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Estudios Citogenéticos E Isoenzimáticos Sobre Poliforfismos Cromosómicos En Acrididae Sudamericanos (Orthoptera) Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea 1990

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Estudios Citogenéticos E Isoenzimáticos Sobre Poliforfismos Cromosómicos En Acrididae Sudamericanos (Orthoptera) Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea 1990 Tesis de Posgrado Estudios citogenéticos e isoenzimáticos sobre poliforfismos cromosómicos en acrididae sudamericanos (Orthoptera) Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea 1990 Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea. (1990). Estudios citogenéticos e isoenzimáticos sobre poliforfismos cromosómicos en acrididae sudamericanos (Orthoptera). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_2315_Confalonieri.pdf Cita tipo Chicago: Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea. "Estudios citogenéticos e isoenzimáticos sobre poliforfismos cromosómicos en acrididae sudamericanos (Orthoptera)". Tesis de Doctor. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 1990. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_2315_Confalonieri.pdf Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES ESTUDIOS CITOOENETICOS E ISOEÜZIHATICOS SOBRE POLIHORFISHOS CROÑOSOÜICOB EN ACRIDIDAE SÜDAHIRICANOS (ORÏHOPÏERR) por VIVIANA ANDREA CONFALONIERI Director PROF.DR.JUAN H. HUNZIKER Lugar de trabajo Laboratorio de Genética, Dep. de C5. Biológicas Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales , UBA. TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OPTAR AL TITULO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS 1515 4 -94 1990 A flaurlcta, ¿conardo y Nicolls parque son la razon do Il vída... A nl: padres, par al ¿por rocrbldo AGRADECIMIENTOS Deseo expresar un sincero y profundo agradecimiento al Profesor Dr. J.fl. Hunziler quien pernitio, siendo yo aan estudiante de la Licenciatura,que diera los primeros pasos en el largo canino de esta hermosa profesion. Agradezco su continuo apoyo y dirección durante estos añbs que culminaron en la elaboracion de este trabajo de tesis,y tanbien sus sabios consejos y enseñanzas que perdurarbn para siempre en ni nenoria. Quiero expresar también ni gratitud hacia los Dres. Lidia Poggio, Beatriz Saidnan , Claudio Bidau, Juan Uilardi y Carlos Naranjo quienes contribuyeron con el aprendizaje cotidiano de tecnicas, búsquedabibliográfica, interpretacion de resultados, análisis estadísticos, etc., y tanbien hacia el Dr. Ricardo Ronderos por haber realizado la deterninacibn taxonbnica de las especies aqu! estudiadas. Deseo agradecer la ayuda desinteresada brindada en todo nonento por mi companera y amiga Narra I. Renis cono asi tanbien sus valiosas criticas y sugerencias. A su esposo, Alejandro Domenicoagradezco haber coleccionado una de las poblaciones estudiadas en este trabajo. Tambiendeseo manifestar una sincera gratitud a Pablo Colombo por haber colaborado desde el inicio de este trabajo a traves de sus consejos e invalorables sugerencias y por haber coleccionado gran parte del material presentado aqui. A mis compaSEros y amigos Cecilia Comas, Alicia Burgnardt y Arturo Wu!!! agradezco la ayuda y el carino que siempre me han brindado lo que contribuyó en muchas ocasiones a superar momentosdificiles. Y por último a mis compañeros Alba Papescni, Liliana Mola , [duardo Greizerstein , Alberto Civetta, y a mi futura colega Virginia Sancnez deseo mani/estarles mi gratitud por la ayuda recibida en todas las ocasiones en que la he requerido. Un 'gracias' muyespecial va dirigido hacia mi esposo quien me acompano en todos los viajes de coleccion y parücipb activamente durante los mismos. Asimismo agradezco a mi hermana el haberme entusiasmado continuamente en mi trabajo y haberme facilitado la computadorapara realizar las impresiones, y a mi hermano, por su paciencia... Finalmente quiero destacar mi reconocimiento hacia el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, por brindarme la posibilidad de desarrollar esta investigación a través de las becas que me otorgara. [ste trabajo pudo llevarse a cabo gracias al apoyo economico del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas y de la Subsecretaria de Ciencia y 7ecnica a traves de los subsidios otorgados a los Dres. J.H. Hunziker y C. Naranjo. A estas instituciones, por lo tanto, deseo expresar mi gratitud JT/VZDJÏCÏAF Paginas RESUMEN .... .. .. 19 INTRODUCCION . .. 12 I.POLIMORFISMOS CROMOSÜMICOS. .... 16 a. Inversiones . ... ... 18 b. Cromosomas supernumerarios . ...... 29 II.POLIMORFI€MOS ENZIMATICOS... ... .. 