Power-Sharing by Pakatan Rakyat in Selangor State Government from 2008-2013: an Analysis from the Consociational Approach
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POWER-SHARING BY PAKATAN RAKYAT IN SELANGOR STATE GOVERNMENT FROM 2008-2013: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE CONSOCIATIONAL APPROACH BY MUHAMMAD AZZUBAIR AWWAM MUSTAFA A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in Political Science Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia MAY 2019 ABSTRACT This study examines the power-sharing practice by Pakatan Rakyat (PR) in Selangor state government from 2008 to 2013. It uses two components of consociational theory; grand coalition and proportionality to analyze the power-sharing of three parties in PR; Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), Democratic Action Party (DAP), and Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS). The data for this research are collected from interviews with PR‘s Selangor State Assemblypersons, Selangor State Assembly Hansard and online news. The findings can be categorized into three aspects. Firstly, the study suggests that the grand coalition of the three parties worked as an electoral pact prior to March 2008 elections and the inability of any party to gain absolute majority required the parties to practice power-sharing in administering the Selangor state government. Secondly, the study also suggests that the distribution of state electoral seats and State Executive Committee (EXCO) posts were done based on ethnic consideration rather than parties consideration. Finally, this study suggests that the Selangor‘s PR government experienced challenges in managing ethno-religious issues, state‘s rights in a federalism and in managing parties and the coalition‘s internal conflicts. ii خﻻصة البحث ABSTRACT IN ARABIC تتناول هذه الدراسة تقاسم السلطة يف اﻻئتﻻف الشعيب حلكومة وﻻية سﻻنغور بني عامي 8002 - 8002، وتستخدم عنصرين من عناصر النظرية التوافقية؛ التحالف الكبري، والتناسب؛ لتحليل تقاسم السلطة بني ثﻻثة أحزاب يف ذلك اﻻئتﻻف؛ هي: حزب عدالة الشعب، وحزب العمل الدميقراطي، واحلزب اﻹسﻻمي املاليزي، وقد مُجعت البيانات من خﻻل: املقابﻻت اليت أجراها الباحث مع رؤساء اﻻئتﻻف، وسج ِّل مناقشات وﻻية سﻻنغور، واﻷخبار على الشابكة، وميكن تصنيف النتائج يف ثﻻثة جوانب؛ أحدها أن ائتﻻف ﻷحزاب الثﻻثة كان يف منزلة ميثاق انتخايب قبل انتخابات مارس 8002؛ إذ عجز أ ُّي حزب عن احلصول على اﻷغلبية املطلقة، مما تطلَّب من اﻷحزاب تقاسم السلطة يف إدارة حكومة وﻻية سﻻنغور، واجلانب الثاين أن توزيع املقاعد اﻻنتخابية يف الوﻻية ووظائف اللجنة التنفيذية للوﻻية أمقيم على اﻻعتبارات العرقية بدﻻ ا من اﻷحزاب، واجلانب الثالث أن حكومة سﻻنغور واج ت حتديات يف إدارة القضايا العرقية والدينية، وحقوق الوﻻية يف اﻻحتاد الفدرايل، ويف إدارة النزاعات الداخلية لﻷحزاب واﻻئتﻻف. iii APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in Political Science ………………………………….. Tunku Mohar Tunku Mohd Mokhtar Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in Political Science ………………………………….. Rohana Abdul Hamid Internal Examiner This thesis was submitted to the Department of Political Science and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in Political Science ………………………………….. Rabi‘Ah Aminuddin Head, Department of Political Science This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in Political Science ………………………………….. Shukran Abd Rahman Dean, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Science iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Muhammad Azzubair Awwam Mustafa Signature ........................................................... Date ......................................... v GHT INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH POWER-SHARING BY PAKATAN RAKYAT IN SELANGOR STATE GOVERNMENT FROM 2008-2013: AN ANALYSIS FROM THE CONSOCIATIONAL APPROACH I declare that the copyright holders of this dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM. Copyright © 2019 Muhammad Azzubair Awwam Mustafa and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy. Affirmed by Muhammad Azzubair Awwam Mustafa ……..