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A Grammar of Mapuche

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A Grammar of Mapuche Mouton Grammar Library A Grammar of Mapuche ≥ Mouton Grammar Library 41 Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Matthew Dryer Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York A Grammar of Mapuche by Ineke Smeets Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smeets, Ineke, 1950Ϫ A grammar of Mapuche / by Ineke Smeets. p. cm. Ϫ (Mouton grammar library ; 41) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-11-019558-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Mapuche language Ϫ Grammar. 2. Mapuche language Ϫ Phonology. 3. Mapuche language Ϫ Morphosyntax. I. Title. PM5463.S64 2007 4981.72Ϫdc22 2007026801 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-11-019558-3 ISSN 0933-7636 ” Copyright 2008 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany. To Luis Quinchavil Preface This book presents a description of the native language of the Mapuche (or Arau- canians) in Chile, more specifically of the Mapuche language spoken in the cen- tral Mapuche territory around the city of Temuco in the province of Cautín. This description of the Mapuche language is based on research and interviews with na- tive speakers between 1977 and 1981 in Chile and the Netherlands. The present book is a corrected, slightly revised, and enlarged version of my doctoral disserta- tion (Smeets 1989). The considerable delay of the final publication was due to health problems. Continuous requests for a copy of the dissertation and the need to make the linguistic data available ensured that cancellation of the publication never became an option. This book contains a grammar, a collection of texts and a Mapuche-English dictionary. It is divided into nine parts. The Introduction (Part I, chapters 1-3) touches upon the ethnohistory of the Mapuche people and the previous study of the Mapuche language. An outline of the grammar is presented in chapter 3. The phonology and morphophonology are discussed in Part II (chapters 4-9). Part III (chapters 10-21) deals with nominal morphology and morphosyntax. Noun phras- es and nominal sentences are treated in Part IV (chapters 22-24). The morphology and morphosyntax of the verb, which are the core of the Mapuche grammar, are described in Part V (chapters 25-31). Part VI (chapter 32) deals with particles. Part VII (chapters 33-35) contains further notes on syntax. A collection of texts is presented in Part VIII. Part IX contains a Mapuche - English dictionary. A survey of the intransitive and transitive conjugations is given in an appendix. My greatest thanks are due to Luis Quinchavil, who was my principal Ma- puche informant, and to Rafael Railaf, Mario Millapi, Jacinta Mena and Maria Huenchun for initiating me to their language. I am very grateful to my promotor Frits Kortlandt for his acute comments, which gave rise to many stimulating con- versations, and my co-promotor Willem Adelaar who helped me in more than one way with his vast knowledge of Amerindian linguistics. I am indebted to Aert Kuipers who started the project off, to Carl Ebeling for his stimulating criticism and to my brother Rieks Smeets for answering my numerous questions. Many thanks are due to Sjors van Driem who offered valuable advice on the dissertation and generously corrected some of its English. It goes without saying that all er- rors in this book are mine. I am very grateful to Andrea de Leeuw van Weenen who converted the original files, collected specific parts of the material for the dictionary and co-edited portions of the book. I wish to thank Robert Croese who viii PREFACE offered my brother Rudolf Smeets and me a safe home in what can only be de- scribed as rough times in the early eighties in Chile. I thank my brother for his companionship in Chile. I am very grateful to Arie Speksnijder who typed the en- tire first manuscript, drew the maps and offered all sorts of practical help in the first phase of the project. I want to thank Friso den Hertog, Sue Tanner-Paterson, Willem Vermeer, Jos Weitenberg, Ana Fernández Garay and James Oerlemans for specific assistance and comments. I thank Jos Pacilly (Phonetic Laboratory, Leiden University) for preparing the CD and the Benneker brothers, Hans Jr. and Bas, for the final preparation of two files. I am indebted to the Netherlands Orga- nisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for providing a salary for Luis Quincha- vil. I acknowledge the support of the Netherlands Foundation for the Advance- ment of Tropical Research (WOTRO) which enabled me to travel to Chile. The publication of this book was made possible by a publication grant from the Neth- erlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Finally, I wish to thank my husband Hans Benneker and my sons Luuk and Simon who offered vital practical help and moral support during the entire rather bumpy course of this project. Ineke Smeets Contents Preface............................. v Contents.............................vii Abbreviationsandconventions...................xv Part I INTRODUCTION .................... 