Page Numbers Followed by “N” Refer to Endnotes. a Abang Johari, 241, 365
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INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnotes. A Alor Setar, 74, 159, 173 Abang Johari, 241, 365, 374–76, 381, 397n5 Amanah. See Parti Amanah Negara Abdul Aziz Mohd Yusof, 69 Aminolhuda Hassan, 325 Abdul Hadi Awang, 206, 351, 353, 354 Amirudin Shari, 306 Abdul Halim Yusof, 359 Ansell, Ben, 115 Abdul Latiff Ahmad, 224 Anthony Nogeh Gumbek, 382–83 Abdul Rahman Haji Uthman, 343 anti-Communist Emergency campaigns, Abdul Rahman Ya’kub, 367–68 210 Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman, 356, 357 anti-corruption, 140, 238, 326 Abdul Razak Hussein, Tun, 7, 164, 251, 261, Anti-Fake News Bill, 9, 34, 319, 490 344, 367, 447 anti-ICERD rally, 180 Abdullah Badawi, 7, 238, 239, 263, 281, 322, anti-Muslim, 222 348 Anuar Tan, 356 Abdullah Sani, 292 Anwar Ibrahim, 6, 9, 60, 74, 222, 238, 247, Adenan Satem, 10, 241, 371–72, 374, 381, 254, 348, 428, 486, 491 397 Asian Financial Crisis, 6, 87, 238 Adnan Yaakob, 448 Asri Muda, 344 Afghanistan, 28 Astaka, 73 Ahmad Baihaki Atiqullah, 359 Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki, 352 Ahmad Bashah Md Hanipah, 174 autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) Ahmad Fathan Mahmood, 360 model, 109, 110 Ahmad Marzuk Shaary, 360 Ayer Hitam, 246, 248, 331, 333 Ahmad Nazib Johari, 381 Azalina Othman, 224, 323, 329 Ahmad Yakob, 351, 353, 360 Azmin Ali, 195, 280, 283, 290, 291, 295, 298, Aku Janji Warisan, 409 454 Ali Biju, 390, 396 “Allah ban”, 375 B Alliance-BN, 4, 5, 191 Bachok, 348, 355 Alor Gajah, 222 Bahasa Melayu, 167, 251, 252, 372, 375, 376 19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 493 28/11/19 11:31 AM 494 Index Bakun Dam, 375, 381 parliamentary seats, 115, 116 Balakong, 296, 305 police and military votes, 74 Balakrishna, Jay, 267 redelineation exercise, 49, 61, 285–90 Bandar Kuching, 59, 379–81, 390 in Sabah, 402, 403 Bangi, 69, 296 in Sarawak, 238, 246, 364, 374–78 Bangsa Johor, 439–41 Sarawak BN. See Sarawak Barisan Bangsar, 74, 427, 429, 455 Nasional (Sarawak BN) Bantuan Rakyat 1Malaysia (BR1M), 132, structural advantages, 480–81 292 three-cornered contests, 284–85 FELDA families, 140 2004 elections, 7 payments, 136 2018 elections, 113, 117, 129 PH’s state-level governments, 142 UMNO-led BN government, 238 programmes, 136 vote-buying, 448 in Selangor, 142 vote share, 12, 74, 125, 126, 128 Barisan Alternatif, 6, 74 win rates for, 15 Barisan Nasional (BN), Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA), in Alor Star, 74 367 affiliated parties, 225 Baru Bian, 390, 396 anti-BN sentiment, 239 Batu Kitang, 372 benefits of incumbency, 8–9 Batu Pahat, 318, 441 campaign, 415, 485 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 251 Chinese-based parties, 236, 240, 252–54 Bentong, 246, 248, 251, 445, 448, 449 Chinese candidates, 241 Bera, 216, 224 Chinese rejection, 248 Berita Harian, 36 Chinese support, 238, 461, 465 Berjasa (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front), 344 consociational mode of campaigning, 6 Bersama BN, 409 development programmes, 482 Bersatu, 34, 43 development promises, 415 Bersih 2.0, 61, 245 “developmentalism”, 238 Bersih 4 rally, 240 electoral defeats, 481 Bidayuh-majority constituencies, 373 elite defection, 