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The Evolution of South American Populations of Trimerotropis Pallidipennis (Oedipodinae: Acrididae) Revisited: Dispersion Routes

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The Evolution of South American Populations of Trimerotropis Pallidipennis (Oedipodinae: Acrididae) Revisited: Dispersion Routes N.V. GUZMAN AND V.A.Journal CONFALONIERI of Orthoptera Research 2010,19(2): 253-260253 The evolution of South American populations of Trimerotropis pallidipennis (Oedipodinae: Acrididae) revisited: dispersion routes and origin of chromosomal inversion clines Submitted July 27, 2010, accepted October 20, 2010 NOELIA VERÓNICA GUZMAN AND VIVIANA ANDREA CONFALONIERI Grupo de Investigación en Filogenias Moleculares y Filogeografía, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Intendente Güiraldes y Costanera Norte s/n., 4to. Piso Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. [VAC] Email: [email protected] Abstract enization between related species in geographic regions of sympatry. Indeed, inversions can create genomic regions of low recombina- In the past few years large-scale genome sequencing has demonstrated tion that may provide a means to create ‘‘islands of differentiation’’ that inversion rearrangements are more frequent than initially hypothesized. Many examples suggest they may have played an important function in between species (Brown et al. 2004; Butlin 2005; Slotman et al. delineating the evolution of biodiversity. In particular, clinal patterns of 2006, 2007). This pattern of localized differentiation should be variation for this type of rearrangement point out its significance in relation particularly strong if regions of low recombination also harbor loci to the evolution and adaptation of organisms to changing environments. with divergently selected alleles or alleles conferring reproductive Within grasshoppers, Trimerotropis and Circotettix show high incidence of isolation (Feder & Nosil 2009), a hypothesis that has recently been inversion rearrangements, either in fixed or polymorphic state, according tested on a genome-wide scale (Kulathinal et al. 2009). to which several hypotheses about phylogenetic relationships have been Clinal patterns of variation for inversion frequencies observed proposed. Herewith we review the evolutionary significance of inversions in natural populations of many organisms also point out the sig- in Trimerotropis pallidipennis, whose South American populations show clinal nificance of this particular type of rearrangement in relation to variation for pericentric inversions along environmental gradients. We report the evolution and adaptation of organisms to changing environ- a new phylogeographic analysis that includes populations of this species from North and South America, and also other species of Trimerotropis ments. These patterns can reflect variable selection in space and and Circotettix. This study was performed in order to gain further insights are thought to be maintained by a trade-off between dispersal and into the phylogenetic relationships of this group of species, the dispersion local adaptation. Although clines by themselves are not sufficient to routes followed by T. pallidipennis in South America and the evolutionary infer adaptive divergence, strong evidence of selection is obtained significance of inversion clines. if those patterns can be independently replicated and understood in terms of likely fitness effects (Endler 1986). As chromosomal Key words inversions reduce recombination in heterokaryotypes, they can help to preserve particular combinations of alleles within the inverted polymorphic rearrangements, phylogeography, grasshoppers, segment, mainly near inversion breakpoints (Andolfatto et al. 2001, gradients Laayouni et al. 2003). If the new array of alleles results in adaptive (epistatic) effects, then these polymorphisms may be selected for Introduction and retained in populations. Drosophila inversion polymorphisms were among the first ge- The past few years have seen a revival of interest in inversions netic markers quantified in natural populations (Dobzhansky 1937, since genomic comparisons have highlighted the large number of Powell 1997, Hoffmann et al. 2004). For instance, research on the inverted regions that distinguish species (Catchen et al 2009, Luo inversion polymorphisms of Drosophila subobscura demonstrated et al. 2009, Trick et al. 2009, Wu & Tanksley 2010), and because that these vary clinally along this species' entire native Palearctic new mapping efforts have indicated the presence of inversion range. Following the recent introduction of the species into the New polymorphisms in many organisms (Bansal et al 2007, Hoffmann World, several inversions converged independently in North and & Rieseberg 2008). Large-scale genome-sequencing methods have South America to their respective clines in the Old