INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnotes.

A , 74, 159, 173 Abang Johari, 241, 365, 374–76, 381, 397n5 Amanah. See Parti Amanah Negara Abdul Aziz Mohd Yusof, 69 Aminolhuda Hassan, 325 , 206, 351, 353, 354 , 306 Abdul Halim Yusof, 359 Ansell, Ben, 115 , 224 Anthony Nogeh Gumbek, 382–83 Abdul Rahman Haji Uthman, 343 anti-Communist Emergency campaigns, Abdul Rahman Ya’kub, 367–68 210 Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman, 356, 357 anti-corruption, 140, 238, 326 , Tun, 7, 164, 251, 261, Anti-Fake News Bill, 9, 34, 319, 490 344, 367, 447 anti-ICERD rally, 180 Abdullah Badawi, 7, 238, 239, 263, 281, 322, anti-Muslim, 222 348 Anuar Tan, 356 Abdullah Sani, 292 , 6, 9, 60, 74, 222, 238, 247, , 10, 241, 371–72, 374, 381, 254, 348, 428, 486, 491 397 Asian Financial Crisis, 6, 87, 238 Adnan Yaakob, 448 , 344 Afghanistan, 28 Astaka, 73 Ahmad Baihaki Atiqullah, 359 Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki, 352 Ahmad Bashah Md Hanipah, 174 autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) Ahmad Fathan Mahmood, 360 model, 109, 110 Ahmad Marzuk Shaary, 360 , 246, 248, 331, 333 Ahmad Nazib Johari, 381 Azalina Othman, 224, 323, 329 , 351, 353, 360 Azmin Ali, 195, 280, 283, 290, 291, 295, 298, Aku Janji Warisan, 409 454 Ali Biju, 390, 396 “Allah ban”, 375 B Alliance-BN, 4, 5, 191 Bachok, 348, 355 Alor Gajah, 222 Bahasa Melayu, 167, 251, 252, 372, 375, 376

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Bakun Dam, 375, 381 parliamentary seats, 115, 116 Balakong, 296, 305 police and military votes, 74 Balakrishna, Jay, 267 redelineation exercise, 49, 61, 285–90 Bandar , 59, 379–81, 390 in , 402, 403 Bangi, 69, 296 in , 238, 246, 364, 374–78 Bangsa , 439–41 Sarawak BN. See Sarawak Barisan Bangsar, 74, 427, 429, 455 Nasional (Sarawak BN) Bantuan Rakyat 1Malaysia (BR1M), 132, structural advantages, 480–81 292 three-cornered contests, 284–85 FELDA families, 140 2004 elections, 7 payments, 136 2018 elections, 113, 117, 129 PH’s state-level governments, 142 UMNO-led BN government, 238 programmes, 136 vote-buying, 448 in , 142 vote share, 12, 74, 125, 126, 128 , 6, 74 win rates for, 15 Barisan Nasional (BN), Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA), in Alor Star, 74 367 affiliated parties, 225 , 390, 396 anti-BN sentiment, 239 , 372 benefits of incumbency, 8–9 Batu Pahat, 318, 441 campaign, 415, 485 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 251 Chinese-based parties, 236, 240, 252–54 Bentong, 246, 248, 251, 445, 448, 449 Chinese candidates, 241 Bera, 216, 224 Chinese rejection, 248 , 36 Chinese support, 238, 461, 465 Berjasa (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front), 344 consociational mode of campaigning, 6 Bersama BN, 409 development programmes, 482 Bersatu, 34, 43 development promises, 415 2.0, 61, 245 “developmentalism”, 238 Bersih 4 rally, 240 electoral defeats, 481 -majority constituencies, 373 elite defection, 127 Big Data analytics, 458–60, 466, 468, 473, 484 Federal Land Development Authority call centre systems, 468–69 settlements, 164 mathematical modelling, 469–70 Indian voters, 268 survey question design, 468 individual incumbency, 127 Big Data campaigning, 472–73 in Jeli, 358–59 grassroots campaigning, 473–74 in Johor, 312–19, 322–25, 439 microtargeting and democracy, 474–75 Johor-specific dynamics, 313–18 Bingkor, 435 in , 342, 352, 354 Birch, Sarah, 26, 30, 42 constituency, 355 Borang 14, 449, 450n1 Kuala and Pokok Sena, 74 Bosi, Edwin, 433 Lembah Pantai, 74 Bukit Aman, 74, 425, 426 majority in Sabah, 64 Bukit Pasir, 331 majority in Sarawak, 61 Buku Harapan manifesto, 268, 485, 486 Malay support for, 446, 461, 463, 488 Bumburing, Wilfred, 407, 417n2 manifestos, 137–39 bumiputra 1974 elections, 344 categorization, 27

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 494 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 495

