Director's Report on the Excavations at Antioch-On-The-Orontes for The

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DIRECTOR'S REPORT ON THE EXCAVATIONS

AT ANTIOCH- ON -THE-ORONTES FOR THE

SEASON OF 1935 INTRODUCTION

A glance at the statistical report will show that the work of

the Expedition has been increasing steadily in duration, in the number of

excavations made, and in the recording of the buildings and objects un-

covered. To meet tho new needs of this expansion of activity it has been

necessary to add mombors to the staff and to shift the task of recording

and storing of objects to the new field headquartors which were acquired

and prepared for occupancy last year.

The group photograph of the staff (Fig. 1) shows standing in

the rear Mr. Fedeel Saba, Photographer; Mr. Apostolos Athanassiou, Engi- neer and Draftsman; M. Jean Lassus, Assistant Field Director; Professor

W. A.. Campbell, Field Director; Mr. D. N. Hilbor, Architect; Mr. w. H.

Noble, Cataloguer; and Mr. George Reynolds, .A.ssistant. Seated are ,, Mrs. A. Athe.nassiou, Recorder of pottery and lamps; Miss Margaret Surre,

Assistant Architect; Mrs. Fedeel Saba; Mrs. w. A. Campbell, Recorder of photographs; Mme. Joan Lassus; Miss Gladys B3ker, Cataloguer and Numis- matist. seated on the ground arc the daughter and son of the Photogra- phcr, tho son of the Field Director, and tho son of the Assistant Field

Director. Thre0 other members of the staff arc not included in the photograph: Adib Ishak, Secretary; William Gad, Mosaicist; and Samaan

Totah, Meche.nic and Driver. In addition to the se thero is th,; field staff consisting of Head Reis Berberi, Assistant Hoad Reis r.,;iahmud Karim, and Reis Adil.

The campaign of actual excavation started on Saturday,

March 16 and continued for 116 days of actual digging in tho field, but the work of r ecording and preserving the buildings and obj ects has been put on a more permanent basis. :Mr. Donald Wilber i s continuing the 2.

final drafting and study of the buildings and topography in the new

archaeological laboratory in McCormick Hall, Princeton Univcrsi ty. Jhss

Gladys Baker is preparing a catalogue of the coins in connection with

her graduate work in archaeology at Wellesley College. In Antioch, Lr.

Fedeel Saba was employed until November 15 making photographs of mosaic

pavements and objects. Mr. Athanassiou is continuing to survey and put

on plan all of tho remains of the ancient city left above ground. 1rrs.

Athanassiou and Mr. Ishak are engaged in the long task of taking in

ventory and checking the catalogued objects preparatory to the division

of finds among the contributors. :Mr. William Gad ce:montod mosaic pe.ve ments until December l.

In the following accouEt tho excavations are identified by

the coordinates (s.g. 15 R) in which they are located on the quadratGd maps of Antioch (Fig. 2) and Daphne (Fig. 3). 3.

13 R

The main force of men started to excavate on an important site where a trial tronch the previous spring had revealed an apsidal chamber with a square oxt0rior wall of large , well-laid masonry

(Field Report of 1934, pages 17 and 37) . Tho cxcavu.tion of this site had been undertnken because of' tho chancci discovery, previous to the organization of the Committee, of fragments of sculpture and archi tecture which had come to the notice of .M. Prost in his position as

Director of Antiquities of tho Sanjak of Aloxandrctte. The sizo of the building, tho depth of the deposit, and thu problem of tho dis posnl. of seepage from ad jacent springs m&d0 a canplote excavation of tho monument impracticablo without buying the l:=md and operating with a larger budget. However, it was hoped thRt an expansion of tho trial exce.vation of last year would give desirable topographical information, and to this end it was decided to explore the limit of the p avement behind the apsidal chamber. It took one crow of me n workins under

Reis .Adil practically the entire campaign to clear the twenty feet of earth from a r epresentative section of the paved area (Fig. 4).

It crui be seen in tho photograph that the pavement ended transversely against a wall of li.':1.estono blocks which has b0en ripped out by plunderers ; tho longitudinal limits have not yet boon roached.

The paving blocks of limestone are a later addition placed ovor a wo rn out mosaic of a very simple geometric design. At a still l ater time two wells were s unk down through both pavements to t ap the seepage water which gradually rose over the earlier r emains as a result of the silting up of the r iver and the blocking of drainage systems in the abpJldoned areas. Tho structure to the spectator's lBft of the 4.

plundered wall also had e. r;10sc.ic floor of a more .complicate;d geo

metric design; on it & minor cross weil of reused mnsonry was built

in a subsequent period of habitation. To the right in tho fore

ground is the hole marking the ~osition of the destroyed exterior

wall of tho apsidal chmnber. The brick foundation of a square room

projects into tho pavsd o.rea at the; ond of tho excavated section to

the right.

Tho dirt and debris removed f'rom this section had been so

thoroughly churned up by plunderers that no stratified record of the

later history of the site was prosorved. Sh0rds of the period of

the EJ&ly Roman empire were found with thoso of the Byzillltino and

Muslim spochs; but in genoral it is certain that the original con

structions were made in tho early years of our era, ana that sub

sequent wonr and destruction caused rebuildings on tho original

plan up to the period of Justininn; after that the building deteri

orated grRdunlly into f'. plund.ered ruin. Small fragments of marble

statuary nnd c. bnse of e marble stn.tuo with ths f·.::s t still attached

wore found in the d8'bris, HnC:. nlso n piece of arc:t:i. tcctural mould

ing carved with tho egg and do.rt motif and painted red and bluo and

gilded.

It was the origin~l intention to follow this pavement

longitudinally to the southwest toward tho present Ale:ppo road to

find its juncture with a mein thoroughfar6, and to tho northeast

toward the river whore it appears to 0nd in f', very large mound under which may lie an importnnt ancient ruin. By keeping tho excavation

wide enough to include its transverse limits between the v;2.lls of 5. the tno large buildings, it might have been possible to locate t wo

insulne of the ancient town vJhich contained buildings of monumental proportions. But this progrom proved to be too 2.mbit ious for the budget of a s inglo c nrnpaign b 'Jcnuse of the; exptinse invol VEJd. in the outlay for l a nd, l ebor, trees nnd refilling. Nevertheless it re mnins n very promising site for development on a large scale. 6.

15 R

During the winter one of our v;orkmcn roported to Mr.

Ishak, Secretery of the Expedition, that he hnd uncovered the

edge of e. mosaic pavement Hhilo digging for roots on tho lower

slope of Mount staurin. On the first day of excavation a smell

force of men under Reis Mahmud were taken to tho place and by

evening they had uncovered n mosnic representation of a sea goddess

with fish around her, and an adjacent pnnel v1ith figures in oblong

frames. Aside from the interest of tha mosaics their position on

the slope of Mt. Staurin was important proof thnt hero, at least,

a section of ono of tho nnciont terraces of the mountain side was

still preserved. It had been tho assumption of most explorers or

visitors to the site in former years that the terraced sections

of ths ancient city had been destroyed by erosion. Consequently

it seemed desirable to uncover this section of a presorved terrace

to see what VJas actually left ns an indication for further ex

cavations along the slopes of both Mt. Staurin and Mt. Silpius.

