, and Since 1995, Anywaa has been used for medium of Abala Omot, who taught Anywaa in different grade instruction in Gambella, Ethiopia. Although the levels and is currently Anywaa textbooks writer. activities which were started so far reveal evidences In this study, the alphabet used is the Anywaa of success and favorable beginning, the researcher’s Alphabet, which is based on Latin and it is currently teaching experience reveals that nowadays there are used for schooling. The translation used mostly still problems which decline the teaching-learning consists of free translation. The use of Anywaa process through Anywaa. These problems are lack of alphabet makes reading and other pedagogical qualified teachers, lack of reference materials, lack of activities easy for the native users. descriptive research or pedagogical research, lack of institutional assistance and the attitude of the natives themselves. 2. The Anywaa Alphabet (Göörë mo dha Bailey and Denstaed (2005 state that correct spelling Anywaa) rules and punctuation marks help to express ideas Based on the analysis of different documents, it was clearly and keep the relationship of ideas clearly. found out that the Anywaa alphabet has 29 letters out Languages like English have clear punctuation marks of which 19 letters are consonants and 10 are vowels. and spelling rules, which make their readers read fast The number of letters in Anywaa orthography and understand the message clearly. However, since corresponds to its phonemes. For the detail segmental the use of Anywaa as the language of teaching in phonology of Anywaa, see Reh (1996) and Okello Gambella, Ethiopia, no study analyzed or described (2014). Based on voice quality, the vowels are further the spelling rules or punctuation marks of Anywaa. classified into plain and 1breathy, with each category Most of the pedagogical Anywaa books written in containing 5 vowels. Like that of English the Gambella Educational Bureau do not have alphabetical order of Anywaa consists of both capital punctuation marks. In Poul (2005), for example, there letters (göörë moa døøngngø) and small letters ( are very few punctuation marks but their use is not göörë moa therø). The following letters were taken well analyzed and stated. While the researcher was from NRP- Book 1 (1998: 25) and further checked teaching basic writing skills of Anywaa, he faced with Alfred Okuch and Omel Ojulu, the college many challenges like appropriate spelling, which instructors. initiated him to conduct the present study. The present study was therefore designed to analyze, Table 1: Alphabetical order Capital Letters of describe and design appropriate punctuation marks Anywaa and spelling rules for Anywaa. Due to time, energy and financial constraints, the present study was confined to the description and analysis of punctuation marks and spelling rules of Anywaa. Thus units like word categories, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and essay were not 1 dealt with in detail or directly. In Anywaa, breathy vowel is called göörö mano As far as the study is concerned, it will be used by the cwøl ni cwaak ojabø and plain vowel is called göörö native teachers for teaching-learning process. Also mano cwøl ni cwaak odeyyø. The consonants are, in the present study opens rooms for discussions on Anywaa, called göörë moo cung dwølli regi and the vowels are called göörë moo cïp dwøl.
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
In this section the principles of Anywaa are discussed A Ä B C D DH E Ë G I so that each major part is touched point by point. Graphotactics Ï J K L M N NG2 NH NY O All root initial consonants can be labialized Ö Ø P R T TH U W Y and a labialized consonant consists of pure consonant + w Table 2: Alphabetical order of Small Letters of Examples: lw as in lwangngø ˈflyˈ, gw as in Anywaa gwök ˈdogˈ, dw as in dwøl ˈwordˈ, etc dh e ë g i ï j k l m n ng a ӓ b c d When writing a word in block letters, every nh ny o ö ø p r t th u w y grapheme including all symbols of digraphs Source of Tables 1&2: NRP- Book 1 (1998:25) are capitalized. Examples: THAAL' cooking', NGEEW As it can be seen from Tables 1 and 2, Anywaa has 5 'buy', DHAK 'femaleness', etc digraphs Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 290 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in When spelling a word with more confused with clauses/ phrases like ni nӓk ˈwhen he/ morphemes with no pause or juncture, all she killed….ˈ, kaa mar' first born ofˈ and doo naa morphemes of the word are merged. ˈhis/ her teeth should be removedˈ Consider the following examples, which Although breathy vowels and plain vowels were adapted from Reh (1996). impose their breathiness or plainness on (4a) apieththangöörï ˈhummingbirdˈ personal pronoun suffixes or any other (b ) adipøødha ˈslipperyˈ complementary phonological condition (c) adhegööt ˈelephant snoutˈ caused by consonant, these pronouns should (d) atuungciel ˈrhinocerosˈ not be spelled based on the voice, because (e) adïlïga ˈbatˈ this makes reference difficult during reading (f) amӓӓththangøøm ˈlip beadˈ and meaning will not be clear (g) pereleth' important' morphologically. Therefore, the underlying The following words contain ng but the it is forms of personal pronoun