heads of states, 253 , 380, 390, 393 indigenous races, 365, 366 , 404 decline in support for BN, 129 Chong Pit Fah, 433, 434 New Economic Policy, 38, 141 Chua Hock Kuan, 356 non-Muslim bumiputra in Sarawak, 370, Chua Tee Yong, 333 376, 380, 386, 392 CIMB Investment Bank Research, 458 in Sabah, 403, 406 civil society organizations, 9 special interests, 298 Coalitions in Collision: ’s 13th General Elections (2015), 18 C colonization, 259, 365 Cameron Highlands, 12, 143, 216, 224, 266, consociational model, 5, 6, 222, 261, 272, 267 312, 336, 338n3, 368 by-election, 180, 206, 207 constitutional amendment, 28, 50, 54, 59, five-cornered fight, 226 61 campaign fund-raising, 473 consumer price index (CPI), 89, 97, 98 Cantonese, 252 corruption, 10, 42, 91, 92, 144–45, 196, 380, ceramahs, 35, 145, 302, 328, 380–83, 390 428, 440, 466, 482–84 social media dissemination, 294, 295, 485 C4, 142 , 246 election issue, 91–92, 105, 117, 267 Cheras, 246, 252 eradicating, 140 Chin, James, 369 1MDB, 132, 240 “China factor”, 252 perceptions of, 147n8 Chinese education, 244, 246, 247 ruling government, 106 Chinese-majority constituency, 373 rural communities, effect on, 170, 172, Chinese Malaysian political preferences, 177 263 cost of living, 10, 81, 85, 89, 97–99, 105, 117, Chinese non-governmental organizations, 197, 200, 267, 269, 337, 466, 487, 489 238 CPI inflation trends, 99 Chinese supermajority, 296 Crouch, Harold, 210 Chinese votes, 460, 464 crowdfunding, 474, 475 2008 General Elections, 254 Crown Prince of Johor, 328 candidates, platforms and outcomes, cybertroopers, 37, 180, 440 245–51 cultural values and (non)partisanship, D 242–44 , 123, 145, 201, 205, 427 East Malaysia, 254 Damansara, 246 factor, 251 Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, 267 in , 242 , 407, 433 Malay-based party, 253 Dawos Mamit, James, 390 Merdeka Center, 254 Dayak community, 369 mobilization, 251–53 Dayak faction, 367 modernization theory, 253 (DAP), 73, 127, non-religious movement, 254 143, 283, 291, 295, 351, 370–73, 404, 407, political debate and opinion, 244–45 432, 433, 435, 454, 485, 489 social transformation and political in Bakri, 157 realignment, 253 in Bandar Kuching, 380, 390 trends, 236–41 in Bentong and Teluk Intan, 248

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 495 28/11/19 11:31 AM 496 Index

cadre system, 243 E campaign strategies, 405–6 Eastern Sabah Security Command candidate in Ketari, , 445 (ESSCOM), 408 ceramahs, 383 East Malaysia, 125, 128 Chinese-based BN parties, 252 Chinese politics, 235, 236 Chinese community, 240 politics of Sabah and Sarawak, 254 Chinese majority seats, 390 East , 6, 43, 376 Chinese voters, 244 economic factors on voter behaviour ethnic Chinese-dominated, 204–5 country-specific variations, 87 Federal Land Development Authority in democratic countries, 87 settlements, 164 local and national-level issues, 88 in Johor, 312, 318 Malaysian voters, 87 internal elections, 33–34 political science theory, 86 Ketua Wanita, 432 prospective economic voting, 87 leaders, 246 rational choice theory, 87 Malay-majority seats, 328 retrospective economic voting, 87 in Mas Gading, 383, 390 single and cross-country studies, 87 means of mobilization, 252–53 economic issues, complexity of membership, 243 characterization, 102 meteoric rise, 240 employment, wages, inflation and cost of micro-hydro and micro-solar projects, 140 living, 105 coalition, 6 government, 103–4 parties, 331 government spending, 105–6 parliamentary seats, 123, 237, 285 hot button, 102 in , 193–95, 318 International Monetary Fund, 102 in , 39, 325 local and national-level issues, 88 and PKR seats, 241 opportunity costs, 102 political ideology, 246 political parties, 102 pre-election agreement, 195 time period, 102 Sabah’s elections in 2008, 241 trade-offs, 102 Sarawak autonomy, 247 economic performance, Malaysia Sarawak’s political arena, 239 GDP growth, 88 United Chinese Association , 252 inflation, 89 in urban areas, 194 macroeconomic indicators and election urban pro-DAP areas, 178 outcomes, 89, 90 victory of, 238 macroeconomic setting in 2018, 88, 89 voters’ resentments, 247 national economic variables, 89–90 women leaders in, 432 unemployment, 89 democratization economic rescue, 486–87 de facto and de jure political power, 114–15 economic voting, 133–36, 146 economic voting models, 114 economic voting model Development Bank of Sarawak (DBOS), 375 BN’s vote share, 125, 127, 128 , 26 econometric estimation, 125 , 26 end of dominant party rule, 114 Dongzong, 242, 255n10 GDP growth, 125 Downs, Anthony, 86 GE-13 and GE-14, 125, 126 , 280 non-economic variables, 125

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 496 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 497

parliamentary seats, 127 social and political instability, 28 Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, 127 voters, 35–39 political regimes, 114 Electoral Quota (EQ), 65, 81n2 voter support for BN, 127 elite defections, 117–24 Economist Intelligence Unit, 458 Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), 487 egotropic voting, 87, 91 Entulu Belaun, Joseph, 390 Election Commission (EC), 481 “ethno-class” fractions, 146 authority, 6 Ewon Benedick, 415 classifying constituencies, 192 discretionary powers, 53 F disqualifying candidates, 446–47 Facebook, 123, 167, 245, 253, 269, 337, 383, electoral boundaries, 30, 50 428, 440, 470–71 GE-14 campaigns in Johor, 319 , 381–82 gerrymandering, 286 , 198 irregularities in electoral rolls, 481 fake identification cards (ICs), 406 redelineation exercise, 49, 54, 57, 65, 73, Federal Land Development Authority 193 (FELDA) release of official results, 12 benefits for settlers, 136, 139 removing candidates’ photos, 328 BN-affiliated parties, 225 tasks, 30 case of Cameron Highlands, 226 violation of democratic principles, 64 children, 171 election paradox community organization structure, 200–1 in 2018, 92–93 and estate workers, 159 cost of living and GST, 97–99 FELDA 2.0 package, 174–75 economic concerns, 91 first-generation settlers, 164 economic issues, 91, 93 general election results, 230–31 employment, wage growth and income implementation, 317 distribution, 94–97 in northern Malaysia, 209 financial scandals and social issues, 91 parliamentary constituencies, 209, 223, GDP growth in 2017, 92 growth performance at industries, 93–94 228–29 household indebtedness, 99–101 parliamentary seats, 230–31 incumbent government, 93 political coalitions and parties, 224, 227 national economic performance and PPBM’s candidates, 326 election outcome, 91 second-generation settlers, 164–65 pre-election opinion polls, 92 settler schemes, 222–23, 226 PR1MA Corporation, 93 significance of, 210–15 electoral boundaries, 30, 50 suppport for BN, 447, 449, 481 Electoral Integrity Project (EIP), 26, 28, 52 UMNO and BN, 318 electoral manipulations UMNO politicians, 224 electoral integrity, 29 urban constituencies, 192 institutional and legal framework, 30–35 voting results, 215–22 in Malaysia, 29 Federal Legislative Council, 53 malpractices, 29 Federal Territories, 198, 200, 210 PEI score, 28 FELDA Global Ventures, 145, 484, 441 polling day, 40–41 fence-sitter voters, 462, 464, 466, 471 post-election, 41–42 Fikhran Hamshi Mohamad Fatmi, 355