For this purpose the land was leased, the nren for the dump was

determined, the light railway was laid und a larger crow bogan to

dig away the slope of the mountain above tho mosaic pevements.

Soon after the excavation began, tho top of a heavy revet ment wall was reached. This was constructed in the method of the

late Hellenistic period ui th square masses of rl'_1!l:Jle: and. concrete

alternately placed between blocks of quRdrated limestone; a drain

tile ran through the csnter of the rubblo and concrete sections to

cnrry off excessive seEpnge.

The wall could be followed for a distance sufficient to 7. establish the fact that it ·E-n.s the retaining wall of one of the high- est terraces of Mt. Staurin.

After recording and. removing some late graves, drains and walls , the whole mosaic pavement , of which we had seen only the outer section, was uncovered. While this vrns beinc cleaned the workmen were shifted to the south to uncover the rest of the building in that direction. In the surface debris there were t;;o lime kilns and a well (Fig. 5) as discouraging witnesses to the former wealth of the site in marble. Under these was t he southern end of the building we wer e excavating .

A general v i ew of this excavatE:d area shows three rooms in an arrangement which sugge sts the sort of private dining places which were maintaim,d by mon of means apart from their hom0s (Fig. 6). The main r oom of the establ ishnKnt (Fig. 7) had a mosaic pavement v: i th a large panol r epresenting Oc eanus and A'Tlphitrite . l.IJsxt to it was a badly damaged pand with '-: i ng0d busts personifying tho seasons in the four corners of a squar e inscribing a circle divided into r adial com partme nts with a p ~ rsonificat ion of a month in each one . Around those figure panels was a bordor of goom0tric design wido 0nough to serve as a walk. On thre e sides of the panol with tho Seasons and Months this geometric border is set inward to make place for simple geome tric mosaics which seem to have marke d the positions of dining couches. A very low division wall s oparatod this room from a corridor pavement of mosaic designed with geometric panels on c::i thor side of a cE:.ntral figure of an Egyptian fisherman . Tho opposit0 boundffi'y of tho corri dor vms a h eavy foundation wall for a colonnado b e yond. which was an apsidal pool constructe d of concrete . Hence the guests rGclining on 8.

couches at the ond of tho largo dining room had an array of varied

and colorful figures in mosaic on tho floor before them, and a

little fartb or in the distance they could soc a colonnade Pith a pool behind it.

The mosaic pavement of the dining room had to be raised in

sections becauso of its damaged condition. The figure of .Amphitrito was raised in one pioce (Fig. 8), which shows tho goddess in a somi reclining position with a sen s8rpont coiled around her arm. In tho foreground a dolphin leaps to catch a fish in its mouth and other varieties of fish swim along in a parade of marine life. Tho two shrimps just beneath the figure of the goddess arc of the large type still found in the nearby section of tho Modi terrruiomi coast; but th~ realism of the representation ends with th0 form since the mosaicist has given them the red color of boiled shrimps. An ade quate impression of this figuro of .Arophitrite as well as of the superb Oceanus (Fig. 9) c~nnot be perceived in a black and white re production since the depth and variety of the color ar..J lacking.

The sea is made with small iridescent cubos of li:::)1t blue and blue green glass, tho fish are rendered in a number of co~ors , nnd the robes of the deities ore of dark blue glass. Th8 modelling of the head and torso of Oceanus has the strength and pl~sticity of master ful painting and preserves for us an indication of the high quality of this lost art of antiquity (Fig. 10).

Tho best prosorvcd section of the c:-,l cnd ,c:r mosaic was that in tho cornor which had n winged bust of t ho p~ r son i f ic ~tion of Spring

(Fig. 11). In the center of th£ composition 'Was n largo hoad of which only the hair can be seen in this photogre.ph . Th o r ndie.l compartments 9. arranged around the central medallion shows in this part the personifications of four months: ~AICIOC; APT:EMICIOC;

:5: AN~EKOC; and 6YCTPOC.

The central figure of the corridor pavement is that of a black fisherman, nude except for a yellow loin cloth and a yellow helmet (Fig• 12). Over his left shoulder he carries a pole with a basket at each end done in black and yellow cubes. In his right hand are two sticks for catching bivalves and shrimps.

The pool behind the colonnade was made of concrete, and in the period contemporary with the mosaic pavements it was filled with water collected by an ingenious arrangement of a drain and a reservoir (Fig. 13). A drain (seen to the right of the meter stick) running along the outGr wall of the building collected tho run-off water from th0 roof during the heavy rains and conducted it to a square trap (seen to th0 rig.~t of tho cir cular well head in the center foreground) whore the sediment collected. At tho top of the trap was a hole through which the water pourod into a deep, wide reservoir cut in solid rock.

Buckets were used to fill the pool from tho resorvoir, and the pool drained into a second square trap {loft foreground) from which tho water ran in an open drain to tho edge of the terrace.

The archaeological data gathered from the sealed stratum underneath the mosaic pavements indicated that the mosaics ware laid in the second century A.D. Tho panel repre senting Oceanus had been placed immediately above an earlier ruined mosaic pavement of glass paste tesserao, and under this were house walls of tho Hollenistj c pc".'i0rJ - 10.

An excavation was made to the north of this building'

and here we uncovered a series of small rooms built against the

Hellenistic retaining wall and opening on a colonnade overlook

ing the valley below (Fig; 14). The walls were preserved to a

remarkable height and the mosaic pavements of one of the rooms

and of tho corridor were in perfect condition. Tho pavement of

tho room had a central figure panel representing Bacchus, in

ebriated with wino, leaning heavily on a Silenus and dangling a

cup, beneath which a panther drinks the spilling ~ine(Fig. 15).

The limestone . columns of the colonnade , which separated

the corridor from a portico1 were of the Doric order and covered

with stucco painted to imitate marble (Fig. 16). The r.10saic pave ment of tho portico had two figure panels which had boen badly

damaged on account of their position at the edge of the terrace.

One of these (left foreg~ound) had a representation of a phoenix,

and the other had a figure of a boy fishing from a rock (Fig. 17).

The mosaic of the corridor contained tTio interesting panels picturing personifications in the form of reclining female figures

(Fig. 18). TPYtH, or luxurious living, proffers a wine cup in her

extended arm, and BIOG, or life, is represented as a pregnant wom en holding a bO\"d. These mosaics date in the third century A.D.

Underneath them were walls and a stone pavement of tho Hellenistic period over which other walls and drains had been built in the second and third centuries A.D. 11.