…………………….. ……………………….. Signature Date vi DEDICATION Dear my late Mama- Aminah Juni and Ayah- Mustafa Yahaya, I have ventured every possible angle in my life in seeking success and shine brightly throughout the quest in hope of paying back every single struggles, pains, tears and sweats that you have sacrificed in bringing me up. But deep down, I realize that both of you have been longing for a son who would provide you with utmost boundless du’a. Yet, being the imperfect son, I wish for my writings to be beneficial and reach others so that both of you who hold the significant piece in this journey would be rewarded bountifully by Allah the Almighty. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to Allah who instils passion and patience for me in this journey. I believe Allah has always accompanied me throughout my turbulent time by providing lots of His blessings and guidance. The journey to accomplish Master Degree was not an easy one. This journey brought tears, laugh, pain and sweat to reach the peak. Therefore, I would like to thanks everyone who clear all the thorn on the road for me to finally be able to complete this research today. Firstly, my endless thanks goes to Dr. Tunku Mohar Tunku Mohd Mokhtar for his belief and understanding towards my capability and weaknesses that later were translated into his action as the best guide for me. Thank you for patience on my poor grammar in most works that were given to me. Secondly, my highest appreciation to Madam Normala Mohd Adnan, my first lecturer in Political Science that who becomes the best motivator with a positive thought and belief in my capability. Thanks for advice, support and chances given in diverse forms. I am thankful too having Dr. Rohana Abdul Hamid as examiner who provides a thorough examination on this thesis and the advice given by her create added value to this thesis. I also appreciate the advice from Dr. Muhamad Fuzi Omar, Dr. Norhaslinda Jamaiudin, Assoc. Prof. Datuk Dr. Marzuki Mohamad, Dr. Rabi‘Ah Aminuddin and Dr. Khairil Izamin Ahmad in helping me correcting various parts of my thesis. On top of that, the Master Degree‘s classes with Prof. Dr. Abdul Rashid Moten, Prof. Dr. Wahabuddin Raees and Prof. Dr. Elfatih Abdullahi Abdelsalam are supplementary to my journey obtaining this degree. The support from family is the core reliever for any difficult time that we face in our life. My late mother, Aminah Juni is the one who inculcate me on the importance of education and the one who stressed out that only being knowledgeable that will remove us from poverty. My father, Mustafa Yahaya is the silent supporter when he never questioned nor dictate any decision that I made in my life. My brother, Muhammad Usman Affan and my sister, Siti Fatimah Azzahra are my backbone that always help me through my difficult time especially when financial constraints hit me. In this research, obtaining respondents among State Assemblypersons is challenging process. Therefore, I would like to thanks YAB Amirudin Shari, YB Teresa Kok, YB Saari Sungib, Dato‘ Iskandar Abdul Samad and Dr. Yaakob Sapari for their cooperation during the interviews. This journey accompanied by a loyal friend who have been with me through thick and thin. I am thankful when Allah sent me two ‗motherly‘ friends, Nur Soleha Mohd Lazim and Najwa Mazlan who always give the advice, keep asking on my health condition and provide support through various form. My special thanks also to Ahmad Firdaus Shafei, for being the best friend providing me assistance and give the best hospitality especially when I got sick. viii Postgraduate journey without support group is meaningless. Therefore, I would like to thanks my circle of friends who became the best support group for me; Nazreena Mohamed Yassin, Noratiqah Abdul Halim, Munirah Che Ahmad, Nursyazwani Muzafarkamal, Mohamad Farhan Bahadur, Norain Shahirah Abdul Rahim, Kamaru Aqilah Rauhah Kamarudin, Muhammad Azan, Nurnadira Muhaizan, Nur Sakinah Ya‘cub, Aimi Hanisah Khirudin, Nur Ameera Rushdi, Nur Umira Mohd Khir and Shahrul Ashraf Ibrahim. They created colourful journey and the best listener for any matter of ‗discussion‘. My thanks also to Nurul Izzati Asyikin Zulkifly for becoming the best source of reference for any matters relating to research and the editing this thesis according to standard format. My appreciation also to Zamri Abdul Ghani for helping me to provide the Arabic abstract. Thanks also to Siti Khadijah Zulkifli and Nur Anis Pauzi for proofreading some part of my thesis. I am noting my thanks to Mohd Najmuddin Ayob for giving various opportunities, exposing to political fieldwork and providing me assistance in various form.