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 497 28/11/19 11:31 AM 498 Index

first-past-the-post (FPTP) system, 5, 26, 30, , 442 31, 50, 53, 313, 481 Hassan Karim, 326 focus group discussions (FGDs), 154, 159, Hebatkan Negaraku, 409 161 Henrynus Amin, 407, 417n2 in Johor and Kedah, 195–97, 200 Hindu Rights Action Force (HINDRAF), Malay-Muslim participants, 195 259, 262–63 Malay voters, 192 , 39, 323, 329, 330 foreign direct investments (FDI), 323, 439 Hong Leong Investment Bank Research, 458 Hou Kok Chung, 246 G house prices, 99, 100, 482 Gabungan Bersatu Sabah (GBS), 416 household income trends, 100 Gabungan Bertindak Malaysia (GBM), 245 HSBC Global Research, 458 (GPS), 15, 365, huatuan leadership, 242, 244 396–97, 488 hudud law, 195, 196–97, 240, 346, 350, 352, Gabungan Sabah, 407, 408 372 , 140, 291, 351, 361n6 Hulu Kelang, 291 Gelang Patah, 318, 338n5, 329 Hulu Langat, 287 gender segregation in public places, 346 Hulu , 216 geographic information system (GIS), 19 , 354, 355, 359–61 Gerakan, 236, 238–240, 246, 296, 312, 318 , 344 gerrymandering, 32, 52, 59, 60, 70, 76, 285, 286, 288 I Gini coefficient, 125, 128 Iban Christians, 366, 367 Global Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, Iban-majority constituencies, 373 28 , 39, 194 , 251, 252, 267, 270 Ibrahim Suffian, 354 Goh Fah Sun, 434 Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah (IPD), 426 Gombak, 193, 280, 298 Ijok, 292 goods and services tax (GST), 10, 81, 97, Ilham Centre, 458 117, 119, 168, 169, 176, 292, 406, 472, Indian community in Malaysia 482, 489 BN’s manifesto, 268 government-linked corporations (GLCs), marginalization, 259 139, 140, 142 political preferences, 263–64 grassroots campaigning, 192, 473–74 political representation, 260–63 gross domestic product (GDP), 88, 92, 99, HINDRAF, 262 118, 459 size, 272 Gua Musang, 215, 348 Indian Progressive Front (IPF), 262 Guchil, 349 Indonesia, voters from, 33 Guyot, Dorothy, 210 inflation, 8, 85, 87, 97, 99, 105, 117, 482 Inisiatif Peduli Rakyat, 142, 290 H Institute Darul Ehsan (IDE), 73, 293–94 Hadi Awang, 195, 206, 247, 351–54 Internal Security Act (ISA), 6, 34, 222, 263 , 224, 329 International Convention on the Elimination Hamdan Sani, 381, 382 of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Harakah, 192, 302 (ICERD), 205, 443, 455 , 417n1 anti-ICERD rally, 180, 430

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 498 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 499

International Monetary Fund, 102, 459 campaign challenges, 441–42 INVOKE Malaysia, 473, 475 elections, 330–33, 338 Big Data analytics, 458–60, 464, 475 focus group discussions, 195–97, 200 campaign messages, 464, 466, 467, 469–71, leadership structure, 337 474 Menteri Besar, 441 GE-14 political predictions, 458, 459, 471 national and state issues, 440–41 interactive voice response, 460 Pakatan Harapan, 311 Kelantan, 472 rural voters, 170–73 microtargeting technique, 466–67, 474, trends and evidence, 336–37 475 United National Organization, national surveys, 293 311 political survey, 460 urbanization, 310 prediction of PAS, 471–72 voter inequality, 65 survey questions, 462 voting history, 157 Terengganu, 472 , 264, 310, 323, 333, 338n6 Islam, 343, 376 Johor, GE-14 campaigns in as national religion, 170 Anti-Fake News Bill, 319 in Johor, 317 Barisan Nasional, 322–25 in Kelantan, 343, 346–47 economic issues, 322 UMNO as defender of, 38, 179, 196, 376 Election Commission, 319 under threat, 455 Pakatan Harapan, 325–28 Islamic criminal code, 195 Parti Islam SeMalaysia, 329–30 see also hudud law polls, 330 Islamic Party of Malaysia. See Parti Islam Johor Hi-5, 438–39 Se-Malaysia (PAS) Johor Skills Training Fund, 438 Islamic Pilgrimage Fund, 140, 197, 201 jualan sentuhan rakyat (people’s sales), 200 see also Lembaga Urusan Tabung Haji Islamization, 239, 241, 247, 262, 346, 405 K Istana Negeri, 414 Kadazan, 329, 434 Izani Hussin, 359 Kadazandusun, 403, 405–6, 416 Kadazan-led multiracial political parties, J 239 Jamal Md. Yunos, 143, 283 “” of 2014, 283 Jayakumar, Xavier, 267 Kajidata Research, 458 Jeannoth Sinel, 390 Kampong Bahagia, 74 Jelebu, 216, 224 Kampung Bohol, 74 Jeli, 348, 358–59 Kampung FELDA Bukit Cherakah, 293 Jempol, 216, 224, 466 Kampung Kerinchi, 427, 428 Jeram, 305 Kapar, 69, 281, 287, 296, 297 Jerantut, 226 Karamunting, 435 Jerlun, 221 Kasih Ibu Smart Selangor (KISS), 290 Jesselton, 255n2 Kayong, Bill, 378 Jiaozong, 242, 255n10 Kedah Johor communal tension, 194 Bangsa Johor, 439–41 FELDA seats, 215–16, 318 Barisan Nasional in, 312–19, 322–25 focus group discussions, 173–74, 195–97 Barisan Nasional’s campaign in, 438–41 in GE-14, 159