EXCAVATION IN THE CIRCUS

During the last month of the c&~paign the work of ex cavating the circus was continued, but tho results r:ill be prosented in a full report on this great monwn<, nt following the completion of tho excavation next y8ar. Two general views will show the extent of the operations there this past year. Figure 19 shor:s the foundations of tho wost cavea next to the entrance into the arena opposite the first goal post. It ~ill be recalled from the first prcliminnry re port on tho circus that eil archncologicnl evidence indicetes thet

Justinian tore doBU the structure to use tho stones for his nev; wall around th.; ancient city, and consequently only the found 2. t ions of rubble ond concroto rcmaj.n;, The first wall in the forogrou.11d is the foundation of tho podium or wall which separcted the arena from the seats. Over the first square bay in tho foreground one may recon struct a sloping tunnel vault of cut stone nhich supported a section of the first horizontal division of the rov:s of saats. The side v.-alls of the bay are the concrete foundations of the piers for the vault, and the back wall is the foundation of the horizontal passago which divided the tv.o tiers of seats. Tho second square bay also r.:arks the position of a sloping tunnel vault supporting a section of the second tier of scats, and behind this are tVK) parallel foun dation g alls to carry the vaul tcd supBrstructure of the colonnaded gcil l ::; r y L.J. t the top of the cavea.

Figure 20 shows the foundations of tho entrance into tho arena at tho southnest corner of tho circus at the J uncture of the west cavoa (to the left) and the stables (to the right). This vaulted passagoway vms flanked by tm:- ors. 12.

Excavations made west of the circus in 1932 and 1934 revealed that there is a large structure connected with the circus which may prove to be the royal palace. Not only do 1 i terary references imply such a position but the deed of the present land owner mentions this strip of land as the site of the great palace.

Naturally, a complete scientific excavation must be made before the structure can be identified, but (excluding, of col.IT'sG, fabri cations on the spur of the moment) we have always found that local

.Arabic place names 1 and written and oral tradition with reference to sites in and around .A... '1tioch, have been correct. For example, the landowner mentioned above is referred to in the same document, which describes his land, as belonging to the ''family of the island".

All traces of the island disappeared centuries ago but our topo graphical researches from 1932 to Mr. Wilber's completed tracing of the island in 1934 have proved this rcferE.:nce in an old document to be correct; and this is only one of a number of similar instances. 13.

THE THEATRE OF ANTIOCH ( 21 on plan; 180-p)

Perhaps tho major topographical discovery of the season

was tho location of the theatre. Tho general situation of the

structure was known but there were no remains above ground to in-

dicato the specific location of the main elements of the building.

Quite apart from the value of the sculptural and architectural orna-

mentation of tho stage front, it is of importa.~ce to the history of

art and architecture to recover the plan and information about the

superstructure of tho edifice. Furthermore, . it is th6 key situation

for the location of tho civic center of Antioch and a number of large

buildings in thG vicinity. Professor A. M. Friend, of Princeton

University, has made a thorough study of the theatre in co!lnoction

with his work on the Evangelists in onrly Christior1 art and ho is

supervising the work of Glanville Downey and Donald N. Wilber in a

topographical reconstruction of tho ancient city, with this as the

principal fixed point of reference.

The position of the theatre against Mount Silpius ac-

counts for the depth (approximate average ~O feet) of the soil which

has washed down from tho mountain and buried it. This, however, has

had the good effect of preserving much of it from plunderers. In

our attempts to locate tho stage building we dug a deep trench which

probably was in tho open area behind tho stage since we uncovered

nothing until bed roclc was reached. In a last effort at the close

of the season we followed a shaft sunk by a plunderer for stones and t I came to a section of the cavea at a depth of about twenty-five feet

(Fig. 21). In the lower right corner of the photograph is a wall

of crusader construction which may be part of the fortification 14. erected by Bohcmund in the theatre when he was besioging the cita del above it. A closer view of the cavea at tho narrow bottom of the shaft shows t wo rows of seats (Fig. 22) .

It is planne d to mak e an excavation to thG center of the stage building next season to s ee how much of th is large and elabor ately decorated structure remains. 15.

ACTNITIES OF 'IHE MOSAIC CREW IN ANTIOCH

During this campaign the mosaic crew continued to preserve

mosaic pavements which were in danger of destruction. One of these,

located in 14 N, had been almost completely broken up before it was re

ported to us. Only a small section of a picture panel remained and this

represented the Judgment of Paris (Fig. 23). Hermes, wearing a travel

ler's hat and carrying a caduceus over his shoulder, is against a rocky

projection at the edge of the panel, and beside him is a figure also

with a caduceus - possibly Paris. Only a small portion of the bodies of

the three goddesses is preserved. The more completely preserved one,

Venus, wears a garland and a dark mantle around her left shrulder on

which is a lozenge ornamented with a bust of a bearded man. The heavily

draped figura next to her is probably Hera. Tho mosaic dates in the

seconq century.

Another pavement, dating in the third century and located

outside the Justinian wall in 11 U, was exposed by a spring torrent.

The best pres0rvcd panel in the pavement illustrates the pastimes and

capture of Erotcs (Fig. 24): two of them are cheering on a cock fight;

another is fishing; another is sleeping with a flaming torch beside

him; another stands with a bow and arrow; and the end of such pleasures

is seen in the capture and caging of two Erotes by an old man.

In 11 P were two fragments of a border of a dostroyod pave ment which are of interest because thoy illustrate a local building

and scenes of daily life of tho fifth century. Tho building has a

high front wall with an arched passageway in the center, a tower at

one end, and a largor structure at the other end wi th an arched opsn

ing in which is a figure with an upraised arm (Fig. 25). Behind the 16.

wall can be seen the top storey and roof of the central build

ing ~ith the identifying inscription abovo J t:

TO TOY 111\E~A]NL1PH[NoiJ * (The house of t h e Ale xandrian).

Next to this monume nt is a male figure gathering fruit of some

kind to put in a large basket standing beside him. This scene

is labelled TO [-----~XPOI C • The other fragment represents a

donkey with a pack on its back pausing to drink at a fountain before the driver rushes up to beat it on its way (Fig. 26).

This realistic scrap of daily life can be s een frequently today

on the roads in and around Antioch.

A large pavement just belo'.v th0 surface of the soil

in lO Q, had a florial border which enclosed a whole gallery of plant and animal life with a large lion as the central feature

(Fig. 27). Each figure or object is set in a loz.:mge frame which is formed by lin8s of pink flowers running diagonally across the field (Fig. 28) and the large striding form of the lion stands out impressively against this ba ckground (Fig. 29).

*Or TO TOY THC ~:::ANAPHAC .AN.6.POC TOnON abbreviated to

TOY [email protected] J NAPH (!.cJ . 17.

EXCAVATIONS IN DAPHNE

The quadrated map of Daphne (Fi g . 3) shows the number of excavations made in this famous grove and also the great extent of the plateau on which it was situated. The most important build ing excavated here, from an architectural point o f view , was a

Roman theatre which had been partly dug last year. W!.I'. Wilber super vised the work of clearing this monument and his account of the re sult follows:

A Roman Theatre

By Donald N. Wilber

Early in April the excavatiorili which had been begun on the site of this Roman theatre the previous year wer e r esumed and were carried on with a force of about 35 men until the first part of June. The previous work had indicated the location of the plan elements and had made clear the fact that the fill was too deep to permit the clearance of the cavea area. Thus a canplete examina tion was confined to the area of the orchestra and the stage.

