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The Middle Age Sacred Music Sources from Slovakia

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The Middle Age Sacred Music Sources from Slovakia THE MIDDLE AGE SACRED MUSIC SOURCES FROM SLOVAKIA THE MIDDLE AGE SACRED MUSIC SOURCES FROM SLOVAKIA, notation, Bratislava, the manuscript, The Psalter, State Scientific Library, 11th century, Slovak National Library, Janka PETCZOV�, Protestant Church Library, Slovak National Museum, 12th century, Slovakia, Kosice, Collegiate Evangelical Library, St. Martin�s Cathedral, Messine ROLES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN MINNA EDUC ZONE, NIGER STATE, 36-The Balint Experience, Speaking Like a Book: Rhetorical Inflation, Mobility, and the Atrophy of Ethics in Dom Juan, Ritual Rebellion and Social Inversion in Alpine Austria: Rethinking the Perchtenlauf in its Relationship to the Carnivalesque, Marriage in Molière's Misanthrope, BI-ANNUAL PEER REFEREED JOURNAL MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GANDIPET, HYDERABAD-500 075, THE THREE OF US: A SAGA OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF WHITE MALE, The role of friluftsliv in Henrik Ibsen's works Rastislav ADAMKO Janka BEDNÁRIKOVÁ Eva VESELOVSKÁ Zuzana ZAHRADNÍKOVÁ THE MIDDLE AGE SACRED MUSIC SOURCES FROM SLOVAKIA Ústav hudobnej vedy Slovenskej akadémie vied Bratislava Supported by the project Nr. ITMS 26240120035 European Dimensions of the Artistic Culture in Slovakia / Európske dimenzie umeleckej kultúry Slovenska, 2011-2013, directed by Ivan Gerát, Institute of Art History of SAS © PhDr. Eva Veselovská, PhD. et al., [email protected] © Ústav hudobnej vedy Slovenskej akadémie vied v Bratislave, Dúbravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS 2. 1. MEDIEVAL CHURCH IN THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA WITH EMPHASIS ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CHURCH – MUSIC TRADITIONS 2. 2. SCRIPTORS AND MEDIEVAL SOURCES SCRIPTORIA FROM THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA 2.2.1. CHAPTER AND TOWN SCRIPTORIA IN MEDIEVAL SLOVAKIA 2. 2. 2. MEDIEVAL MONASTIC SCRIPTORIA IN SLOVAKIA 3. CANTUS PLANUS IN MEDIEVAL SLOVAKIA AND MEDIEVAL NOTATIONAL SYSTEMS 4. SOURCES. CODICES 4. 1. BRATISLAVA CODICES 4. 1. 1. THE NOTATED MISSAL RKP. 387 FROM THE SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CENTRAL LIBRARY IN BRATISLAVA 4. 1. 2. THE BRATISLAVA MISSAL I. 4. 1. 3. BRATISLAVA ANTIPHONARIES 4. 1. 3. 1. THE BRATISLAVA ANTIPHONARY I 4. 1. 3. 2. THE BRATISLAVA ANTIPHONARY IIA – IIB (HAN CODEX) 4. 1. 3. 3. THE BRATISLAVA ANTIPHONARY III 4. 1. 3. 4 THE BRATISLAVA ANTIPHONARY IV 4. 1. 3. 5 THE BRATISLAVA ANTIPHONARY V 4. 2. THE NITRA CODEX 4.3. THE PSALTAR FROM THE STATE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY IN PREŠOV 4. 4. THE NOTATED BREVIARY FROM 1375 FROM THE STATE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY IN PREŠOV 4. 5. THE SPIŠ ANTIPHONARY 4. 6. THE SPIŠ GRADUAL 4. 7. KOŠICE MANUSCRIPTS 4. 7. 1. THE MISSAL FROM 1379 4. 7. 2. THE NOTATED PSALTAR FROM KOŠICE 4. 8. THE PSALTAR – GRADUAL FROM THE SLOVAK NATIONAL LIBRARY IN MARTIN 5. SOURCES. FRAGMENTS 5. 1. ADIASTEMATIC FRAGMENTS –THE GERMAN NEUME NON-LINED NOTATION 5. 2. THE MESSINE – GOTHIC NOTATION 5. 3. THE ESZTERGOM NOTATION 5. 4. THE QUADRATIC NOTATION 5. 5. THE BOHEMIAN NOTATION 5. 6. THE GOTHIC CHORAL NOTATION SOURCES LITERATURE EDITIONS AND CATALOGUES ABBREVIATIONS. LINKS INTRODUCTION Medieval musical culture from the territory of Slovakia can be reconstructed through written sources from the late 11th until the early 16th century. All preserved manuscripts and fragments contain church music, which served the liturgical needs of the medieval church so called CANTUS PLANUS. Unfortunately, a very small number of complete manuscripts have been preserved in Slovakia. Most codices come from a time period of the 14th – 15th centuries of church funds (episcopal, chapter, parish, monastery, school or town libraries belonging to important religious institutions). A small number of manuscripts were part of private collections (e.g, L. Egkenfelder, J. Derschwam). Medieval codices and fragments that were preserved in the territory of Slovakia formed only a small part of the liturgical books used in the medieval Slovakia. Complete manuscripts are now found in the funds in Bratislava, Spiš Chapter, in Martin, Košice and Prešov. Fragmentary preserved sources are in archive, museum or library institutions. The largest number of the fragmentary preserved manuscripts comes from bindings of town official books, incunabula and prints from the late 15th and the 16th century. About 600 medieval notated fragments currently registered are stored mainly in the state archives of the Slovak Republic, the funds of Protestant libraries (former Lyceum Library in Bratislava - Central Library of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Protestant libraries in Kežmarok and Levoča), the state libraries (state scientific libraries in Prešov, Košice, University