suffixes should not heard loudly during reading; yet its be used for spelling. Below, see the presence can be understood from the examples adapted from The Bible in Anyuak modified form of the word. (2013). (5a) løøngø ˈbig testicleˈ (løøng ˈbig testicle ofˈ) (10a) dëërëˈ his, her, its bodyˈ (wrong) (b) køøngø ˈbeerˈ(køøng ˈbeer ofˈ) (b) dëëre ˈhis, her its bodyˈ (right) (c ) møøngø ˈflourˈ (møng ˈdifficulty of speech while Here, e is the reduced form of eni, so it is not ë eating floury foodˈ) (11a) mari ˈyoursˈ (wrong) (d) lööngöˈ singer, composerˈ (lööngˈ singer, (b) marï ˈyoursˈ (right) composer ofˈ Here, ï is the reduced form of yïïnï ˈsingular youˈ. Its (e) ngaanga ˈdurra bundleˈ (ngaang ˈbundle ofˈ) grammaticalization process is yïïnï > yï > ï. The (f) tøøngø ˈeggˈ (tøng ˈegg ofˈ) symbol > means changes or grammaticalizes to. The examples from (10)-(11b) reminds us of using Most of the honorific titles (paae) roots and bangeˈ to, it, him, herˈ (not baange) and bӓngø ˈzero kin terms are merged as the following ˈbut not (bӓngngö). In both of these words the basic examples reveal. roots are bӓng 'zero'and bang' to' (6a ) Waracwӓӓy ˈhonorific title for jø wӓӓt cwӓӓa Reduplicated adjectives or adverbs are not clanˈ merged during spelling because they have (b) nyiwuuö' half- sister' distributive and emphatic references as the (7) Anaath/ waranaath ˈhonorific title for jø wӓӓt following elicited construction examples Naadhi clanˈ illustrate. (8) Nyinagtbeer ˈmadamˈ Onagtbeer ˈSir, Misterˈ (c) Jey mo reyyø reyyø ˈbad peopleˈ (Literally, bad However Akwӓnyï Tøøngø, which is a reference or bad people) salutation of jø wӓӓt Tøng clan, is not spelled as (d) Gena thøw na aciel aciel ˈThey died one by akwӓnyïtøøngø, because it has double reference for one.ˈ(aciel ˈoneˈ) emphasis. (e ) mӓӓn mo cëëgö cëëgö ˈshort girlsˈ (Literally, Compound conjunctions with pauses among short short girls; cëëgö = 'short for many things or their constituents are not merged, because pluralˈ) each word contributes to the clarification of When spelling compound words or linking ideas or expressing meaning. The compound nouns whose roots bring juncture followings data were adapted from Poul during reading, the roots should not be (2005). merged as the following examples illustrate. 3 (9a) kiper manøgø nø ˈtherefore, because of this, (12) cӓng Jwøk ˈSundayˈ (13) jø wӓӓt Maalø due to thisˈ (e) këël ninӓk 'though, although' ˈAnywaa clan who originated from sky (maal ˈskyˈ) (b) køøre nø ˈafter thatˈ ( 14 ) cӓng nïnë ariew ˈTuesdayˈ (15a) øt jaath ˈclinic, (f) këël doo 'even if' hospitalˈ (c)kiper neeˈ 'in order toˈ (15b) wo C aam ˈCha m ’s sonˈ (15c) wa Ariet (g) kar kanyøgø nø 'at this time' ˈAriet’s sonˈ (15d) nyi Caam ˈCham’s daughterˈ (d) kar kaaca nø ˈduring that timeˈ However, there are exceptions like ninӓkˈ ifˈ doonaa ˈif, imaginary and impossibleˈ, kaamar ˈlikeˈ and 3 Jwøk ˈGodˈ should be distinguished from jwøk kaateeng ˈsuch asˈ. These conjunctions should not be ˈgodˈ for both spelling and meaning. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 291 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in (15e) nya Ariet ˈAriet’s daughterˈ (15f) nyo Ojulu single entity or concept. See the following ˈOjulu’s daughterˈ onomatopoetic compounds in Table3. Onomatopoetic compound nouns are spelled by merging the sound roots as they express Table 3: Illustrating Onomatopoetic Compound Nouns Compound Noun Gloss Source/Origin of Compound Noun awïrwïr helicopter The sound wïrwïr… produced by rotor during flight lwiylwiy a kind of bird The sound lwiylwiy.. produced by the bird tuuytuuy a kind of floating plant The sound tuuytuuy… produced when this plant is stepped on atӓttӓt motorcycle The sound tӓttӓt… produced by motor cycle ataaytayyi sandals The sound taaytaay… produced when walking with these shoes kwïïlkwïïl a kind of bird The sound kwïïlkwïïl produced by the bird Source: Okello and Mekonnen (2017) In Anywaa orthography, there exists an Words which have overlapping use of Table 4: Illustrating Phonemicity in Anywaa orthography through merging and Spacing Roots Merged Roots Gloss Spaced Roots Gloss kanymør maybe, perhaps kany mør another place gïnmør something (unusual) gïn mør another thing gïrpiny thing gïr piny washing material mannø each man nø this one (emphatic) Source: Adapted from Othiiri (1997) Other cases similar to those of Table 4 are dicamø 'edible' versus di camø 'will, should, be eaten.' There are also words with challenging underlying words suggest the spelling spellings, because the speech reveals that the without geminating the root consonants root consonants are geminated but the which is also true of the present Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 292 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in investigation. Academic books like Abala personal pronoun is capitalized only when it is the (2013) and Poul (2005) have such first word of a sentence. variations, but do not provide reasons for the (23a) Naama Kwaar ajootwa (Naama kwaar 'Red variations. For example, bëëtöˈ life, Sea', naama kwaar' river with red water, river which condition ˈ(but not bëëttö) is a better is red') spelling because with this form (bëëtö), the 'We saw the Red Sea.' modified form bëët ˈlife of, condition