An the theatre was uncovered, f eatures of rather special inter est began to come to light. The first of t hes e was connected with the presence of an unusually large orch estra drain and of an under ground water channel or tunnel which had its outlet in the center of the orche stra. These two el ements are a sure i ndication of the method by which the orchestra area was flooded or drained in t h e quickest possible manner by wat0r brought d irectly from the spr i ngs of Daphne . A s e cond f eature was the r 0somblance in plan, but more particularly in the ornamental arch ite ctural de tails of th is monument with the the atre at .Torash. 18.

The land leastod for the dig was definitely limited and the first question to be solved was tho disposal of the dump on the limited arGa so that it would not interfere v: ith the work.

It was estimated that about 1200 cubic meters of earth would have to be r emoved and a schane was worked out which involved rodurnp- ing some sectors of the theatre b6fore all of tho oth;:; rs had beE: n completely excavated.

In general the work of this season confirmed the original impression of the plan scheme as described in thG Field Report of

1934 with a good deal of added light on some distinctive plan

I arrangements. A resume of th~ work will bring out those points of individuality.

The orchestra gutter

The cn~re sector of mor8 than a complete s emi-circle of tho orchestra gutter was cloared . Large , h0avy, well dressed masonry is used throughout with a change in the type of construction on both sides of the gutter at the point whs re tho curve of the gutter becomes straight, tho change marked on the gutter wall on each side by an incised arrow. Given the groat capacity of the gutter it is curious to SOC that there are no traces Of any kind Of surface ehannels which would have conducted rain water fran the cavoa slopes to t he gutter. The gutter was originally l oft open to tho sky, but at a later period a roof of stone slabs was added. The construction along tho cavoa side of the gutter (Fig. 30) underwent a series of constructional changes. Many holes in the flat slabs s how tho use at different times of temporary barriers, etc. One entire block, 19. parts of a second and the setting marks of a third remain at a point 2 meters back of the gutter. The one stone in situ is of fine grained hard white lirnestone, is 0.70 m. high and 0 . 60 m. wide and has in one corner three letters of an inscription in

Greek. From this block it is evident that the cavea ann the orchestra were separated by a low massive wall. Sinee this block occurs directly on the axis of the theatre the usual stairway descending from the cavea into the orchestra at this point cculd never have been built. The course of the gutter towards the north can be followed on both sides only as far as the wall of the scaenae frons. It must certainly have carried under the stage building built in extrer:iely heavy masonry and probably with some form of sluice gate at the rear of the stage building uhich con- trolled the disposal of the water from the orchestra.

The orchestra

After the entire area of the orchestra had boon cleared an attempt was made to identify the different constructional periods. The well preserved late floor was of sandstone slabs laid according to a regular scheme. Under this was the original floor of large pieces of narble and alabaster set t ~ form a band running parallel to the stage front and about 4.50 m. i;7ide . Tho south edge of this marble floor was bonded by a row of dressed stones containing a water channel. Further to the south tho rost of the orchestra area was surfaced simply with hard packed gravel .

During the work of the previous season a circular drain or fountain head of white marble had been discovered in position 20. in tho cent er of the orchestra. This fotmtain head was now re moved and und ~r it was found, scaled by two larger roof tiles, a shaft about 0.40 m. in diam.:;t c.:1:' . A special force of men was set to dig out this shaft and collect the sherds an~ co ins. They followed it doim for 4 meters when it we nt horizontally towards

the southeast 1 finally to rise to the surface il1 the act:rnl ca-v3a area. Then it continued, plunging horizontally into the hillside.

Evidence from the channel proves that it dates from tho original building of tho theatre at the end of the first century. Actually this channel is merely one of the network of undergrotmd aqueducts which underly the Daphne plateau and which were used in ancient times to distri bu to the water of the springs. It can h0avo b oen used only in order to flood rapidly tho orchestra nr c tl and porni t its use as a naumachia. The flow of wator would have been con- trolled at the point in the cavea where the tunnel comes to the surface. Only at a considerably later date did the fountain head supplied by a very limited force of water r eplace this scheme .

Tho stone foundations for some kind of a squarr: structure built on th3 inside edge of tho gutt\]r and on th<::; axis of the theatre present a difficult problem. Tho obvious solution that sone kind of a state box was built her& jutting out into the or chestr~ does not seem vory plausible since the r e wa s no m~thod of direct access to it fran tho cavoa because of t h~ dividing wall mentioned above. Probably it was used in connection wi th th-:; shows prGs0 ntcd in th<:: orchestra.

The stage front.

It is this area of the thoatro ~h ich presents the most numerous problems of interpr8tation. It sooms f8irly certain that 21. only two principal building periods arc r vprosented. Tho first front wall of tho stage platform was purfcctly straight continuing th~ lino prolongc:d of the north walls of th0 p arodoi. In the later period, the period of tht: snndstono orchestra floor, the stage rront ';\"as moved forward about 1 m8t8r. Th0r:: is only a slight possibility the.t this wall was ornamented with a series of shallo~ niches. In the s0cond period a stairway led from tho wost side of the orchestra up to tho stage platfonn. Complications result from tho presence of 4 drain channels running parallel to the stage front. Why i;:rc,ro so many needed? This 1;-holo area has been recordod in great detail and spacial drawings made so that an eventual solution of all the problems may be expected.

Because of tho unusually shallo1;; depth of the ste.go platform thG actual ~rnll of thu scaenae frons must havo been straight and flat - -:1ithout do0p niches or heavy reveals. Tho typo is that of the theatres of Jcrash and Aspondus, not that at Orange. Even so th0 \;all itself >;as vary heavy and nee ded 0trong foundations.

The ongago

the exact manner in which the colurn_ns found were used to decor

ate the scaenae frons. Pieces of 6 different sizes of marble..

colunms came to light. Probably they were all used in a two

storey treatment of the scaenae frons. The porta regia, the

great door on the axis of the theatre, was flanked on each side

with a column of red Egyptian granite 0.80 m. in diameter which

rose to nearly the full height of the scaenae frons. The lower

storey on either side had columns 0.50 in diameter of the same

material and the ones of the upper storey were of the same approx

imate size, but in gray marble. The remaining column types are of

the same dimensions and were probably used in r epair and rebuild

ing.

This season more fragments of sculpture etc., came to

light in the scaenae frons area. Notably the torso, complete to

the hips, of a stayr, once part of a group of Nymph and satyr

(Fig. 31). One leaf of a chaplet of gilded bronze, part of the

ceremonial dress of an emperor, was found. Built into a late in

trusive wall wore a number of fragments of two largor than life

size statues of emperors clad in armor. Ono had been executed in

alabaster, the other in marble.

East parodos

The r emoval of the later sandstone pavemont in the

parodos passageway revealed the original stone floor which mounted

in a sories of stops towards tha exterior. On the north the mas

sive wall of the parodos contained some stones as largo as 1.80 m.

long, o.70 m. high and 0.70 m. wide (Fig. 32). Noar tho we st end 23. (~ . of the wall the first course of the vaulting stones was in place, _

further east at tho same level only the ordinary dressed blocks

were found. This proves that the level of the vaults themselves

rose towards the oxtorior in relation with tho floor below to pre

serve a uniform coiling height. On tho north side of this parodos

wall wore some pieces of marble revetment and the holes where many

othors had boon attachGd. This s s ction forrn. :A the e nd wall of tho

stage itsolf and must have b6on very elaborately treated. To tho

north of tho parodos wall trenche s wore dug down to stereo and the

foundation cuttings for tho cast ond of tho stage building wore

located. From an intrusive wall in this section came a piece of

finely carved architectural detail of the first building period

{ (Fig. 33). A curious fact was that in tho fill throughout this section sherds and coins (Seleucid) much earlL,r in date than the

theatre itself were found. Also many of tho blocks hare had been

re-used from another building (Fig. 34). The conclusion must be

that a very oerly building originally stood east of the theatre

just beyond tho range of' our digic,ing and was destroyed when tho

theatre was built.