Library in Bratislava, Pedagogical Library in Bratislava, Slovak National Library in Martin, St. Adalbert Association Library in Trnava) or museum departments (Slovak national Museum - Music Museum, Western Slovakia Museum in Trnava, Bratislava City Museum, Eastern Slovakia Museum in Košice). Several historical factors influenced a small number of preserved medieval liturgical codices. The earliest sources were probably destroyed at the time of medieval military conflicts, fires and unstable church - political situation (the onset of the Reformation and subsequent Catholic revival). A large part of unused manuscripts were mainly in the 15th to 17th century used as a suitable material for reinforcement of bindings and covers of town official books and manuscripts from the younger period. Many valuable manuscripts were exported outside the territory of Slovakia (manuscripts from Bratislava, Levoča, Bardejov, Leles and other). Part of codices was lost after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, when many medieval manuscripts ended up in foreign private collections. Most medieval manuscripts and fragments are preserved in Bratislava institutions (Slovak National Archive, Bratislava City Archive, University Library, Central Library of SAS, Slovak National Museum - Music Museum, Bratislava City Museum, State Archive in Bratislava, Slovak Pedagogic Library). There are 7 complete notated manuscripts in total (5 Bratislava antiphonaries, 2 missals) and dozens of fragments (about 140 units). Two manuscripts of Spiš provenance are still stored in its original location - in Spiš Chapter. Two codices are located in the Slovak National Library in Martin (the gradual and early modern laments), the State Scientific Library in Prešov (a psalter and a notated breviary from 1375). Complete codices with notation are preserved also in Košice. In the Eastern Slovakia museum are stored two manuscripts (a psalter and a notated missal from 1379). In the Episcopal Library in Nitra is stored the oldest notated manuscript from the territory of Slovakia, so called Nitra Codex. The largest numbers of notated fragments are found in state archives in Modra (70 units), Banská Štiavnica (75), Banská Bystrica (53), Kremnica (46), Levoča (25), Bardejov (20), Poprad (19), Trenčín (18). Concerning the library institutions the most medieval fragments with notation is in the Library of the Evangelical Church of the A. C. in Levoča (60), in the collection of the former Lyceum Library in Bratislava - today's Central Library of SAS (52), the Slovak National Library in Martin (34 +7) and in the collection of the Lyceum Library in Kežmarok (31). Evaluation studies in the field of music palaeography showed a few basic points. The oldest notational system from the territory of Slovakia is so called German non-lined (adiastematic) notation, which is documented by a fragmentary preserved manuscripts from the end of the 11th to the early 13th century and one manuscript (Nitra Codex). The basic and dominant notation type from the territory of Slovakia in the time period of the late 13th until the early 16th century was the Messine-gothic notation, which was brought to our country from the French-German-Austrian environment. It acquired a specific internal structure in our territory, which differs from the surrounding countries (today's Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Germany, Hungary) very clearly (4 Bratislava antiphonaries, 2 Spiš codices, a Psalter and a Notated Breviary from the State Scientific Library in Prešov, a Psalter and a Missal from the Eastern Slovakia Museum in Košice). The second most widely used system in our territory was a quadratic notation, which is represented by two manuscripts (a Carthusian Gradual from the SNL in Martin and a Notated Missal from the Central Library of SAS in Bratislava) and dozens of fragments of the period from the late 13th to the early 16th century. It was used in a monastic environment, since it was required in several religious communities (e.g. Franciscans, Dominicans, and Carthusians in our territory). The third most used notation was a Bohemian notation, and preserved materials from the territory of Slovakia document the great influence of Bohemian cultural environment mainly from the late 14th century (1 codex - Bratislava Antiphonary V and nearly a hundred fragments). Extremely important notational system of medieval musical culture from our territory was an Esztergom notation, which originated as a home, specific product of scribal workshops of a main ecclesiastical centre of medieval Hungary - Esztergom. Despite the fact that it has been preserved only in two manuscripts (the Pray Codex, the Bratislava Missal I ante 1341), which were used in Bratislava, 1 early modern gradual (the Gradual SNA 17) and dozens of fragments (Bratislava, Levoča, Nitra, Banská Bystrica, Kremnica, Košice), is a unique document of a unique scribal tradition. In the Slovak sources minimally
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