127 Big Data analytics, 458–60, 466, 468, 473, 484 Federal Land Development Authority call centre systems, 468–69 settlements, 164 mathematical modelling, 469–70 Indian voters, 268 survey question design, 468 individual incumbency, 127 Big Data campaigning, 472–73 in Jeli, 358–59 grassroots campaigning, 473–74 in Johor, 312–19, 322–25, 439 microtargeting and democracy, 474–75 Johor-specific dynamics, 313–18 Bingkor, 435 in Kelantan, 342, 352, 354 Birch, Sarah, 26, 30, 42 Kota Bharu constituency, 355 Borang 14, 449, 450n1 Kuala Kedah and Pokok Sena, 74 Bosi, Edwin, 433 Lembah Pantai, 74 Bukit Aman, 74, 425, 426 majority in Sabah, 64 Bukit Pasir, 331 majority in Sarawak, 61 Buku Harapan manifesto, 268, 485, 486 Malay support for, 446, 461, 463, 488 Bumburing, Wilfred, 407, 417n2 manifestos, 137–39 bumiputra 1974 elections, 344 categorization, 27 19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 494 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 495 heads of states, 253 Chong Chieng Jen, 380, 390, 393 indigenous races, 365, 366 Chong Kah Kiat, 404 decline in support for BN, 129 Chong Pit Fah, 433, 434 New Economic Policy, 38, 141 Chua Hock Kuan, 356 non-Muslim bumiputra in Sarawak, 370, Chua Tee Yong, 333 376, 380, 386, 392 CIMB Investment Bank Research, 458 in Sabah, 403, 406 civil society organizations, 9 special interests, 298 Coalitions in Collision: Malaysia’s 13th General Elections (2015), 18 C colonization, 259, 365 Cameron Highlands, 12, 143, 216, 224, 266, consociational model, 5, 6, 222, 261, 272, 267 312, 336, 338n3, 368 by-election, 180, 206, 207 constitutional amendment, 28, 50, 54, 59, five-cornered fight, 226 61 campaign fund-raising, 473 consumer price index (CPI), 89, 97, 98 Cantonese, 252 corruption, 10, 42, 91, 92, 144–45, 196, 380, ceramahs, 35, 145, 302, 328, 380–83, 390 428, 440, 466, 482–84 social media dissemination, 294, 295, 485 C4, 142 Chan Kong Choy, 246 election issue, 91–92, 105, 117, 267 Cheras, 246, 252 eradicating, 140 Chin, James, 369 1MDB, 132, 240 “China factor”, 252 perceptions of, 147n8 Chinese education, 244, 246, 247 ruling government, 106 Chinese-majority constituency, 373 rural communities, effect on, 170, 172, Chinese Malaysian political preferences, 177 263 cost of living, 10, 81, 85, 89, 97–99, 105, 117, Chinese non-governmental organizations, 197, 200, 267, 269, 337, 466, 487, 489 238 CPI inflation trends, 99 Chinese supermajority, 296 Crouch, Harold, 210 Chinese votes, 460, 464 crowdfunding, 474, 475 2008 General Elections, 254 Crown Prince of Johor, 328 candidates, platforms and outcomes, cybertroopers, 37, 180, 440 245–51 cultural values and (non)partisanship, D 242–44 Daim Zainuddin, 123, 145, 201, 205, 427 East Malaysia, 254 Damansara, 246 factor, 251 Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, 267 in Kuala Lumpur, 242 Darell Leiking, 407, 433 Malay-based party, 253 Dawos Mamit, James, 390 Merdeka Center, 254 Dayak community, 369 mobilization, 251–53 Dayak faction, 367 modernization theory, 253 Democratic Action Party (DAP), 73, 127, non-religious movement, 254 143, 283, 291, 295, 351, 370–73, 404, 407, political debate and opinion, 244–45 432, 433, 435, 454, 485, 489 social transformation and political in Bakri, 157 realignment, 253 in Bandar Kuching, 380, 390 trends, 236–41 in Bentong and Teluk Intan, 