ofˈ as Here Naama kwaar 'Red Sea' should not be confused in bëët mëër ˈpeace lifeˈ, can be derived. with naama kwaar 'the river whose water is red'. In Similarly, øtø ˈhouseˈ is a better spelling fact, Naama Kwaar 'Red Sea' is the reduced form of than øttø because with the former form, it is naam mana kwaar, in which the relativizer mana easier to make modification for 'which ' has been morphologically reduced to {a} compounding like ˈøt ˈ house ofˈ as in øt 'which' and attached to naam 'river'. göör ˈschoolˈ, which literally means writing (23b) Gwelø mar Amïrka cwøl ni Döölӓr. house. Further challenging cases also are to 'The Americn currency is called Dollar.' be faced with the forms like cöka or cökka (24) A tëëdö ennø; kwaane a lïïmmö ki jø tӓwë. ˈmy siblingˈ, cöki or cökki ˈhis, her siblingˈ, 'I am now cooking; later I will visit the patients.' etc, in which the former spellings seem to Ojulu ena ngat Apïrïka 'Ojulu is an African' be appropriate for the principle of economy (25) Bӓӓt Giilø yie da Anywaae mo thööth. and underlying morphology or basic 'Many Anywaa live along the Gilo River.' combination. The researcher’s experience (418) Opëënö bee naam mana dwøng ki ya atut of teaching Anywaa in Gambella Teachers’ Gambëëla. Education & Health Science College and 'Baro/ Sobat is the largest river in Gambella Region.' listening to the readers in churches indicate (26) Adïcӓӓba ena pӓӓny mana dwøng ki Ithoopia. that whether the root consonant is geminated 'Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia.' or not while spelling a word with such cases 3.The first letter of proper disease name or tree does not violate enunciation. However, with should not be capitalized except when the disease or such variations and challenges, a better tree name is the first word of a sentence. This helps suggestion is to discuss the issue with native not to confuse peoples' names with proper disease / users and other experts so that the accepted tree names. spellings by the present investigation will be (27a) arøppa 'lumbago, pneumonia' approved by convention. (27b) ajaana 'yellow fever' ( Ajaana is a name of 4. Capitalization and Puntuation Marks person.) This section of the study is (comprehensively) 4. Proper names of ships, planes or cars should have devoted to the analysis of the capitalization and capital letters in their beginning letters. punctuation marks in Anywaa orthography. So far, no (28) Waana öö ki Böömbaarder. study or any other academic work which adequately 'We came by Bombarder plane.' described or analyzed capitalization and punctuation 5.The first letters of titles and proper names should marks in the current Latin based Anywaa be capitalized when the title is before the proper orthography. Punctuation marks in the current Latin name. based Anywaa orthography are nearly close to those (29) Nyeyya Agada ena nyeyya mo pereleth døc na of English. The conceptual discussion of bëëde. punctuations marks below is based on Grammar and 'King Agada was a very important king. ' Composistion (2000). (30) Wa manynya man cӓӓnwa ki Kwӓӓrö Okwöm. Capitalization 'We want to talk to Chief Okwom.' 1. The first letter of a sentence should be capitalized. (31) Gena røømmø ki Døktør Omӓӓn. (22) Göör pereleth. (göör 'education', pereleth 'They met Doctor Oman. ' 'important') 6.When the compound nouns are the result of Abala (2013) reduction of the preposition mar 'of', the letter of the 'Education is very important.' first name should not be capitalized except when it is 2.The first letter of proper names of villages, the first word in a sentence. Only the letter of the countries, continents, oceans, lakes, cities, seas and proper noun is capitalized. currency should be capitalized regardless of their places in a sentence, but the first letter of a reduced (32) Jey mo thööth athøw ri leny Adhiith.(leny mar adhiith = leny Adhiith 'Adhiith battle') Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 293 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 'Many people lost their lives at the battle of Adhiith4.' 'Are you a teacher?' (33) Wenykut ena nyeny Adööngö. ( neyya mar Excalmation Mark (!) = Ngïï mar Jwödö Adööngö = nyeny Adööngö 'Adongo king') An exclamation mark is used to express strong 'Wenykut is the king of Adongo.' feeling having different meanings. (34) A kӓla bӓӓt naam Alwørø. 'I came from Alworo (44) Kadø man met døc! (satisfaction) River bank. ( naam Alwørø 'Alworo River') 'This stew is very delicious! ' However, The Bible in Anyuak (2013) capitalizes the (45)Wö! A ba ci kunecë!' ( wö shows refusal) first letters of both the noun which is the head and 'Ah! I will not go there! the other one which is a complement as in Kïn The use of exclamation mark with interjections Ararat ˈMountain Ararat.ˈ The compound noun Kïn depends on the emotion of the speaker: if the emotion Ararat is the reduced form of kïdï mar ˈArarat of the speaker is not very strong, comma can be used mountain of Araratˈ ( mar ˈof, kïdï 'mountainˈ). For after the interjection. emphatic use, the spelling of such compound also acceptable though. Comma ( , ) = Ngïï mar Jwöm 7. When denoting nationality, only the first letter of Comma is used to country, village or continent should be capitalized. (a) separate vocatives from the independent clause (35) Ariet ena nyi- jø- Abwöbö. (46) Nya, ööï. (öö 'come', ï '2SG') 'Ariet is a native of Abwobo.' 