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 499 28/11/19 11:31 AM 500 Index

gerrymandering, 60, 70, Kota Tinggi, 226, 329 parliamentary seats, 157, 159 Kroll, risk consulting firm, 142 PAS, 472 Kuala Kangsar, 460 Pakatan Harapan, 471 Kuala Kedah, 74 Kelantan Kuala Kerai, 348 campaigns in, 352–55 Kuala Krau, 216, 226 electoral history, 343–44 Kuala Lumpur, 59, 180, 318 FELDA seats, 215 Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Chinese hudud laws, 195, 345, 346, 351 Assembly Hall (KLSCAH), 244–45 Jeli, 348, 358–59 Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI), 247 Kota Bharu, 348, 355–57 Kuala Selangor, 280, 303, 304 Kubang Kerian, 348, 359 Kubang Kerian, 348, 359 Mahathir, lack of popularity, 127, 222 Kulai, 318 parliamentary seats, 345, 347, 349, 356 Kulasegaran, M., 267, 270 Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS), 10, 344–51 Kumutha Rahman, 267 Pengkalan Chepa, 359–60 Kunasekaran, 267 religious characteristics, 343 selected parliamentary constituencies in, L 358 Labis, 318, 333 Shari’ah Criminal Code (II), 346 labour market conditions, 96 state assembly seats, 346, 347, 349, 357 , 59 tactical voting, 471–72 , 407, 417n2 variation of voter population in, 55 Laney, Doug, 460 Kemaman, 193, 202 Lasimbang, Jenifer, 433 Kesavan, 267 , 490 Ketari Latif Bandi, 326 activated protest, 446–47 Layang-Layang, 442 Chinese vote in, 448 Ledang, 318 entrenched loyalty, 446–47 Lembaga Urusan Tabung Haji Pakatan Harapan, 446 corruption scandal, 140, 201, 430, 431 UMNO, 446 establishment, 197 Ketua Wanita, 432 Lembah Pantai, 425–31 Khaled Nordin, 163, 175, 176, 322–23, 330, gerrymandering, 75 333 relocation of early voters, 74 Khalid Samad, 145, 291, 298 Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender (LGBT), Kho Teck Wan, 380, 381 166, 242, 255n8 Kitingan, Jeffrey, 407, 412, 414, 417n2 , 333 KL-Singapore High-Speed Rail, 323 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 239, 407 Klang Valley, 41, 244 , 243, 246, 248, 326 kleptocracy, 8, 144, 483, 487 , 247, 251, 252, 328 , 313, 318 Lim Hong Hai, 30, 32, 38 Kosmo, 36 , 195, 247, 251, 252, 269, 326, Kota Bharu, 348, 355–57 329, 433 Kota Damansara, 285 Lim Lian Geok Cultural Development , 241 Centre (LLG), 245 Kota Melaka, 69 , 246, 448 Kota Raja, 73, 296 Loke, Anthony, 246

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 500 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 501

Lubok Antu, 390 oversized constituencies, 6, 490 Luyang, 434 in Peninsular Malaysia, 68–70 in Sarawak, 61 M in Selangor, 285 Machiavelli, Nicolo, 452 Malay Dilemma, The, 141 Madius Tangau, 414, 415 Malay/Melanau constituencies, 367, 373 Malay rights, address to nation, 448 non-governmental organizations, 30, 194 administration, 490 preservation of, 93, 171, 317, 486 campaign, 486 prioritization, 135 as chairman, 9 rural voters, 154–55, 164, 170 Chinese support for, 238 Malay-supermajority seats, 287, 295 conflict with PAS leadership, 361 “Malay tsunami”, 153, 180 cooperation with PH, 247 Malayan Chinese Association, 20n2 cooperation with PR, 240 Malayan Constitution of 1957, 53 Facebook Live, 448 Malayan Indian Congress, 20n2 Forest City mega project, 440 1963 (MA 63), 57, 406, Indian voters, 269 408, 416 in Kelantan, 127, 222, 354 Malaysia Baru, 443, 455 leadership, 238, 486, 491 Malaysia Sejahtera, 269 in Lembah Pantai, 427 Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission majority in Parliament election, 348 (MACC), 170, 354, 414, 430, 452, 490 “Mahathir factor”, 136, 247, 441, 486 Malaysian Bar Council, 9 Malay elite, 43 Association (MCA) 1MDB issue, 8 Belt and Road Initiative, endorsement, Pakatan Harapan, 269, 448 251 Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, 319 in BN coalition, 5, 27, 205 PH coalition, 25, 429, 486 BN Chinese-based parties, 254 political crisis after AFC, 6 Chinese votes trends, 238–41 political manoeuvring, 446 early days, 53 powerful speeches, 328 in Johor, 157, 167, 311–12, 318 retirement, 281 leadership positions, 246 split within UMNO, 345 Mahathir Mohamad administration, 238 violating the act, 34 Malay support, 171 visits to parliamentary constituencies, manifesto, 251 125, 127 means of mobilization, 252–53 , 60 membership size, 243 Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), 8, 140 parliamentary seats, 237 Makkal Sakthi, 263 political discourse and mobilization, 236 malapportionment pro-left parties, 236 definition, 52 in Sabah, 255n5, 407, 434 electoral manipulations, 30–32 in Sarawak, 366 FELDA constituencies, 210 newspaper, 36 in GE-13, 61, 481 Malaysian Communications and implications, 60 Multimedia Commission (MCMC), 37 institutionalizing, 57, 59 Malaysian Indian Blueprint (MIB), 268, 270, in Johor, 312 272