The wost parodos

Here only enough of' the area was dug to check thG logic

al assumption that the plan arrangement and period construction was

tho smno as that of tho east parodos.

The cavea.

Several trenches were dug on tho slope of tho hillside

in order to determine the curve of the cavea and the type of seat 24. construction. In the firs t p •Jl'iod largo very '.'Jell cut slabs had been placod directly on rock stops cut into the hill. Lat0r they wore: all r emoved and a poor type of opus inccrtum substi tuted for thum• The outer limits of the theatre wore determined: the top of tho foundations for ths colonnade which ran around the top of the theatre was 20 meters above tho orchestra floor and

53 meters in a direct line from the center cf th0 orchestra. 25.

EXCAVATION W 23 - 24 N

A section of land was excavated along a torrace

which had been used as a site for building villas from the late

Hellanist ic period to the fifth century A.D. The arDa vms se

lected partly for tho completion of tho plan of a villa uncovered

last year (Field rtoport, 1934, p. 14} and partly for further in

formation about tho chronology and topography of the district.

This excavation revealed a series of rooms constructed of well

quadratcd blocks of limestone in the late Hellenistic period,

over an earlier stone quarry. In the early first ce ntury A.D.

foundation vralls of another building of a high er l evel of h abi

tat ion WE: re laid in these r

planning of the site except whore the Hellenistic walls could

s orve as a rmll for the ne'.; building~ Thero are evidences of minor reconstructions from the first century A.D. to the third

century eihen the v: hole area vms again roplanned and robuil t with

rubble walls of inferior construction. Tho excavation made it possible to complete the plen of the north and cast sides of the villa e xcava t ed last year, and it indicated t;~J.a t an extensive

excavation of the torrace r; ould uncover a large villa district with wal ls and strGots comparable in state of preservation to tho so of Pompeii. 26.

EXCAVATION IN 26 K/L

Several rooms of a villa rrore uncovered somewhat to

the south along tho same terrace (Fig. 35). The largest of these

was a triclinium or dining room of a type nhich appears to have

been common in Antioch and Daphne in the second and third cen

turies ot our era. A colonnaded corridor fornwd onG end of the

triclinium and separated it from a large s8mi-circular pool (com

pare p.7). Within the room dining couches y;ere placed on three

sides of mosaic pictures, used as the main decorative motif of

the pavement, and the guests reclining on the dining couches faced

those and the corridor ~ ,- ith tho pool behind th0 rons of colurnns.

The pavom~nt of the room ~as almost completely de

stroyed (Fig. 36) • It i:-:as des ignod \;i th panels of lozenges, over i;:; hich the dining couches ,,-;ere placed, and tv;-o picttrr e panels. One

of the figure subjects nas onclosod in a border of mesks (Fig. 37);

and the other, extending tho 1:: idth of the room, he.d e. roprcsenta

tion of Bacchus with t;;o panthers, dancers or actors, and a satyr

(Fig. 38). The pavement of tho colonnaded corricior, Fhich was

placed boh;c on the triclinium proper and tho pool, was nppropri

ately designed 1.ii th tritons l:::iading hippocamps bearing Nore ids

and attendant JI;rotos (Fig. 39). Another short corridor had a panel with a seated figuro holding a cornucopia a nd. a , ine cup, and a

standing figure, personifying XPHCIC holding a plate on nhich aro t no gold bracelets nnd a p e arl n e cklace (Fig. 40). 27.

THE MOSAIC PAVEMENT IN 26-K

In a field adjoining that in which the above mentioned excavation had been made, a landowner uncovered a small section of a mosaic pavement while planting a small olive tree.

The mosaic crew cleared a larger portion - enough to see that it was an important mosaic vrh ich we vrould have to raise in order to save it from destruction.

The pavement was a largo rectangulm- one with two separate decorative systc:'11ls although the pavement itself was con- tinuous with no structural divisions (Fig. 41). One part served as the floor at the en trance; and the other, forming the p avemont of the main part of the room, had picture panels grouped arotmd a central octagonal pool (Fig. 42). Both units had a common border of small rectangular figure panels separated by square panels with a single fret rendered in isometric perspective. Somo rectangular figure panels depict scones such as the following: a boy milking a goat (Fig.43); a shepherd boy blowing his horn (Fig.44); a woman with a man-servant hanging garlands on a loaf less tree (Fig. 45); a shepherd boy tending sheep in front of a small edifice (Fig. 46);

E:rotos dancing to the tune of a syrinx (Fig. 47); Erotes at a sympo- siurn (Fig. 48); and Erotes picking flowers and hanging ge.rlands

(Fig. 49). Other rectangular panels have a moro formal composition consisting of t Bo partridges (Fig. 50), or two peacocks (Fig. 51), or other fo~l facing a central decorative motif. In corners of the border arc porsonifications in tho form of ft::male busts: 6YNAMIC

(Fig. 52); KTICIC (Fig. 53); (A.NAN) :swi::.;rc (?); and EY.ANAPIA (Fig. 54)

Tho part of the pavement tor;ard tho en trance was badly ' 28. df!meged since it 1:n. s only ~ f ew inchos bc nenth the surf<.:. ce of the ground. Just i;..r i thin tho port::;l ' 'G.S 11 rov: of thrso figure. pnnels in ellipsoid frN'1o s sopm·atcd, tho one from tho other,by ~ r e ctPngu l<"tr pnnel contnining one h11lf of n persp r:..: c t ivo frE:t. The c c ntrr:l figure •·:c.s thA-t of n reclining Horr;. clos (Fig. 55); to the right c:-<:s

R d8.llcing bncchr..nt (Fig. 56); nnd to the loft n p G.rtly destroyed figure of a girl with an o.rmful of flowers. Tho rest of this g;ction of the prvemont is divided into tHo rows of modnllions o.lte;rnut€:;d

Ti ith squeres containing a 12~go perspectivo fr~t orn2.ffi~nt~d with a guillocho and ribbon. The modrJ.lions frcmo le.rgo busts, mnong -.;-'."l ich is a fino reprosontation of Bncchus (Fig. 57).