'You (FEM), come.' (FEM = feminine) (36a) Ojulu ko Ocala gena jø- Ithoopia. (47) Omøt, aaï ennø. 'Ojulu and Ochala are Ethiopians.' 'Omot, go away now.' (b) Ocala ena nyïï Keenynya. (48) Jaay, øøna reengø! ˈOchala is a Kenyan.ˈ 'Boys, Let us run away!' (37) Nyaajaak ena nyi jø Amïrka. (Lit. Nyaajaak is a (b) separate series of items listed daughter of the Americans.) (49a) Arëën, gwök, ateea ki gӓӓngngö gena lӓӓy 'Nyaajaak is an American.' paac. 8. The first word of direct quotation should be 'A Donkey, dog, goat and camel are domestic capitalized. animals.' (38) Nyeyya aköö ni, “ Leny këël.” (49b) Omøt, Ojulu, Caam gena twöc. 'The king said, “Let the war be fought.' 'Omot, Ojulu, Caam were imprisoned.' Punctuation marks (Ngïïcë mo Ciik Göör) (49c) Omøt ko Ojulu ki Caam ka Abwöla gena jø wï- Full Stop (.)= Nywenynyø maac. Uses 'Omot and Ojulu and Caam and Abwola share the We use full stop or period same fireplace.' (a) at the end of sentences In (49a), there is only one coordinating conjunction (39) Ariet aöö yaawӓӓrë. ki 'and'; in (49b) there is no coordinator but the items 'Ariet came yesterday.' are still conjoined by comma and in (49c), there is no (b) in abbreviations comma but the places of comma have been taken by (40) Akwöm Jø Atut Gambëëla = A. J. A. G the coordinators ko, ka and ki 'and'. The type of 'Gambella Peoples' National Regional State= G. P.N. conjoining in example (49a) is called syndetic R. S ' coordination and that in the example (49b) is is (41) Kwӓӓn Ithoopia = K. I called asyndetic coordination; the type of 'Ethiopian Calendar = 'E.C' coordination in the third example (49c) is called Question Mark (?) = Ngïï mar Pïëc polysyndetic coordination, which is used for Question mark is used at the end of an interrogative continuation ( See Cosse, 2005). sentence. (c) to separete clauses before conjunctions (42) Nyengngï a nga? (50) A ba mӓdhö ki køøngø, ba Omøt mӓdhö. 'What is your name?' 'I don't drink beer, but Omot does.' (43)Yïïna dïpööy? (d) to separate if clause from the main clause when the if clause comes first as there is pause between the 4 if clause and the main clause. According to Alfred and Cham, who were born and (51) Ninӓk bӓng køth, piny tal. brought up in Adongo, “The battle of Adhiith was 'If there is no rain, the land will dry.' fought between the Anywaa and Murle circa 1988; (52) Piny tal ninӓk bӓng køth. Adhiith is a river found near Otalo in Adongo 'The land will dry if there is no rain.' Region. ˮ Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 294 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in (53) Doonaa Ariet a cïïa, a doo ngëëö jïre ko ogut Colon (:)= Nywenynye Ariew warkey. Colon is used to: 'If Ariet were my wife, I would bought her a gold (a) introduce items after an independent clause. ring.' (65) Ariet mëër ki jammi adӓk: leek, thaal ki dwøc. (e) in separating non-defining relative clause from 'Ariet likes three things: pounding, cooking and what it modifies when the speaker speaks slowly due plaiting.' to reasons like emphasis, cursing or blessing. (b) show statement introduced by bee ge ii 'the (54) Ajulu, na nӓk nyaara, anywøm. = Ajulu na nӓk following', as follows'. nyaara anywøm. (66) Jïëththë mo kwӓnynyö bee ge ii: ciï øt göör ni 'Ajulu, who is my daughter, was married.' kïththï kwӓnynyö marï bӓӓt tïïc. (55) Ajulu na nӓk nyaara anywøm. 'The ways to get knowledge are as follows: go to 'Ajulu who is my son was married.' school and make your knowledge applicable.' (e) after the conjunctions like kiper manøgø nø (c) introduce quotation that follows introductory 'therefore' independent clause. (56) Ariet tuu; kiper manøgø nø, e kӓr ci øt göör. (67) Nyeyya dwøre acaane ni tiir: “ A manynya dhӓk 'Ariet is sick; therefore, she did not go to school.' ariew ki dimuuyë apaar.” (f) to separate the exact words of the speaker from 'The king expressed his word clearly: “I need two the reporting words cattle and ten dimuuy beads strings.”' (57) Omӓӓn aköö na, “A ba cӓmö ki caak.” (e) separating titles and subtitles 'Oman said, “I don't eat milk.”' (68) Acӓӓp: Wëël Taam The direct speech in (57) can be reported as Omӓӓn 'Math: A study of calculation' aköö nee ba cӓmö ki caak. After the verb bee' is , are' the colon is not used 'Oman said that he doesn't eat milk.' because it links the subject and complement. (58) “Wec aani,” köö Ariet. (69) Jøøa twöc bee: Obala, Oløk ki Cïbïï. (obøth) ' “Leave me,” said Ariet.' 'The people who were imprisoned were: Obala, (g) before tag questions Olock and Chibii.' ( wrong) (59) Ocala ena dïpööy, paa dïpööy? (70) Jøøa twöc bee Caam Oløk ki Cïbïï. (kare, tiir) 'Ochala is a teacher, isn't he?' 'The people who were imprisoned were Cham, Olock (h) in writing dates and Chïbïï. '(right) (60) Dwӓӓy 1, 1, 2009 'September 11, 2016' = (f) In Expressing time Dwӓӓy 1/1/ 2009 (71) 2: 30 ( caae ariew ki thӓӓngö) 'half past two' Semicolon ( ; ) = Thӓӓng Nywenynye Ariew (g) to separate chapter from verse Semicolon is used to: (72) Jøøn 1: 8-9 ( Jøøn tielø aciel: tӓk luup abӓra këël (a) separate two main clauses which are related to abïngween) each other. 