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 501 28/11/19 11:31 AM 502 Index

Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) malapportionment, degree of, 2013 and in BN coalition, 5, 27, 205, 261–62, 430 2018, 70 Cameron Highlands, 207n4, 266 “Mengejar Singa” strategy, 438 early days, 53, 261 Merdeka Center for Opinion Research free grocery items, 269 geospatial dataset, 214 Hulu Langat, 266 Johor survey, 162 in GE-14, 258 post-election survey, 431 incumbent coalition, 272 pre-election survey, 11, 91, 92, 134, 136, internal issues, 261 181n1, 185n51, 240, 254, 292, 293, 330, in Johor, 157, 312, 318 354, 458, 484, 488 leadership of, 261–63 Mersing, 226, 438 parliamentary and state assembly seats, microtargeting techniques, 466, 474–75 266, 295 , 376, 378, 379, 390 in Sabah, 407 Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh, 355 in Sarawak, 366 Mohamad Khir Toyo, 281 in , 270 Mohamed Fareez Noor Amran, 360 in Selangor, 283 Mohana Muniandy, 270 Tamil newspapers, 36 Mohd Arshad Abdul Mualap, 417n2 Malaysian Indians Mohd Hashim, Tan Sri, 73 Barisan Nasional, 264 Mohd Mazri Yahya, 329 campaign and issues, 267–69 Mohd Nordin Awang, 359 Hindu Rights Action Force, 259, 262–63 Mohd Othman Yusuf, 325 Pakatan Harapan, 69, 270 Mohd Roslan Puteh, 349, 350 parliamentary seats in GE-14, 271 money politics, 18, 37, 131, 132, 143, 144, in Peninsular Malaysia, 265 214, 239, 370, 414 political preferences, 263–64 Mordi Bimol, 383, 398n16 political representation, 260–62 Mositun, Johny, 415 socio-economic marginalization, 259–60, Muar, 318, 438 272 Muhammad Adib Mohd Kassim, 455 Malaysian Insider, 37 , 8, 123, 195, 319, 326, 454 Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement’s, 222 , 123, 155, 159, 173, 174, Malaysian United Indigenous Party, 140 221 Manifesto Malaysia Sejahtera, 20 Tawaran , 404, 405, 408, 412, 414–15, Utama, 353 417n2, 418n11 Manikavasagam, 261 , 348, 352, 353, 360 Manogaran, M., 206, 267 Myanmar, 29 maqasid syariah (moderate Islam) approach, 352 N March 8: Eclipsing May 13, 18 Mas Gading, 382–84, 398n16 BR1M payments, 7, 136 Masidi Manjun, 415 collaboration with PAS, 352 Masing, James, 393 election budget, 139 , 130n6, 221 electoral victories, 25 Mat Sabu, 60, 195, 328, 339n24, 351, 487 with Indian community, 263–64, 268–69 Investment Bank Research, 458 investment in Kelantan, 353 Maznah Mohamad, 214 with Johoreans, 323, 326 Melaka, 153, 201, 216, 239, 264, 318, 342, 471 in Langkawi, 174

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 502 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 503

Malaysian Indian Blueprint, 268 P 1MDB scandal, 132, 144, 178, 283, 379, Pagoh, 325, 326 416, 452 Pahang, 15, 65, 212, 226 post-election manoeuvring, 41 Pakatan Harapan (PH) pre-election promises, 38, 448 campaign strategy, 378, 486–87, 491 public relations tactics, 430 Chinese voters, 79, 240, 243, 254 rural voters’ opinion, 175–76, 222 coalition, 15 social media hero, 181 component parties, 7–8 tainted reputation, 482–83 economic promises, 489 National Higher Education Fund election promises, 378–79, 489–91 Corporation (PTPTN), 169, 443, 452 electoral assets, 9 National Registration Department, 447 FELDA settlers, 447, 449 , 65, 216, 318 first Cabinet, 490 New Economic Policy (NEP), 38, 259, 261 Indian voters, 80, 258 , 36 INVOKE predictions, 471–72 Nga Khor Ming, 246, 251, 252 in Johor, 325–28 in Kelantan, 361 Nik Aziz, 353, 354 late surge, 302, 311, 449, 480, 485 Nik Aziz Nik Mat, 222, 342, 345, 346, 348, leadership of Mahathir Mohamad, 245 351, 354, 360, 361 logo, 34, 294, 328 Nik Ahmad, 198 Malay-based parties, 456 Nik Omar Nik Aziz, 354, 360, 361 Malay-majority seats, 76, 78 Ningkan, Stephen, 366, 367 Malay voters, 38 Nizar Jamaluddin, 194 manifesto, 137–39, 269 non-governmental organizations (NGO), 39, one-term government, 431 238, 268, 432 parliamentary seats, 127 non-Muslim bumiputra community, 59, 370, post-GE-14, 41 376, 379–82, 384, 393, 410, 412 in Sabah, 433, Nor Irwan Ahmad Nor, 381–82 in Sarawak, 248, 364, 365, 372, 378, 379 Nur Jazlan, 323, 325, 333 in Selangor, 290–94, 454 , 74, 198, 425, 428 sentiments, 292–94 Nusajaya High-Tech Park, 323 victories, 393, 443 Nyallau, William, 390 vote share, 76 and Warisan, 408–9, 435 O Pakatan Rakyat (PR) Obama, Barack, 460, 473 coalition, 7 Official Secrets Act (OSA), 8, 35 collapse of, 195 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), internal tussle, 240 7, 8, 37, 117, 132, 140, 144–45, 205, 240, first year of administration, 431 247, 326, 372, 379, 380, 451, 452 PAS’ presence, 351, 445 1Malaysia programmes, 136–41 PH’s precursor, 9 One Person, One Vote, One Value Selangor voters, 281 (OPOVOV), 50, 76, 285 2008 General Elections, 193, 254, 263 , 246 2013 General Elections, 12, 194, 481 , 38, 246, 281, 282 Palanivel, 264, 266, 273n1 , 246 Pandithan, M.G., 262 Oxford Economics, 458 Pan- (PMIP), 54, 140