1 1 The Mapuche people .................... 3 2 The Mapuche language ................... 9 3 This grammar ........................15 3.1Sources..........................15 3.2Outlineofthegrammar...................16 Part II PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOPHONOLOGY ......21 4 Phonemes ..........................23 4.1Consonants........................23 4.1.1 Phonetic specification of consonant phonemes . 25 4.1.2 On the orthography of consonant phonemes . 25 4.2Vowels..........................25 4.2.1 Phonetic specification of vowel phonemes . 25 4.3Vowelsandglides......................26 4.3.1 i, u vs y, w .......................26 4.3.1.1 Contrast between vowels or glides and homorganic sequences 27 4.3.1.2 Contrast involving non-homorganic sequences . 28 4.3.2 ¨u and q ........................29 4.4Evidenceforaninterdental-alveolarcontrast..........30 4.5Phonemealternationandfreevariation............31 4.5.1Phonemealternation...................31 4.5.2Freevariationofvowelphonemes.............34 4.6Idiolectaldifferences....................35 5 Phonemic structure of roots, suffixes and words .......37 5.1Rootstructure.......................37 5.2Suffixstructure.......................38 5.3Structureofwords.....................39 5.4 The influence of borrowing . 39 6 Distribution of phonemes ..................41 6.1Singleconsonants......................41 6.1.1Singleconsonantsinroots................41 x Contents 6.1.2Singleconsonantsinsuffixes...............43 6.2Biconsonantalclusters....................44 6.2.1 Biconsonantal clusters in roots . 44 6.2.2Biconsonantalclustersinsuffixes.............44 6.2.3 Biconsonantal clusters at morpheme boundaries . 44 6.3Triconsonantalclusters...................45 6.3.1 Triconsonantal clusters in borrowed roots . 45 6.3.2 Triconsonantal clusters at morpheme boundaries . 45 6.4Singlevowels........................45 6.4.1Singlevowelsinroots..................45 6.4.2Singlevowelsinsuffixes.................46 6.5Sequencesoftwovowels...................47 6.5.1Sequencesoftwovowelsinroots..............47 6.5.2Sequencesoftwovowelsinsuffixes.............47 6.5.3 Sequences of two vowels at morpheme boundaries . 47 6.6 Sequences of three vowels in morphologically complex forms . 48 7 Stress ............................49 8 Morphophonology ......................51 8.1Variation.........................51 8.1.1Schwa-insertion.....................51 8.1.2 -insertion.......................51 8.1.3 Sequences of identical consonant phonemes . 51 8.1.4Vowelsequences.....................52 8.1.4.1 ae .........................52 8.1.4.2 ee ..........................52 8.1.4.3 ie ..........................52 8.1.4.4 iea .........................52 8.1.5 fu + fi .........................52 8.1.6 fu + e .........................52 8.1.7 -iy ..........................52 8.1.8 ˜n-insertion.......................53 8.2Radicalconsonantalternation................53 9Loans............................55 9.1Spanishloans.......................55 9.2Otherloans........................58 Part III MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOSYNTAX OF THE NOUN59 10 Nouns ...........................61 10.1 The instrumental -mew ∼ -mu ...............61 10.2Adverbiallyusednouns..................67 10.3Quantitynouns......................68 10.4 Postposition p¨ul´e .....................69 10.5 Preposition pu ......................70 11 Adjectives .........................71 11.1 pu collective.......................72 Contents xi 12 Adverbs ..........................73 13 Numerals .........................79 14 Demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns ..........83 14.1Demonstrativepronouns..................83 14.2 fey ‘that’.........................84 14.3Anaphoricpronouns....................86 14.3.1 ta and ti asmodifiers..................87 14.3.2 Dummy ta ......................90 14.3.3 ta and ti in independent compounds with a
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