Th·, othGr plil't of tho p1w0m(:mt nround t~1 0 oct<::-gonn.l pool had a F ide border of nc-inthus scrolls •:hich stc.rtod from ::. clustL.r of ncr-i.llthus in C~ '. C '.1 cor ~J. er. From tho top of .:;[,ch cluster of ac~nthus arose e. p 0rson:ific2t ion of one of the see.sons in the form of a ;:ingod female figure. In the southon.st corner ;. .-r1s Spring 1:o nring n flor nl garland and holding a veil full of flo\;ors (Fig . 58). In tho south vrnst corner Summer wore a straw het and held c. shonf of rip;;; grnin in her arms (Fig. 59). Autumn, in the north·,:: ost corner, h nd a ge.rln.nd of olive l eaves end a veil filled iii th fruit (Fig. 60). In th e; north east corner W<'c s Winter shrouded in a pallium (Fig. 61). Within H:ch ncan thus scroll of tho border is a flmrer or fruit, oxcopt in the center of each side uhore tho scrolls meet in en ecr-nthus frern0 for a largo hond (Fig. 62).

Tho figures of the seasons vrnro rndii:-,1 to four sides of an actagonal pool in tho canter end divided the r cr;.::-, ir1d0r of the pavement into four equal trapezoids, each of nhich he.d an egg end 29.

dGrt border and contained n hunting scone. Ths trapezoid pnncl

on the vicst side \ias the first to bo seen from tho ontrrnce and r0prcscntcd the prcpnrntion for a hunt (Fig. 63). A semi-nude hunter ~ ith a speer holds up a hnro in sacrifice to a statue of

Artemis \ih ich is placed on a high double bcse in a clump of trcos;

to his left another hunter is tying up a boot i::·hilo r-. dog T: nits

impatiently; to his right ere t'R'o wc.iting companions nnd c. sorvmit setting off nith c. bnskot of provisions. In the opposite panel on the cast side of tho octe.gonal pool is a hunter '. ·i th r. spcnr and

Artemis r:ith ~ dra:;m ::u-ro\; rushing to.,,crd. a ch2.:::ging liou (Fig.64).

A 1:7ild boor lies dcp_c";. in front of Artomis - fl victim of one of hor arrov.·s, Th EJ hunt.:;r Fenrs only c. chl~ys ov:.::r his l.:;;ft shoulder nnd boots. .Art·.:I!lis hes on 2. short chi_ton, n ·.. ind blo·,m chlmnys E'Jld boots. In front of a rocky ~-:ood.ed grovo in th·.:. b <'!. ckground. is the high columnar stole -r 1hich commonly accompanies such sylvan passages in Graeco-Roman landscap0s. The pnnol on the north h os a representa tion of t1.o huntors on horseback _in a landscape; of rocks e.nci trees

(Fig. 65). The: hunter to the 10ft is nbout to speer n l copc:rd; the one to t:i.e right h[>.S his spear poised to hurl At n lion, en6. beneath his horse is a dead beP..r. The panel on the south h ::.s three mounted hunters: one: is spc::ring n bear nnd. the othor t ·::o r...rc, chcrging a tigor (Fig. 66).

The coins founr: under tho pnvemont G. 0 t:::, it in the time of Constnntine. It is beyond '}Uostion one of th:, mos t important recorC.s r:o l1r->.vs of the pictorir>l "rt of this period. . 30.

EXCAVATION IN 24 P

In quad.ra tion 24 P anoth0r mo s e.ic pe.v emcm t was struck

by e peasant in the course of ploning his fiGl C: (Fig. 67). Within

n geometric pr...ttern r.'cre cod8llions ».' ith i,vi nge;G. fcmr.le busts per

sonifying Spring (Fig. 68), Summer (Fig . 69), Autmnn (destroyed),

and Winter (Fig. 70) e.round a control modc-:llion ,-ith a representa 

tion of iH holding a cornucopin (Fig. 71).

Nearby ViOr e h :o smaller rooms, each pnved ai th mose.io

dGsigned n ith a border of bircls nnd plonts arounc':t P. g e ometric

pRttern Tihich had n c untrf! l me clo. llion contr.ining e fcmnle bust.

B<; hind tho hen.d of ono bust is a halo (Fig. 72); the other bust is

iuentifiod by the inscription KTICIC (Fig. 73). All of these pRve munts dnte in tho fifth century.

Beneath the pe.vomont v.c ith tho personificctions of tho

seasons 'iias a nymphnoum of the thirC: c entury Kith a large rec

tCTigular pool nt one enu a nd a niche at th0 other (Fig . 74). This

room also ~- : us paved n ith n mosnic of geometric C:csign, ant under

this pnvomont v:-as a r:ell in Fh ich n large limcstc·nu s tatue of a

f emale figure r:es found (Fig. 75). 31.

EXCAVATION IN 27-P

Three rooms >iith mosaic pP..v oments of unusual interest

1,ers uncovered in this area by the mose,ic crC\-.· (Fig. 76). The le.rgest of those, soen in the contor of tho photograph, has a roprescntat i on of n rc ild b enst hunt nhich is rendered in a style

so close to thet of tho Yflkto mosaic (1932) ns to suggest that it ims done by the srnnc; atelier in tho middle of the fifth century.

Vli thin a border of ['.Can thus scrolls enclosing b ird. s, animals and

Erotes arc four scenes of coP.1bat bet'>ieon hunters '."ncl "' ild beasts.

Each sceno fnccs one side of the room anc is scpnrateC. from the other by pomc gro.ncitc trees in the four angles of the pavement.

On the sicle torrn.rd the northcnst nre a c.ioacl be ar nnd. t-i:o hunters,

one on foot and th0 other on horseback, spearing e leopnrG (Fig.77).

On tho southeast side ~ hunter on horseback is r e scuing n fnllon

comrade from c. lioness (Fig. 78). To the south',;est a mounted hunts- man is shooting a lion n ith nn nrro~ ~hile n comp anion on foot kills a l eopercl n ith his spe ar (Fig. 79). On tho northwest a horseman clash6s m1ay t1 ith a stolen tiger cub follov;ed by the mothor tigress and t ~o r emaining cubs in close pursuit; a hyena runs ahoac or this amus-

ing cavalcade (Fig. 80). In the center of the pnvomont is a stanting figure clothed. in a l c op!J.rd skin (Bacchus ? ) an Ci. surrounC.eC. by fallow

C:.eer, a c nracnl, nn ibex, a d.cal.. bear, n hyena, Pnd r:i bear cub (Fig.

81).

The p::.cvcment of on.,; of the h;o smaller r ooms has Pc large lion in th~ cente r ruid pr5uPtory b easts nttncking or pursuing their victims on tho four s Kos: n tigress nnd cub pursue f nlloia ceor; a leopard is bringing C.ow n an ostrich; p, lioness chases ibexes; nnd a 32. boFJ.r fights a r ilC: bull ( ?ig. 82) . A p arr ot , c. guinen fovd , e. reel breasted goose nm.. phensc.nts ars usoc.l r1s :'. oc orlltivo space fillers . Tho pavement of tho other small rocm has n centrnl modnllion ,_-; ith n bust of r H surrounC.cd by hoc.rt-sh'.'tpcd leave s

>' ith f ruit depicted upon thorn (Fig. 83) . 33.

THE CHURCH OF KAOUSSEH

The area excavated is situated 300 meters west of the road

from Antioch to Alexandrette, opposite the island across the Orontes

and thus outside the limits of ancient Antioch. The mosaic whose

accidental discovery led us to this site lay about 30 cm. only below

the soil. The walls of the building have disappeared down to the

foundations for the most part and almost always below the level of the

pavements. The mosaics are at times considerably damaged although

they were supported by a bed of cement which was herd enough to make

the plan of the rooms 2nd of the edifice as a whole clearly marked, as

will be seen by the accompanying plan (Fig.84).