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 503 28/11/19 11:31 AM 504 Index

Parit Yaani, 325, 333 non-Muslim supporters, 267 Parti Amanah Negara 1MDB, 452 competitor against UMNO and PAS, 127 organizational coherence, 351 cabinet positions, 43 Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalition, 7, 127, 217, in Johor, 179, 332 351 in Kelantan, 354, 361 parliamentary seats, 344, 346, 355 Parit Yaani, 325, 333 partnership with DAP, 351 PAS splinter party, 7, 123, 155, 195, 342 partnership with UMNO, 204–6, 221, 222, in PH coalition, 198, 319 337, 352, 452, 455 in Sabah, 435 Pengkalan Chepa, 359–60 in Sarawak, 379, 393 Pokok Sena, 74 in Selangor, 291, 295 in Sabah, 407, 410, 412 urban Malay seats, 204 in Sarawak, 379, 382 Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), 368 in Selangor, 280, 283, 290–1, 295, 298, 305, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah 451–57 (BERJAYA), 417n1 third electoral force, 9, 337 Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS), 406, ulama faction, 345, 346 407 UMNO-PAS alliance, 204–6, 337, 352, 489 Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), 59, 239, 241, 403, Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) 407 campaign strategies, 405–6 Parti Cinta Sabah (PCS), 407, 408, 417n2, Chinese-majority seats, 391 433 Indian candidates, 267, 270 Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah (PHRS), 407, Indian voters, 263, 272 417n2, 435 in Johor, 318, 325–26 Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) in Kedah, 159 Alor Star, 74 in Kelantan, 349–50 Barisan Alternatif, 74 leadership, 9 cost of living issues, 353 logo, 11, 294 door-to-door visits, 360 membership, 243 economic administration, 360 parliamentary seats, 43, 405 electoral strategies, 348–51 in Sabah, 405–6, 412, 433 emergence, 344–45 in Sarawak, 241, 372–74, 379, 382, 390 FELDA seats, 215–16, 218, 227 in Selangor, 280, 305, 306 grassroots network, 360 2013 GE, 194 Harakah, 192, 302 2018 GE, 198 Indian candidates, 267 urban constituencies, 127 INVOKE prediction, 471–72 Parti Kerjasama Anak Negeri (PKAN), 407, in Johor, 167, 317, 329, 333 433, 435 in Kedah, 167, 472 Parti Kerjasama Sabah (PKS), 435 in Kelantan, 195, 343–61 Malaysia (PANAS), 367 Kota Bharu, 355 Parti Perpaduan Rakyat Sabah (PPRS), 407 leadership, 351, 361 Parti Pesaka Bersatu (PBB), 367, manifesto, 269, 294, 329, 451, 487 393, 396 Malay voters, 60, 76, 178 candidates, 376 membership, 243 consociationalism, 368 membership in BN coalition, 344 manifesto, 375 Muktamar, 351, 454 seats allocation, 389

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 504 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 505

Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (PPBM) post-campaign analytics, 470 consociational politics, 222 Power Sharing in a Divided Nation, 18 deregistration, 11, 295 Prakash Rao, 270 FELDA voters, 227 Printing Presses and Publications Act formation, 8, 123, 195, 319 (PPPA), 6, 36 in GE-14, 155 PR1MA Corporation, 93 in Johor, 166, 325–28 Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), 368, in Kedah, 167, 173–74, 178 389, 396 leaders, 123 Pua, Tony, 246 “Parti Bunga”, 184n35 Puchong, 69 pre-election agreement, 204 Pulai, 318, 333 in Sarawak, 396 Puncak Borneo, 390 UMNO-clone, 31, 43 , 18, 153, 192, 198, 200, 201, 430, (PRS), 368, 376, 396 431 Parti Sosialis Malaysia, 285 Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (PSRM), 212 R Parti Warisan Sabah. See Warisan Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM), 36 Party Solidarity Tanah Airku (STAR), 407, , 123, 201, 205 412, 417n2, 433 , 35, 354 Pasir Gudang, 318, 327, 333, 437–38 , 198, 425–28 Patto, Kasthurrani, 267 Rani Osman, 292 Penang , 348 DAP’s victory, 39, 174 Razaleigh Hamzah. See Tengku Razaleigh floods, 142, 167 Hamzah malapportionment, 68–69 redelineation exercise, 49, 50, 57, 480 public protests, 194, 206 administrative facilities in constituencies, Pengerang, 226, 329, 438 51 Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex, elimination of upper limit, 59 323, 326 gerrymandering, 52, 59, 60, 70 Pengkalan Chepa, 348, 359–60 history of, 53 People’s Action Party (PAP), 236 Mahathir’s first tenure (1981–2003), , 73, 193, 194, 201, 202, 236, 239, 313, 59–61 318 maintenance of local ties, 51 , 65, 215 malapportionment, 57, 59, 60 redelineation, 68 number of electoral constituencies, 50 Permodalan Nasional Berhad, 268 for Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, 51 Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa (Perkasa), 39, post-independence election, 54 194, 263 principles of, 51, 53–54 Petra Jaya, 381–82 rectify voter inequality, 65 Petroleum Development Act, 1974, 367 for Sarawak, 51, 61, 63 Petroleum Sarawak Berhad (PETROS), 375, seat creation and BN’s electoral 381 performance, 62 phantom voters, 33 shifting political preference, 70, 73, 74, Pokok Sena, 74 76, 81 Politweet, 154, 193, 213, 330 state boundaries, 51 polling and counting agents (PACAs), 40 movement, 6, 74, 245, 281, 328, Pontian, 331 396