35 0BJETIU08........ .. 43 MATERIALESY METODOS....... .... .. 47 I.MATERIAL ANALIZADO Y SU PROCEDENCIA. .. 48 II.ANALISIS DE LOS CARIOMORFOS Y DE LAS CONDICIONES DE LOS QUIASMAS. ... ..... 48 III.ANALISIS DE LAS ESPERMATIDAS. .. 49 IV.ANALISIS ISOENZIMATICÜS.. ......... .. 50 V. ANALISIS DE LOS DATOS . .. 59 RESULTADOS I. ESTUDIOS CITOGENETICÜS EN CYÁINDRO7I77IX OBSCURUS CYLINDR07577IX SAN7AROSAE. a)Cariotipo básico . ... ..o; b)Los cromosomas B: b1)C.obscurus . ..61 b2)C.santarosae . ....... ..63 c)Análisi5 de las +recuencias de quiasmas.........ó4 d)E+ectos de los cromosomas B sobre ¡a formacion deespermátidas...................................ó7 II. ESTUDIOS CITOGENETICÜS EN TRIHEEOTROPJS PHLLJDIPENNIS. a)Cariotipo básico y cromosomasB.................ó9 b)Sistemasdeinversiones.........................79 c)Efectos de los polimor+ismos de inversiones y de los cromosomas B sobre la formacion de quiasmas..........................................74 d)E+ectos de los cromosomas B sobre la formacion deespermátidas...................................81 e)Variacidn en las frecuencias cromosomicas en re­ lación a gradientes altitudínales, latitudinales y longitudinales....................................82 +)Di+erenciación cromosómica entre poblaciones: Indicesdefijación...............................87 III. ESTUDIOS ISOENZIMATICÜS EN TRIMEROZROPIS PALLIDIPENNIS. a) Poblacionesanalizadas.........................93 b)Sistemas isoenzimáticos: b1)Esterasas....................................93 b2)Peptidasas...................................97 b3)Aspartato amino transferasas (= Glutamato oxalacetatotransaminasas)............r...........97 b4)Lactatodehidrogenasas.......................98 b5)Glucosa-ó - fosfato dehidrogenasas..........99 bó)Peroxidasas..................................196 b7)8uperóxidodismutasas........................101 c)Variabilidad y diferenciación genética . ......153 TABLAS 1.............................................155 3.............................................107 4.............................................1fi8 SIII'I‘IIIIII.'II'IOIIIIO'IUII'II'IIIIIOIUÍCII159 6.............................................lfi9 8.............................................111 9.............................................12@ 15.............................................122 13.............................................12ó 14........... ...........................127 15.............. ...............................130 16.............................................130 17.............................................131 18.............................................132 27... ... ............l43 28..... .. ......... ............144 29.. ..................144 FIGURAS 8... .. .. .. ... ... ......................154 9.... ...........155 lalflliIIII'II. DIIIIIUIIUI.IIIIIIIIIIZIOUIIIIIOI157 11.............................................1\.Io 12.............................-...............1u9 13........s....................................159 16.............................................161 DISCUSION I.CROMÜSOMASÉUPEPNUMERARIOS:su posible influencia sobre la producción de espermátidas anormales y la {ormaciOn de quiasmas en Cyllndrotettlx obscurus C. santarosae y Trimerotropis pallídípennïs...163 II.INVERSIONES PERICENTRICAS a. Las condiciones de los quiasma: en relacion a la presenciade rearreglos estructurales..........182 b. Significado de! mantenimiento de los polimon+is­ mos de inversiones en las poblaciones de 7. palli­ dipenníszposibles {uerzas evolutivas operantes...189 III.POLIMORFISHOSEHZIMATICOS:diferenciación inter­ poblacional y su relación con los polimorfismos cromosómicos......................................215 REFERENCIAS........................................224 El presente trabajo de tesis trata sobre polimorfismos para cromosomas B e inversiones pericéntricas analizados en tres especies de Acrididae (Orthoptera): Cylindrotettix obscurus, C. santarosae y Trinerotrapfs pallfdipennis. Se analizaron los efectos de los cromosomas B sobre la recombinación genetica y sobre la fertilidad. Con respecto a esta última, pudo demostrarse un aumento en la producción de las espermátidas anormales en los individuos portadores de cromosomas supernumerarios de C. obscurus.Esta producción se relacionaria por un lado con una disminución del valor adaptativo de los individuos potadores al verse afectada posiblemente la fecundidad de los machos, asi como también con mecanismos de eliminación . los cuales cobran importancia en lo que respecta a su significado evolutivo ya que se relacionan directamente con el mantenimiento
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