The plan is a cross whose four arms, all of the same width

llm.5, radiate in the direction of the cardinal points of the compass

from the four sides of a space 16m.5 sque.re. The dimensions were

considerable, the nave of one of the arms being 25m. long, giving an

over-all dimension of 66m.

The eastern nave is flanked by two long parallel halls

3m.B wide, and similar accessory rooms exist at the west extremity of

the north nave. The naves are not constructed in basilica form but

are simple, without side aisles, and must have be<0m cov;~red by a wooden

ceiling cov

The walls are constructed in small blocks bound by good cement upon a

rude masonry foundation, fill~ are uniformly 72 crn. in thickness. All

foundations were of a rudo masonry composed of a core of basalt. The walls we r e built of bloc~s roughly cut upon the faces, with a filling

of rubble , ncasuring for tho church m.74 in width, but 1~.65 only for

the bapt is try and for th0 walls of the othor roons. At the angl<;;s of th0 central squnrc; th<:: foun.dations Vi'"ere of exceptional width, as proved by one block that is st ill preserved, and also by thG fact that 34.

at thu exterior angles of the arms the small blocks wero r eplaced

by ashlar work of larger scale. This reinforcement permits us to

suppose that tho central square was flanked by four largo arches.

To the north of tho east arm and beyond th o t wo rooms men

tioned is a baptistry (Fig. 85), nearly square in form, measuring

6 m. on the side and t 0rmin«.t ing towards tho cast with an apse wh ich

contained the baptismal font. Two small rooms beyond it must have

served as dressing rooms for the catochumons.

It is unnecessary to indicate tho importance of this plan,

which is very unusual not only in Syria wheru cruciform plons aro

rare, but in all the Christian world. Tho date of the churc::i which

an inscription fixes in tho year 387, is anterior tc the dating of

the gr su.t Christimi monuments of Syria. Subsc;quent to the crcat ion

of tho Constantinian churches, this structure be longs to the second

groat advance of Christian architecture, associntod with the nmne

of the Tulperor Theodosius und represented only up to this tLrne by

the rer.iains of thG Church of the Ascension at J oruse.lom {before 378).

Tho rooms which compose tho church arc for the most part

paved 1;ith mosaic, tho only :i::::ception being the c ;:.;:, t r c:.l square which

was covered Hi th a marblo pav·.;mcnt almost canpl ·Jtcly destroyed. In

the center of t h,_: c ontral square; there wa s a sort of platform sur

rou.11ded by Fl well, probably a s iJ,; plc bnJ.ustrad0 with trrcos of an apse

:1ppo aring in tho Kost , encl possibly one or' tl10s•J tribune s wh ich Rro

a coramon f oat ar u of sevon;J. Syrian church ()S ( e . g . Q,alb Luzch) which

H. C. ButlGr consid::;r•:;d 3 scholu cQntorum. This wo uld bo the carli-

ost ex anrpl o of tho form, and tho possibility remains that the

structure; marks the location of a martyr's shrine. The: pavement mosr.ics ere of g2omotric p~ttern in from tTio to four col or s , nnd of 35.

tesserae of large dimension, there being about fifty for every 100

sq.cm., but they are nevertheless carefully 8Xccutcd. The motifs

are very skillfully developed, being executed on a larger scale than

usual in accordance with the dimensions of tho building.

In the north arm the border is made of octagons in scale

pattern. The center is adorned with olomonts of simple g0ometric do-

sign separated by large bnnds of meanders. In tho ITE:st arm around a

central panel composed of an arrengemen t of squares th0re is a very

complex motif formed by two broad ribbons composing l ar go men.nders

bordering octagons and hexagons. In tho south the pavement is com-

posed of a complex of octagons and circles . At the cast inside a

border of overlapping octagons, eight large squares are filled Tiith

complex decorative motifs of patterns organize d in circles or squares.

The accessory rooms are paved with moro simple dt: signs, the baptistry

having a very pretty arr:mgomont of squares and lozenges.

Inscriptions in those moscics give t ho monument unusual value.

Some of them are admirably preserved, others c an be easily r estored,

tho Tihole s eries revooling the history of the monument. The inscriptions follow n ith a short commentary:

(1) (Fig. 86). Along the south border of tho north arm, readable from

the north. Length 6m.70, width m.41, r: i th height of t he letters m.08.

"In the time of our very holy Bishop Fl e.vian nnd of the vory pious Euscbius , administr 2tor 2nd priost, Dorys, the pri est , in accordance Ti ith his prayer finished also this exedr a o.nd its mose,ic in the month of Dystros of the year 435" {r1;e.rch A. D. 387) .

The text is complete. Fl avinn was pRtri ar ch of Antioch from 381,

the date and tho era thus bGing verifi od . Dor ys mny hnve boon the donor of 36.

the t:ork but may also have been the mosaicist. The fact that he was

also priest is not surprising; Kyros; famous 2.rchitect of North Syria

and almost his contemporary, ~as a priest. Wo note that the word

t1exedra" serves to indicate in this description each of the arms of

the cross, but the precise manning of this term in the architecture of

the period is yot to be defined.

(2) (Fig. 85). In the room at the west extremity of the south annex

of the east ne.ve. This room of later dA.te is paved vii th a

mosaic of large white tesserae with n maroon quartE.ring. The

inscription uithin a tabolla ansata is done in white on maroon

ground. Length Zm.79, height m.58, height of letters m.16.

The letters are crowded and narrow, very different from the other

inscriptions:

"In the time of our very holy end pious bishop Theodot cs, and of Athanasius, priest and achninistrntor, tho mosaic of the Feist ikon and this r:ork i;u1s accomplish0d under Akkiba, deacon and pnra.'1lonarius"

Bishop Thoodotos occupied tho seu from 418 to 427. This in-

scription is then forty years lator than the prcc'.;;d. ing one z: ith a change of bishop, administrGtor ruld mosnicist. Throe ~ords arc especially

I interesting: the n!'lllG given tho room Peistikon { JTf.' 1-11.f<,_,,.., ) which

I must be r oad '-) , the Semitic nrnno of the mosaicist '',L) •~ 1<- ; /3 c.._ and the: ti tlo Pnr8Il1onarius.

( 3) Remains of en inscription preserved on the;, ;:est border of the north

nrm, and c onsisting of one line. 7m . 06 in leng th, incomple t e at tho

right ITith three lacunae; height of lottors s .115:

f. ------A I fll1 p 8 A N 1/V.. - k. f.>.. I E_ c k. ,.v, 8 I JY\ A - --- A possible restoration is: l<(vr,)e. /.i' , · / ,,. k

( 4) Parallel to the north boundary of the sout'1 arm and quite

similar in disposition, epigraphic character, and general

sense to _;_nsc ription Ho. 1. In spite of damage it can be al-

most entirely restored by reference to inscription No . 1 and

No. 5:

"In the time of the very holy Bishop Flavian and of the priest Eusebius charged with administration of the church the priest Dorys paved also this exedra with mosaic."