World (Balanya recently been designed in order to detect structural variants (Korbel et al. 2006). The persistence of these spatiotemporal patterns de- et al. 2007), through which it may be possible to demonstrate that spite continent-wide gene flow, further attests that they are adaptive the number of polymorphic rearrangements is much larger than (Balanya et al. 2006). initially hypothesized, and that many of them potentially affect gene function. In fact, six human diseases have been recently associated Inversion rearrangements in grasshopper species with inversion polymorphisms (Antonacci et al. 2009). Contrasting these detrimental effects, there is an overwhelming Almost a century ago, the earlier workers on orthopteran cytol- number of examples in the scientific literature supporting the idea ogy (E. Carothers, R. Helwig and R.L. King), were the first to report that inversions have played an important function in delineating “centromeric shifts” in grasshoppers (Carothers 1917, 1921; King the evolution of biodiversity (see Hoffman & Rieseberg 2008 for 1923; Helwig 1929), which were later considered in most of the a review); this includes their possible role in preserving the newly species discovered as true inversion rearrangements. Since these arisen genetic differences that differentiated the human lineage from pioneering works, many researchers have intended to disentangle its sister species (Hey 2003). Inversions have been considered as the evolutionary significance of this kind of chromosomal variation responsible for maintaining species integrity, impeding the homog- in natural populations. But it was the famous cytogeneticist M.J.D JOURNAL OF ORTHOPTERA RESEARCH 2010, 19(2) 254 N.V. GUZMAN AND V.A. CONFALONIERI N.V. GUZMAN AND V.A. CONFALONIERI 255 White that contributed most to this task (White 1949, 1951a,b, 1956, natural crosses with another section-B member (John & Weissman 1957, 1961, 1973, 1977; White et al. 1963, 1964, 1969). Further 1977), and by its possession of blue color in the hind wing disk work was developed in several species by a number of researchers (Weissman & Rentz, 1980). (Nur 1968; Weissman 1976; Shaw et al. 1976, 1988; Moran 1979; The genus Circotettix includes nine species (Eades et al. 2010). Moran & Shaw 1977; Fletcher & Hewitt 1978; Vaio et al. 1979; Goñi Its affinities are clearly with section B of Trimerotropis rather than et al. 1985; Confalonieri 1988, 1992, 1994, 1995; Confalonieri & with section A, because all species that have been investigated pres- Colombo 1989; Colombo & Confalonieri 1996, 2004; Colombo ent the X chromosome and some of the autosomes, metacentric in 2002, etc.). polymorphic or fixed state and 2n = 21 chromosomes, excepting for White (1949) and Coleman (1948) found that within-Orthop- C. undulatus whose chromosome numbers show intraspecific varia- tera pericentric inversions were mainly observed in three genera, tion from 2n = 21 to 2n = 23 (White 1951, 1973) and C. carlinianus, Trimerotropis, Circotettix and Aerochoreutes (band-winged grasshop- that has 2n = 21 (White 1951, 1973; Weissman & Rentz 1980). pers, Oedipodinae), referring to them as “trimerotropines” to reflect Apparently, there are no morphological characters that specifi- their relatedness [Aerochoreutes was later removed from synonymy to cally unite phylogenetically the genera Trimerotropis and Circotettix Circotettix (Otte 1984)]. White (1949) proposed that “it would be (Weissman & Rentz 1980). However, White (1973) and Weissman worthwhile to reinvestigate the cytology of the natural populations and Rentz (1980) presented general arguments to support the te- of these trimerotropine grasshoppers, to determine the frequencies net that the chromosomally diverse section-B Trimerotropis species of the various chromosomal types, whether significant differences in evolved from the chromosomally uniform section-A taxa, and that respect to these frequencies exist between geographically remote or the former subsequently gave rise to the montane Circotettix. If isolated populations, and whether these frequencies are determined this hypothesis were true, then the genus Trimerotropis would not by the same general principles as seem to govern the distribution be monophyletic, because it would also include the derived taxa of inversions in Drosophila populations. Such a task will necessarily Circotettix. In fact, in a recent paper that analyzed the phylogenetic involve several years’ work….”. In this way, M.J.D. White established relationships among members of the subfamily Oedipodinae (Fries the starting point for research that continues today. et al. 2007), the two species of Trimerotropis included are not grouped Within trimerotropine species, the genus Trimerotropis is by far together. Herewith, we present new data supporting this idea. the largest (Rentz & Weissman 1980, Weissman & Rentz 1980,
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