'John 1: 8-9 (John chapter 1: verse 8 up to 9)' (61) Wïï kӓr wïl ka aleengnga; piny da köö. (h) In Formal letter salutation 'Don't forget the sheet; it is cold.' (73) Ongatbeer: Ojulu Ocala 'Dear (Mr.): Ojulu (62) Caam ena nyilaar göör mo teek; e jïttö ki maaki Ochala' mo beyyø. Quotation Marks = Ngïï mar Dwør Ngata Cӓӓnö 'Cham is a clever student; he scores good grades.' Double quotation mark is used to quote the actual (b) to replace connective/ conjunction words of the speaker. (63)Yi cwiir man puur atïmö ni raac; kӓc dagø. (74) Ariet aköö, “ A manynya man jooda nyeyya mar 'This year the cultivation is not good; there is famine.' Anywaae.” Here the conjunction kiper manøgø nø‚ 'therefore, so' Ariet said, “ I want to see the Anywaa king.” has been replaced by semicolon. (75) “Adööngö en kaa?” köö obwörë. (c) to correct comma splice “Where is Adongo?” said the children. (64a) Acӓӓp ena wëëlö mo pereleth, bëëtö mar jey di Single quotation mark is used to: wiilø ki jïëththë ma teengngi teengi. (a) enclose titles 'Math is an important subject, it changes peoples' life (76) Wëëlö mana nӓk ogöörö ni‘ Tӓgö mar Nyec mar in many different ways.' Anywaa yiï kwaanø?̕ (b) Acӓӓp ena wëëlö mo pereleth; bëëtö mar jey di 'Have you read the book entitled ‘The Origin of wiilø ki jïëththë ma teengngi teengi. Anywaa Nobility?̕ ' 'Math is an important subject; it changes peoples' life (b) indicate foreign words in many different ways.' (77) Waana ngëëö ki ‘køømpïuter̕ Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 295 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 'We bought a computer.' marks for the current Latin based Anywaa (c) enclose quotation within quotation orthography. The alphabet of Anywaa consists of 29 (78) 'Cïdier apëëö na,“ A nga na köö ni, ‘Wa ba ci øt graphemes, in which 19 of them are consonants and göör. ?’ ” ' 10 are vowels. Consonants are divided into clustered 'The old woman asked, “Who said, ‘We will not go to and unclustered. While the clusterd consonant is school?̕”' digraph, the unclustered one is represented by only Ellipsis (... ) = Nywenynye adӓk one symbol. Vowels are further divided into breathy Ellipsis is used to express unfinished statement or and plain based on voice quality. A breathy vowel numbers. has 2 dots above it while the plain counterart does not (78a) 1, 2,3... have any diacritic above it. In Anywaa orthography, (b) Ojulu aköö ... 'Ojulu said ...' consonant gemination and vowel lenthening are (79) A mëër ki yïïnï, ba ...' I love you, but ...' distinctive and both are marked by doubling the same form of a grapheme (letter). Merging roots, separating roots and an interface between Hypen (- ) = Ngïï mar Gӓӓbö orthography, semantics, syntax, phonology, Hypen is used to: morphology and onomastics play an enormous role in (a) to join words to make a compound word but, applying spelling rules of the current Latin based such a use is mostly optional because an excess use Anywaa orthography. The present study has designed of hypen makes reading and writing boring. full stop, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis, (80) wï- po- wӓӓt- Alaam ( wï po wӓӓt Alaam) ' colon, semi-colon, quotation marks, hypen and homeland of Alam's sons' parentheses as the appropriate puntuation marks of (81) øt-göör ( øt göör) 'school' the orthography under the investigation. The analysis (b) Ranges and links of many documents indicated that for one word there (82) bøøge 34-56 'Pages 34-56' are more than one spellings; in addition, some cases (c) to cut words between syllables or morphemes of spelling require convention. These and other issues (83a) di-pööy' teacher' (b) akattajöö' shrew have not been captured dequately by the present mouse' = a-kat-ta-jöö (c) a-ngøøth-tha-geel' bird (sp)' study. Hence, further study or discussion is needed When prepositonal phrase is used as a compound to make the description of the orthography noun, it becomes obligatory to use hypen so that it comprehensive. will be transparent to distinguish the prepositional phrase from a compound noun. Read the following 6. References examples. (84) Bӓӓt- jaath angøt. ' The tree branches were cut.' (1) Abala Omot. 2013. The Student’s text of Grade 7 , jaath 'tree') Anywaa. Addis Ababa: EMPDE. ( bӓӓt 'branches (2) Anderson, Torben. 2017. External Possession of Body Here, bӓӓt-jaath 'tree branches' is used as a compound Part Noun in Jumjum (Western Nilotic): An Areal noun because the two words or roots are linked with Feature? Aalborg University. hypen and bӓӓt- jaath' tree branches' has been used as (3) ____. 1998. Anuak NRP- - Book 1 Latin Script [ Luup the subject of the passive voice. mo Kӓla yi Wëël Jwøk]. Addis Ababa: United Printers. (85) Wa ena bӓӓt jaath. 'We are on the tree.' (bӓӓt (4) Bailey, Richard and Denstaed, Linda. 2005. 'on', jaath 'tree') Destinations: An Integrated Approach to Writing Here bӓӓt jaath, 'on the tree' is clearly a Paragraphs and Essays. New York: McGraw-Hill prepositional phrase, because the words bӓӓt 'on' and Companies, Inc. jaath 'tree' are not joined with hypen and the verb ena (5) Cahil, Mickhel and Karan, Elke. 2008. Factors in Designing Effective Orthographies for unwritten 'be somewhere' collocates with locative prepositions Languages. SIL International. like bӓӓt 'on', piny 'down', etc. (6) Chomsky, Noam and Halle, Morris. 