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 505 28/11/19 11:31 AM 506 Index

Registrar of Societies (ROS), 6, 11, 33, 34, Kadazandusun, 403, 405–6, 416 273n1, 396 Musa Aman, 404, 405, 412, 414 Reid Commission, 53 Muslim bumiputra seats, 410 , 241, 393 non-Muslim bumiputra seats, 410 Rita Sarimah Insol, 390 official campaigning, 408 Rooney Rebit, 397n6 parliamentary constituencies, 403 , 132, 176, 326, 328, 339n19, parliamentary seats, 14, 405, 410, 411 380, 452–53, 483, 487 political context, 406, 416 rural Malay psyche redelineation exercises, 57, 59, 64, 76 access to information, 167–68 and Sarawak, 250, 253, 254. See also faith and fear, 166–67 Sarawak political leaders, 163–64 state assembly seats, 405, 413 power of women and their networks, voters in rural areas, 416 165–66 Sabah Alliance, 417n1 royalty, 162–63 Sabah Chinese Association, 236 toeing the family line, 164–65 Sabah National Party, 236 rural Malay voter, in GE-14 Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP), 407, 417n2, anti-ICERD rally, 180 433 BN and UMNO, 153 Sabak Bernam, 295, 298 DAP-controlled government, 180 Saiful Adli, 359 discontent and disillusionment, 179–80 , 325, 328, 333, 359 ethnography, 159–68 sales and services tax (SST), 97, 141, 486 ethno-religious boxes, 180 Sambanthan, V.T., 261 Federal Land Development Authority, 178 , 262, 263 and GE-13, 155, 156 Sandhara Kumar, 267 issues, 168–75 Saniswara Nethaji, 267 in Johor and Kedah, 154, 155, 157–59 Santhara Kumar, 270 “Malay tsunami”, 153–54 Santiago, Charles, 267 Merdeka Center study, 178 Saratok, 390 Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, 153 Sarawak, 7, 10, 125, 126, 141, 210, 310, 481 Pakatan Rakyat coalition, 154 “Allah ban”, 375 Parti Islam SeMalaysia, 155, 178–79 Bakun Dam, 375, 381 Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, 155, 181 Bandar Kuching, 380–81 signs of dissatisfaction, 175–78 Bidayuh-majority constituencies, 373 UMNO politicians, 179 BN and opposition seats in, 395 BN politicians, 246 S bumiputra population, 366 Sabah, 7, 10, 31, 125, 126, 141, 241, 365, 402, Chinese community, 370 481 Chinese-majority constituency, 373 Chinese-based political parties, 236 Chinese voters, 241 devolution of revenue, 406 Christians in, 375 dissolution of Parliament, 407 DAP’s state leaders’ staunch defence, 247 ethnic group, 403 Development Bank of Sarawak, 375 GE-14 results, 409–12 developmentalism, 375 goods and services tax, 406 English and Malay as official language, 365 indigenous groups, 403 ethnic breakdown by parliamentary Islamization, 239 constituency, 377

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 506 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 507

GE-14 campaigns in, 374–84 GE-14 parliamentary election results, 384 GE-13/GE-14 comparison of majority, 393 parliamentary seats, 388 Malay/Melanau majority seats, 389 gerrymandering, 373 mixed Christian and Muslim bumiputra Iban Christians, 366 seats, 389 Iban majority constituencies, 373 mixed Muslim bumiputra/non-Muslim independent candidates, 393, 394 bumiputra seats, 387 Malay/Melanau constituencies, 373 Muslim bumiputra seats, 385, 389 Mas Gading, 382–84 non-Muslim bumiputra seats, 386, 389 Miri, 376, 378, 379, 390 opposition parties, 373 multiculturalism, 375–76 parliamentary elections, 1974–2013, 370 multiethnic coalition, 366 state elections, 1974–2016, 371 Orang Ulu constituencies, 373 vote share, 373, 389 parliamentary constituencies, 366 Sarawak National Action Party (SNAP), 367 parliamentary election results (GE-14), Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP), 367, 384 376, 390, 396 parliamentary seats, 14, 389 in Bandar Kuching, 380–81 parties and candidates (state elections Chinese politics, 236 2016), 374 1970 General Elections, 238 Petra Jaya, 381–82 Sarawanan, 264, 267, 270 petro cash dividends, 378 seats, buying and selling, 141–43 Petroleum Sarawak Berhad (PETROS), Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 375, 381 (SOSMA), 6, 34–35 political arena, 239 Sedition Act, 6, 34, 39 political context, 366 , 64 population, 366 Segamat, 318, 333 redelineation exercises, 57, 372–73 segmenting voters, 466 regional nationalism, 372 Sekijang, 318 rural incomes, 378 Selangau, 390 and Sabah, 250, 253, 254 Selangor, 9, 202, 236, 239, 451–57 state elections, 371–74, 489 anti-UMNO Malay vote, 281 state rights and devolution of power, 375 election data, 280 2008 General Elections, 241 ethnic and youth patterns, 298–305 2018 General Elections, 364 federal-level campaign, 294 unemployment, 378 in GE-13, 283, 284 urban population, 366 in GE-14, 279–80, 305 variation of redistricted parliamentary General Election results, 1959–2018, 282 seats (1968), 58 gerrymandering, 70 Sarawak Barisan Nasional (Sarawak BN), “Kajang Move” of 2014, 283 364, 365, 367–70, 396 malapportionment, 69 Chinese-majority seats, 389 Malay vote, 280–81 co-opting headmen, 370 1MDB, 283 Dayak-majority seats, 389 parliamentary seats, 299–301 economic development track record, 378 pre-election agreement, 195 election campaign, 370, 374 Reformasi, 281 fielding of candidates, 376–78 social assistance programmes, 295 Gabungan Parti Sarawak, 396 UMNO’s schisms, 281