The name of the mosaicist is restored on the basis of the

two inscriptions mentioned above. The presence of the word "ecclesia"

~ / ( t .. r< I< A'l .r:" ) confirms the identification of the building as a church,

and we notice that this aIT1 of the cross is also called "exedra".

(5) (Fig. 87). This inscription, unlike the precedj_ng , is placed in

the middle of the west arm in a rectangular frame inside the cen-

tral panel. The text is six lines long and injured at the left.

Length rn . 15.l, height m. 69 , height of letters m.08. The epigraphy

"In the time of the very pious Bishop Flavian and of the v ery honorable Eusebius, charged with the administration of the church, the priest Dorys made all of the mosaic of this exedra."

The text is the same as No . 4 with the exception of the final formula and some change in the epithet .

( 6) (Fig. 88) . In the room behind the bapt is try there was found the

arm of a small bronze cross incised with an incomplete inscription.

Length m.13, width m. 035 to m. 055, height of l etters m. 007 to 38.

m.009, length of i..'1scription m.113: \ .• \ ; .cA· y1c.·v, r·, t (... 1...1 "J /\ £ >j ·:-r;; 1.1 --- A bishop of the name of Anatolius was appointed to occupy

the see of Antioch in 268 according to ~usebius.

Some tombs have been uncovered in the interior of the church

and in its immediate vicinity. They are for the most part sarcophagi

constructed of bricks anQ covered with slabs of stone and placed immediately below the level of the mosaics. It would seem as if these

tombs had been constructed after the pavem0nt was laid, the pavement being broken for their installation and after>J&rd r epaired, but any

certain trace of this operation does not remain on account of the complete pillage of the tombs so far discovered. One of these sarcophagi occupying the northwest angle of the central square is monolithic.

The tombs which wore dis covered in tho differGnt arcs were particularly numerous at thi:; extreme east of tho east nave, thus apperently excluding tho hypothesis that the altar ¥ms situated at this point. Tho best prest;rvcd was a double torctb c:-::.rofully built in bricks and situated in the south arm. Each ono of these tomb pits vms wider at tho feet than tho head.

Tllo plan of tho church reminds one of th8 church of Nyssa which is described by Grogory of Nyssa in a lotter to .Amphilochus,

Bishop of Iconium, and which was contemporaneous with our own church.

This well-known t ext which has boon studi.:od by Strzygowski among others (Kleinasion, pages 74 to 90), should be re-studied in the light of tho present discov0ry. From an examination of the foundations the conclusion seems irnpos0d that the church Has built without accessory structuros at first and only later at the dat e: v:;hich is fixed by the inscription of the Poistikon there was probably added beside this room 39. the baptistry and also tho series of rooms along tho cast wall 6f tho south arm, which may have boon the apartments of the pararnonarius .

To a third period would belong tho long paved hall extending on both sides of the east arm and whose uso is still uncertain. In any case they must be considered as independent of tho nave from which they were separated by a wall no doubt penetrated by a door. The hnll paved with marble beyond tho rrnst wall of tho south ar·m may be of the same period.

Later st ill is a hall discovered in an c;xtension of tho wost nave whose existence is attested only by a coarse bed of rubble limited toward the west by a wall, the hall apparently a portico marking the principal entrance .

A number of drain pipes wore fo__und, some paved ~ith bricks and constructed of stone slabs, others made of torra cotta pipes.

Those drains are particularly nurnarous toward the southeast of tho monllilient, and they seem to have served mainly to carry off tho rain water received by the enormous roof.

Glass tesserae found in numbers in the d~bris ind.icate mosaics that adorned the ~alls .

Th0 church seems to have survived until the great earth quake (526) and possibly up to the Persian invasion of 540. After this period it seems not to have buen restored but por.baps demolished and used as a quarry.

The church seoms to have stood in an isolated position dur ing tho period of its existence since in our excavations towards east, south and wost ~0 have found it surrounded by an unused area from 35 to 50 meters wide . In this area we found only some torra cotta pipes and a few traces of late walls . A b(;d of roughly pounded stone marks this free space to the southwest, but we have no11here been able to 40. define tho limits of it.

It is unfortunate that 1;;ith all th0 valuable informetion afforded by the inscriptions of the mosaics ~e src not able to find out the dedication of tho church. It se8r!1S to have beon finished at the very time (Marc:i 387) that tho serious affair of the statu5s broke out in Antioch when thz.; equestrian statue of Theodosius and others woro overthrovm, and nhon the aged archbishop Flavian started off for Constantinople to appease the anger of the E:nperor Theodosius, while tho anxious faithful came in crowds to hear tho sermons of St.

John of Chrysostom. Among these sermons nas one ,-1hich Chrysostom delivered on St. Babyle.s, in tho year 387. The account of tho trans lation of the bones of the Martyr Babylas fron Daphne to Antioch giv.::s reason to suppose that a martyr ion in his honor vms constructed with out the walls of the city and across the Oront;:is at some time in th£: reign of Julian or shortly thereafter. Chrysostom's account of the bishop Flavian's building of shrines for the martyrs is consist0nt with inscriptions Nos . 1 and 4. A possible interprctG.tion of tho re mains is therefore that tha central square contained a martyrion of

Babyl as, to which Fl avian added the four naves • STATISTICLL REPOHT SE.ASOTJ 1935

Number of days worked in actual excavation 116

Ntnnber of men emp loyed during whole period of work 1445

Number of excavations 21

Number of recorded objects 1139

Number of mosaics found and cemented 116

Number of coins 1784

Number of plans, blue prints and tracings 130

Nl..llllber of photographs taken 612

Number of squeezes of inscriptions 23

Number of colored. negatives of mosaics made by expedition photographer 9

Number of colored lantern slides made by expedit::._o n photographer 12

Number of colored negatives of mosaics made by hired photographer 60 Figure. 1 D 1 t: F G 1--1 J K Q R s T 1 I I I I -5 ANTI OC~wVIC I NIT Y I 6 EXCAVATIONS O f

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FIG. 5 FIG. 7 FIG. 8 FIG. 9 FIG. 10 FIG· 11

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FIG. 14 FIG. 15 FIG. lG FIG. 17

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FIG. 28 FIG. 29

FIG. 30 FIG. 31 FIG. 32

FIG. 33 FIG. 34 FIG. 36

FIG. 37 FIG· 38

FIG. 39 FIG. 40

FIG. 41 FIG. 42

FIG. 43 FIG. 44

FIG. 45 FIG. 46

FIG. 47 FIG· 48

FIG. 49 FIG. 50

FIG. 51 FIG. 52

FIG. 53 FIG. 54

FIG. 56 FIG. 57 FIG. 58 FIG. 59 FIG . 60 -

FIG. 61 FIG. 62

FIG. 63 FIG. 65 66 FIG. EB FIG. 69 FIG. 70 FIG. 71 FIG. '12 FIG-. ?3 FIG. 74 • FIG. ?6

FIG. 77 FIG. '78

FIG. '79 FIG. 80

FIG. 81 FIG· 82 FIG. 83 CHUR.CH IN KAOUS~IE

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FIG. 86 FIG. 87

FIG. 88