1968. The Sound Parentheses ( ) = Ngïï mar Dïët Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row. (a) used to supply references (7) Cosse, Liga. 2005. My Communicative Grammar Study (86) (Rang bøøge 32) ' ( See page 32)' Guide. University DE CARABOBO. (b) used express similar meaning (8) Crystal, David. 1997. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of nd ( 87) 2000 ( kumë ariew) ' 2000 ( two thousand)ˈ Language (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5. Summary, Conclusions and (9) Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1940. The Political System of the Recommendations Anuak of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. (vol.4). Oxford: In the present study, an attempt has been made to Oxford University Press. analyze and design spelling rules and punctuation Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 296 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in (10)____. 2000. Grammar and Composition Handbook. (19) Poul Gari. 2005. The Student’s Text of grade 7 USA: Gleno/ McGraw- Hill. Anywaa. Addis Ababa: EMPDE. (11) Hirut Woldemariam. 2005. The Orthography for (20) Reh, Mecthild. 1996. Anywa: Description and Internal Wolayta, Gamo, Gofa and Dawuro: Problems and Reconstructions (Vol. II). Cologne: Rudiger Koppe. Recommendations. In ELRIC Working Papers. Vol. I (21)______. 1965. The Anuak New Testament published No, 2 pp 186-204. as ሉኡማ ኝዓዓን ና መት ማር የቹ ክሪችቶ. Addis Ababa: The (12) Lusted, Marie. 1976. Anywa. In: The Non-Semitic Bible Society of Ethiopia. Languages of Ethiopia, M. Lionel Bender (ed), 495- (22)______. 2013. The Bible in Anyuak [Wëël 512. East Lansing, Mich/ Carbondale, III. Jwøk]. Addis Ababa: The Bible Society of Ethiopia. (13) Okello Ojhu. 2014. The Typology of Motion Events in (23) Yule, George. 2006. Advanced Oxford Practice Anywaa (Unpublished M. A Thesis). Addis Ababa Grammar with Answers. Oxford: Oxford University University. Press. (14) Okello Ojhu et al. 2015. Gambella University and the Appendices Region. Addis Ababa: Artistic Printing Press. Appendix I: Ethiopic (Amharic) scripts based (15) Okello Ojhu. 2017. Survey on Oral Anywaa Anywaa Graphemes Literature.Vol-3, Issue 7. Imperial Journal of In the following tables, the Amharic based or Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR). available at, http:/ / Ethiopic based Anywaa scripts were taken from The www.onlinejournal.in. (16) Okello Ojhu and Mekonnen Tolera. 2017. An Anuak New Testament (1965). Because Amharic Assessment of Latin Based Anywaa Orthography: uses syllabic writing or because each symbol has Pedagogical Approach (unpublished). Gambella seven different shapes, more than one consonant University. graphemes or vowels can be used to represent the (17) Othiiri Ochan. 1997. The Student’s text of Grade 1 grapheme in the current Latin based Anywaa Social Studies in Anywaa. Addis Ababa: EMPDA. orthography. This is one indicator that the Ethiopic (18) Perner, Conradin. 1994. Living on Earth in the Sky- script based Anywaa orthography is not standardized. The Anyuak: The Sphere of Spirituality. Frankfurt a.m: Helbing and Lichtenhahn. Table 1: Ethiopic scripts based Anywaa Consonant Graphemes Current Anywaa Consonant Ethiopic script based consonant Script b በ, ብ c ች, ቸ d ደ, ድ dh ዘ, ዝ g ገ, ግ j ጀ, ጅ k ከ, ክ l ለ, ል, ሉ m መ, ም, ሙ n ነ, ን nh ሐ, ሕ ng ኀ, ኃ ny ኝ, ኘ p ፐ, ፕ r ረ, ር t ተ, ት th ጥ, ጠ w ወ, ዉ y የ, ይ Table 2: Ethiopic Scripts based Anywaa Vowel Graphemes Amharic based vowel script Current vowel script equivalent ኣ a ዓ ӓ እ e Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 297 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in ዒ ë ኢ ,ዒ i እ, ዒ ï ኦ ö ኡ , ዉ u ዖ , ኦ ø ኦ , ኡ o Source of Tables 1& 2: The Anuak New Testament (1965) Appendix II: Conditional Clauses, Relative This clause states that if the condition in the if clause clauses and Voices is fulfilled, there is possibility or probability of This section of appendices deals with conditional something to occur in the main clause. The clause is clauses, relative clauses and Voices. The discussion introduced by ninӓk, nee or nii. here is made mainly for pedagogical description of (3) Nee da køth, puur tïmö ni beer. these three grammatical concepts, but it takes Yule If exist rain farming become good (2006) as a point of departure for theoretical ˈIf it rains, the cultivation becomes productive.ˈ concepts; however, the illustrations are the In this example, which is real, the conditional clause researcher’s own. is ˈNee da køth ˈif there is rainˈ and the principal (a) Conditional Clauses clause is puur tïmö ni beer 'Cultivation becomes Conditional Clauses are clauses which state the productive.ˈ Thus, the effectiveness of cultivation condition needed or to be fulfilled for the action in depends on the presence of rain as our real life the main clause to take place. Therefore, what shows. happens in the main clause depends on the (4) Ninӓk nywëënyö oleenyø, tïmö ni jööm. conditional clause. In Anywaa, conditional clauses If metal melted become soft are introduced by ninӓk, noo, nee doonaa or deenӓk. ˈIf metal is melted, it becomes soft.ˈ Consider the following examples. (5) Ariet oaay nee ge kweer. (1) Ninӓk Omøt öö, aano aay. Ariet will go if they refuse If Omot come I+will go ˈAriet will go if they refuse.