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 507 28/11/19 11:31 AM 508 Index

variation of voter population in, 55 Suresh Kumar, 267 voters, 295–98 Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act Semangat 46 (S46), 345, 346, 348 (1965), 352 Sembrong, 224, 226, 329, 338n10 Syed Saddiq, 130n6, 325 Semenyih, 206, 285, 305 Senggarang, 317 T Sepang, 193, 202 Tabung Haji. See Lembaga Urusan Tabung Seri Serdang, 70 Haji Seri Setia, 198, 305 Taib Mahmud, 241, 367–70 , 74, 198, 201 Taiwan, 473 , 8, 10, 123, 143, 406–9, 412–16 , 355 , 281, 291, 298, 302 Taman Seri Sentosa, 428 Shahrir Samad, 323, 329, 330, 333 Tamil Malar, 267 , 74, 149n50 Tan Khai, 380 Shahruddin Salleh, 325 Tanjong Karang, 295, 298 Shari’ah Criminal Code (II), 346 Tanjong Piai, 318 Siamese community, 174 Tapah, 267 Sibu, 246, 248, 252 Tawi Sli, 367 , 380, 390 Tebing Tinggi, 73 Simpang Renggam, 221, 222, 333 Tebrau, 318 Singapore, 57, 164, 171–73, 177, 236, 317, Teluk Intan, 246, 248 331, 438 Tenggara, 226 1962 Water Agreement, 443 Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, 200, 201 Sivaraj, C., 264, 270, 273n5 , 148n31, 222, Sivarasa, 270 345, 346, 348, 360, 361n4 social media campaign, 469–70 Teo, Michael, 376 social media platforms, 462, 470–71, 475, , 243, 246 488, 490 Terengganu, 127, 178, 201, 204, 215, 216, 222, Socioeconomic Development of the Indian 471–72 Community Unit (SEDIC), 268 Tiki Anak Lafe, 382, 383 South Johor Fishermen’s Association, 175 timber licences, 367, 372 Southern Philippines, 33 Titiwangsa, 198, 200, 201 Sri Gading, 331 Tok Kenali, 343 State Legislative Assembly (SLA), 280, 305 Tok Salehor, 352 State Liaison Committees, 451 , 359 Subramaniam, S., 262, 264, 267, 268, 270, Tumpat, 348 273n1, 323, 333 , 366, 367 Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar, 157 Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, 353 Sultan of Johor, 175, 317, 323, 325, 328, 439 U , 290, 454 ulama faction, 345, 346 Sungai Besar, 305, 460 #UndiRosak movement, 245 Sungai Buloh, 270, 287, 296, 297 unemployment, 8, 85–87, 89–91, 95, 114, 115, Sungai Kandis, 70–73, 305 117, 121, 125, 128, 378, 482 Sungai Kelantan Integrated River Basin Unified Examination Certificate (UEC), 241, Development Project, 353 365 Sungai Siput, 263, 267 United Chinese Association Sibu, 252

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 508 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 509

United Islamic Front (APU), 345, 346 United States of America, 473 United Malays National Organization Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), 182 (UMNO) Uren, Patrick, 383 birthplace, 153, 156 USNO-SCA Alliance, 417n1 in BN coalition, 5, 20n2, 27 , 36–37, 39 branch offices, 403–4 clientelism, 42–43 V cybertroopers, 180 Venice Commission of 2002, 52 defections, 127, 207n3 vote-buying, 141–43 defender of Islam, 38, 179, 196, 376 “Vote for Barisan Nasional” (Undilah Barisan delegitimize state governments, 194 Nasional), 439 early days, 53, 317 electoral manipulations, 29–42 W FELDA constituencies, 164, 209, 212–15, , 9, 195, 269, 328, 224, 318, 333 337 grassroots networks, 403–4, 491 Wang Gungwu, 246 hostility, 446 Wanita UMNO, 165, 170, 172, 173 in Johor, 157, 179, 311 Warisan, 10, 15, 43, 402, 406–10, 412, 414, in Kelantan, 352–53 416, 433, 435, 479, 485 land grab, 293 Watching the Watchdog, 36 malapportionment effects, 6, 480 “We Choose Blue” (Kita Pilih Biru), 439–40 Malay voters, 317, 446 , 246, 247, 248, 323, 333 Malay votes, 227 Westminsterial systems, 313 Malaysian Indian voters, 258 William Mawan, 382, 390 1MDB, 144–45 World Bank, 459 parliamentary seats, 7, 344 and PAS, 352, 452–57 popularity, 15 Y presidents, 430 di-Pertua Negeri, 408, 413–415 rural stronghold, 10, 15 Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 26, 408 in Sabah, 404–9 , 243 in Sarawak, 366, 369, 372, 375 Yeoh, Hannah, 243 Saudi donor, 144 Yii, Kelvin, 380, 381 schisms, 8, 123, 281 Yong Peng, 247, 251, 252 in Selangor, 427–30 Yong Teck Lee, 407 shariah and hudud laws, 352 Institute Johor Survey in 2017, Ulama Congress, 343 162, 163 urban constituencies, 200–6 , 345 vote share of, 125 voter manipulation, 35–39 Z United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Zahid Hamidi, 331, 430 Organization (UPKO), 402, 407, 415, Zimbabwe, 28 416, 435 , 198

19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 509 28/11/19 11:31 AM