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Chapter 6 the Calukyas of Badami * CHAPTER 6 THE CALUKYAS OF BADAMI * THE CALUKYAS OF BADAMI WHO ARE FAMOUS IN HISTORY for evolving a distinctive style of temple architecture, now known as Calukyan architecture, ruled over Maharastra for a period of well nigh two hundred years. Though Pulakesin I was the first paramount ruler of this dynasty, it was actually Kirtivarman I who established his sway over Maharastra. The reign of Klrtivarman I began in the year A.D. 566-67 and the last ruler of this dynasty who lost control over Maharastra soon after A.D. 757 was strangely enough another Kirtivarman, known to historians as Kirtivarman II. There are various theories regarding the origin of the Calukyas. The epigraphical records of the period when the Calukyas first emerge into prominence do not say anything about their original home. Nor do we find any contemporary literary works which give us any clue to this. However, inscriptions of the later members of this family, known to historians as the Calukyas of Kalyani and the Calukyas of Vengi, as also some literary works of their period contain some traditional accounts of their origin. Some of them — mentioned here — would illustrate that these accounts not only differed from one another but were also fanciful inventions. The Calukyas trace their descent to an original home at Ayodhya claiming their ancestry from the Moon. For example, the Kauthem plates1 of Vikramaditya V (A.D. 1009) state that there ruled at Ayodhya fifty-nine kings of the Calukya family. After these, sixteen more kings ruled over the southern region. Subsequently their power was eclipsed temporarily but eventually their might was restored by Jayasimha I. Similar accounts are found in the Miraj plates of Jayasimha II (A.D. 1024)2, the Yevur inscription of Vikramaditya VI (A.D. 1077) 3 and the Nilgunda plates4 of the same king. The Kannada poet * This chapter is contributed by Shri N. Lakshminarayan Rao, Nagpur. 1 Ind. Ant., Vol. XVI, p. 21. 2 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XII, pp. 309 ff. 3 Ibid., pp. 274 ff. 4 Ibid., pp. 150 ff. 202 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER Ranna who was a contemporary of the later Calukya king Taila II (A.D. 973-997) states in his great poem 1 also that one of the ancestors of the Calukya rulers reigned at Ayodhya. According to another legendary account given in some other inscriptions, the Calukya race was descended from the Moon, who was descended from Atri, who was descended from Brahma. A third account — also found in an inscription — tells us that Hiranya-garbha-Brahma was born from the lotus in Visnu’s navel. Hiranyagarbha-Brahma’s son was Manu and Manu’s son was Mandavya, whose son was Harita. Harita’s son was Hariti-Pancasikha from whose culuka (or hollow of the palms) the Calukyas were born when he was pouring out an offering of water to the gods2. The reference to this origin of the progenitor of the Calukya race from the culuka is also found in Bilhana’s (the court poet of the later Calukya king Vikramaditya VI, who ruled from A.D. 1076 to 1126) Vikramankadevacarita, where the details are somewhat different. Here it is from Brahma’s culuka that a powerful warrior was born from whom descended the Calukyas. The story states that when Brahma was engaged in his sandhya oblations, India requested him to create a warrior to put an end to the godlessness on earth. At this request Brahma looked at his culuka and the warrior referred to above suddenly sprang up3. Almost an identical account of the original ancestor of the Calukyas is also found in an inscription of the Calukyas of Anhilvad4. It states that when Brahma was churning his culuka, viz., the ocean, a warrior whom he named Calukya sprang forth ready to obey his commands. The account in the records of the Eastern Calukyas of Vengi5 contains some striking variations from the information given in the records of the Kalyani branch of the family. After tracing the genealogy from Brahma through the Moon and through mythical personages like Pururavas and Ayu, it goes on to mention two kings Satanika and Udayana; and this Udayana was the first of the fifty nine rulers who ruled in uninterrupted succession at Ayodhya. After these rulers a certain king of this dynasty called Vijayaditya went to the southern region in order to conquer it. But unfortunately after defeating the king Trilocana-Pallava, he died. His queen, who was pregnant at this, time, took shelter in the residence of a saintly Brahmana called Visnubhatta-Somayajin at the agrahara of Mudivemu, where she gave birth to a son named Visnuvardhana. She brought him up performing all the rites that were suitable to his descent from the Manavyas and the Hariti-putras. The prince, when 1 Gadayuddha, Asvasa 2. 