ˈ ˈ If Omot comes, I will go. In (4) there is factual real conditional because there In this example, the conditional clause is Ninӓk Omøt is no future tense marker {o-}. That is why there is öö ˈif Omot comesˈ and the main clause is aano aay no translation in English as The metal will become ˈI will goˈ. So the going of the speaker depends on hot. Such a conditional clause is also called zero the coming of Omot.ˈ conditional clause ( see Yule, 2006: 184). However, (2) A doo paath doonaa aano kwӓӓnö døc. in (5) there is predictive real conditional clause, I would+ have if I+had studied very because the future tense {o-} predicts the refusal of ˈI would have passed the exam if I had studied hard.ˈ the people spoken of. In Example (2), the conditional or if clause is doonaa Imaginary Condition (Type II) aano kwӓӓnö døc ˈif I had studied hardˈ and the In Anywaa, this conditional clause, as its name principal clause is A doo paath ˈI would have passed. suggests, shows par ˈwish or imagination.ˈ Although Both examples 1&2 imply that when the sentence the tense in the conditional clause is past or present starts with condition clause, the conditional clause is perfect, it does not necessarily mean the event took separated from the main clause by using comma. The place in past or recent time. Rather, the event can use of comma is phonetically caused by the juncture take place in the past or at the moment but the or pause between the principal clause and the conditional clause implies present or past unreality as conditional clause. However, when the sentence the examples below illustrate. begins with main clause, the two clauses are not separated by comma as there is no pause between the (6) Doonaa aana wenyø, a doo mӓӓttö ennø. clauses. If I+ were bird I would fly now ˈIf I were a bird, I would fly nowˈ. Types of Conditional Clausesˈ The implication here isˈ I am not a bird, so I can’t fly In Anywaa, there are three types of conditional now, but I wish. clauses; the followings are the clauses. (7) Doonaa nyaara daa pwödö. Probable Condition (Type I) If my daughter would+I beat Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 298 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in ˈIf she were my daughter, I would beat her.ˈ (11) Jey moa rwӓӓnyö gena joot. The implication here is that she is or was not my People who got lost they find daughter, so I can’t or didn’t beat her, but I wish she ˈThe people who got lost were found.ˈ were my daughter. Although time is not clearly Here the relative clause moa rwӓӓnyö modifies the indicated in conditional type II, adverbials like kar plural noun jey ˈpeopleˈ kaaca 'that time' and ennø 'now' can specify past and (12) Ngat mo göödö cwøl ni digöödï. present times. Anywaa conditional type II is Someone who write linker writer introduced by doonaa or deenӓk. ˈSomeone who writes is called writer.ˈ (mo göödö Conditional Type III (Impossible Condition) ˈwho writesˈ modifies the pronoun ngatˈ someone.ˈ) This conditional clause expresses two things which In Anywaa, defining relative clause is marked by did not happen in the past; The impossible condition, mana, mano, moa and non-defining one is marked by which expresses past perfect, is introduced by na or na nӓk. Moo 'who, which' can mark non- doonaa, deenӓk, kaa or na and the main clause is defining relative clause using comma and vice versa. introduced by doo or di. Consider the following examples. (13) Dhӓk moa kwal gena duu paac. (8) Ojulu doo thøw doona ojoot Ajïïbë. cattle which raid they return home Ojulu would die if had+ see the Murle ˈThe cattle which were raided returned home ˈ Ojulu would have died if the Murle had seen him.ˈ (centripetal).ˈ The implication in (8) is that Ajïïbë Ojulu kӓrge (14) Dhӓk na kwal gena duu paac joodø; kiper manøgø nø, kӓr thøw ˈThe Murle did not cattle which raid they returned home see Ojulu, so they did not kill him.ˈ ˈThe cattle, which were raided, returned home (centripetal).ˈ Example (13) is defining or specific: it implies that (9) Deenӓk geno kwӓӓnö, doo beer. not all the cattle were raided and only those raided If they had read would be good returned home. But example (14) has non-defining ˈIf they had studied, it would have been good for relative clause marked by na. It implies that all the them.ˈ cattle were raided and they all returned were the The implication in (9) is that they did not study, so speaker was. they failed and this in turn implies that it is not good In spoken Anywaa, relativizers can be reduced or for them now as the result of the past failure. grammaticalized as {a} or {o}; in doing so the word (b) Relative clauses to be modified is changed or modified and these Relative clause or adjective clause modifies noun or reduced relativizers are attached to the word. The pronoun; it is introduced by man (a), mano (for followings are examples. singular head and mo (o) and moa (for plural head). (15) jur mana tar > juna tar ˈthe tribe who was whiteˈ But mo (o) can also be used for singular head. The (16) cwiir mano ööï > cwiino ööy ˈthe year which relativizer na is used for both plural and singular will comeˈ modified. The data provided from (10)-(16) gives us the (10) Dhaagø mana lwaar athøw. deduction that the typology of relative clause in woman who give birth died Anywaa falls in the category of Head-Modifier and ˈThe woman who gave birth died.