248 19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 495 28/11/19 11:31 AM 496 Index cadre system, 243 E campaign strategies, 405–6 Eastern Sabah Security Command candidate in Ketari, Pahang, 445 (ESSCOM), 408 ceramahs, 383 East Malaysia, 125, 128 Chinese-based BN parties, 252 Chinese politics, 235, 236 Chinese community, 240 politics of Sabah and Sarawak, 254 Chinese majority seats, 390 East Malaysians, 6, 43, 376 Chinese voters, 244 economic factors on voter behaviour ethnic Chinese-dominated, 204–5 country-specific variations, 87 Federal Land Development Authority in democratic countries, 87 settlements, 164 local and national-level issues, 88 in Johor, 312, 318 Malaysian voters, 87 internal elections, 33–34 political science theory, 86 Ketua Wanita, 432 prospective economic voting, 87 leaders, 246 rational choice theory, 87 Malay-majority seats, 328 retrospective economic voting, 87 in Mas Gading, 383, 390 single and cross-country studies, 87 means of mobilization, 252–53 economic issues, complexity of membership, 243 characterization, 102 meteoric rise, 240 employment, wages, inflation and cost of micro-hydro and micro-solar projects, 140 living, 105 opposition coalition, 6 government, 103–4 Pakatan Harapan parties, 331 government spending, 105–6 parliamentary seats, 123, 237, 285 hot button, 102 in Pakatan Rakyat, 193–95, 318 International Monetary Fund, 102 in Penang, 39, 325 local and national-level issues, 88 and PKR seats, 241 opportunity costs, 102 political ideology, 246 political parties, 102 pre-election agreement, 195 time period, 102 Sabah’s elections in 2008, 241 trade-offs, 102 Sarawak autonomy, 247 economic performance, Malaysia Sarawak’s political arena, 239 GDP growth, 88 United Chinese Association Sibu, 252 inflation, 89 in urban areas, 194 macroeconomic indicators and election urban pro-DAP areas, 178 outcomes, 89, 90 victory of, 238 macroeconomic setting in 2018, 88, 89 voters’ resentments, 247 national economic variables, 89–90 women leaders in, 432 unemployment, 89 democratization economic rescue, 486–87 de facto and de jure political power, 114–15 economic voting, 133–36, 146 economic voting models, 114 economic voting model Development Bank of Sarawak (DBOS), 375 BN’s vote share, 125, 127, 128 Dewan Negara, 26 econometric estimation, 125 Dewan Rakyat, 26 end of dominant party rule, 114 Dongzong, 242, 255n10 GDP growth, 125 Downs, Anthony, 86 GE-13 and GE-14, 125, 126 Dzulkefly Ahmad, 280 non-economic variables, 125 19-J06064 24 The Defeat of Barisan Nasional.indd 496 28/11/19 11:31 AM Index 497 parliamentary seats, 127 social and political instability, 28 Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, 127 voters, 35–39 political regimes, 114 Electoral Quota (EQ), 65, 81n2 voter support for BN, 127 elite defections, 117–24 Economist Intelligence Unit, 458 Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), 487 egotropic voting, 87, 91 Entulu Belaun, Joseph, 390 Election Commission (EC), 481 “ethno-class” fractions, 146 authority, 6 Ewon Benedick, 415 classifying constituencies, 192 discretionary powers, 53 F disqualifying candidates, 446–47 Facebook, 123, 167, 245, 253, 269, 337, 383, electoral boundaries, 30, 50 428, 440, 470–71 GE-14 campaigns in Johor, 319 Fadillah Yusof, 381–82 gerrymandering, 286 Fahmi Fadzil, 198 irregularities