ˈ it can be clearly given with an example as: Here the relative clause is mana lwaar 'who gave birth' and it modifies the noun dhaagø ˈwoman.ˈ Table 3: The Typology of Relative clause in Anywaa Head- modifier Nyilaal mo jwööngö døc cwøl na agweda Child who cry degree call as aggressive ˈThe child who usually cries is called an aggressive child.ˈ Source: Researcher’s Elicitation (C ) Voice directly does the action and in passive voice, an In Anywaa, voice expresses whether the subject action is done to subject. To change active voice to directly or actively does the action or an action is passive, make the object of the active voice the done to it. In other words, in active voice the subject subject of the passive voice and you may add the Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 299 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in definite marker {i, ï} to the moved subject of active ˈAriet has cooked porridge.ˈ voice if it ends in consonant and here the order may (b) Kwön othaal Arieti. (passive) = Kwön othaalø be Subject- Verb- Object. The attaching of definite Porridge has been cook Ariet marker is possible for both word orders. If the order ˈThe porridge has been cooked by Ariet.ˈ is Subject-object-verb, make the object of the active In such a context, ( where the verb contains breathy voice the subject of the passive voice and move the vowel in active voice), the vowel should be changed subject of the former to last part of the sentence. In to plain one. Thus, otëëdö ˈhas cookedˈ in (18a) has both word orders, the word which should be put in become othaal ˈhas been cooked' in (18b). the last part of passive voice may be deleted. See the examples below. Appendix III: Anywaa Jewelleries The Anywaa jewelleries mostly consist of tii ˈbeadsˈ (17a) Ojulu gwel akwale. (active) and oguudï ˈringsˈ; in the following naming of the Subject object Verb jewelleries (left to right), first, the bead or ring name Ojulu money stole is mentioned; next the English gloss follows. Then 'Ojulu stole the money.' the body part in which the jewellery is worn follows. (b) Gwel akwal (Ojulu) .(passive) Finally, the English gloss for the body part is given. 'The money was stolen by Ojulu.' The table below provides detail of Anywaa (18a) Ariet otëëdö ki kwön. (active) jewelleries. Subject Verb Object Table 4: Illustrating Anywaa Jewelleries Jewellery Gloss Where it is worn Gloss ogut cenø bracelet cenø hand gwet ïdhï ear ring ïth ear amӓӓththangøøm lip ring, lip bead dhøk lower lip ongweerø head bead wïc head manydhaale anklet tielø leg (above ankle) ogut lweedø finger ring lweedø finger tiin ngӓc back bead pier waist tiin jeth necklace ngut, jeth neck cӓngcaa wrist bead, bracelet cenø hand, wrist arwøde knee bead ocung knee Source: Abala Omot (60 yrs, story teller, Anywaa textbooks writer) Appendix IV: Loan Words of Anywaa word is given. Then the English gloss is follows. Anywaa borrowed many words from different Next to this, comes the original word which was languages; the following table provides data for loan borrowed (and modified) by Anywaa. Finally, the words of Anywaa. In doing so, the data have been language from which the word was borrowed is provided from left to right. In the first column, the given. word borrowed by Anywaa and nowadays being its Table 5: Illustrating Loan Words of Anywaa Anywaa Loan Word Gloss Original Word Source Language gubayyø mug kubayya Amharic caabuun soap samunna, cabuun Amharic (Arabic) peen pen pen English dïppa hundred dibba Oromifa kuruma dance type kuruma? Murle kuma thousand kuma Oromifa cïnӓӓrö cartridge belt zinar Amharic dïldïla bridge dildiy Amharic Source: Fatuma (Oromifa), Birkinesh (Amharic) & the Researcher’s Elicitation Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 300 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Appendix V: Mathematical Symbols Table 6: Illustrating Mathemtaical Symbols Symbol English Anywaa equals to dïët ki approximately equals to kare cӓӓn ki multiplication tiel decreases døø piny increases mëëttö % percent percen + addition dwal - subtraction kӓn wøk ÷ division pӓӓngngö not equals to ba dïët ki... less than or equals to thiinh wala dïët ki... greater than or equals to dwøng wala dïët ki ... < less than thiinh ki ... > greater than dwøng ki ... Source: Adapted from Crystal (1997) Appendix VI: Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers (Table 7) Anywaa Cardinal Ordinal Arabic Numeral 0 bӓnggø - 1 aciel mana dikwøng 2 ariew rietge Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 301 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 3 adӓk dӓӓge 4 angween ngweerge 5 abïïc bïïge 6 abïciel bïcierge 7 abïriew bïrietge 8 abӓra bӓyge 9 abïngween bïngweerge 10 apaar paayge Source: Researcher’s elicitation Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 302 . Having The conjunction ki 'and' is spelled based on only 5 digraphs is significant for Anywaa assimilation and to make this very clear, ki orthography because having letters with more is spelled/ realized as ka before as in ka symbols makes reading difficult by creating Ariet 'and Ariet', ko before