2 Fleet, Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, pt. ii, p. 339. 3 Benares Sarasvatibhavana edition, Sarga 1, verses 39-57. 4 Surat Plates of Trilocanapala of A.D. 1051, Ind. Ant., Vol. XII, pp. 201 ff. 5 See, for example, South Indian Inscriptions, Vol. I, pp. 53-54. HISTORY – ANCIENT PERIOD 203 he grew into manhood, worshipped Nanda, the blessed Gauri, on the Calukya mountain and having propitiated the gods Kumara, Narayana and the assemblage of the Divine Mothers, assumed the insignia of sovereignty. He then conquered the Kadamba, Ganga and other princes and ruled over Daksinapatha (the southern country) comprising seven and a half lakh villages and hamlets. The son of this Visnuvardhana and of his great queen, who was born of the Pallava race, was Vijayaditya. At this point we come to the real historical personage Pulakesi-Vallabha who is introduced as the son of this Vijayaditya. Evidently all these stories originated round about the 10th century A.D., when the real significance of the name of the family — variously spelt as Caliki, Calki, Salki, Calkya, Calikya, Calukya, Calukika and so on — had been forgotten. And the earliest account of the original home of the Calukyas being Ayodhya appears only in records of the 11th century, i.e., nearly five centuries after the founding of the Calukya kingdom. Moreover, the earliest inscriptions of the dynasty do not lay claim to an Ayodhyan origin. Apparently these fanciful stories and genealogies were concocted round about the 10th century A.D. when it was the fashion among many of the southern ruling families to draw up mythical and fabulous genealogies in order to give their families respectability. These genealogies are mostly fabrications until we come up to the authentic historical personages. But there are quite a few sound reasons to believe that the Calukyas of Badami are of Kannada stock. Firstly, there is the reference in Rastrakuta inscriptions1 to the invincible Karnataka army which had attained great glory by defeating the mighty monarchs Sri-Harsa and Vajrata and by defeating which the Rastrakutas obtained the kingdom of the Calukyas. This would show that the Calukya army was known as the Karnataka army and that the Calukyas were renowned as Karnatakas, i.e., of Kannada origin. Secondly, there is the fact that the names of some of the rulers of this family end in a typical Kannada regal suffix arasa, standing for the Sanskrt word raja (king). For example we have the name of Kirtivarman I being given as Katti-arasa even in a Sanskrt inscription issued by him2. The Satara plates (which will be noticed later) of Kubja-Visnuvardhana, the younger brother of Pulakesin II, give the name of Kubja-Visnuvardhana as Bittarasa on the seal of the grant. The Manor plates of Vinayaditya Mangalarasa of the Gujarat branch of this family dated Saka 613, which are also in Sanskrt, give the name of this prince as Mangalarasaraja3. The Adur inscription of 1 Talegaum Plates of Krshna I, Ep. Ind., Vol. XIII, pp. 275 ff; Samangad Plates of Dantidurga, Ind. Ant., Vol. XI, pp. 110 ff. and Pimpari Plates of Dharavarsa Dhruva raja, Ep. Ind., Vol. X, pp. 81 ff. :— Kanciisa-Kerala-naradhipa-Cola-Pandya-sri-Harsa-Vajrata-vibheda-vidh a n as daksam Karnatakam balam=anantam=ajeyam-anyair = bhytyaih kiyadbhir=api yah sagasa jigaya. 2 Godachi plates Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 62. 3 Ibid., Vol. XXVIII, pp. 17 ff. 204 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER Kirtivarman II mentions his name as Kirtivarmmarasa1. Finally the Dasavatara Cave inscription at Ellora mentions Dantidurga as having conquered Vallabharasa2, i.e., the Calukya king. These name endings would show beyond any doubt that the Calukyas were of Kannada origin considering the fact that the suffix arasa appears even in Sanskrt inscriptions. The third reason, which is stronger than the first two, is that not only the name endings but that even some of the names are purely Kannada. We have the first paramount ruler of this dynasty bearing the name Polekesi and this form of the name is the one found in the earliest inscriptions of this dynasty, though we find other forms like Polikesi, Pulekesi, Pulakesi, Pulikesi and Polakesi in some inscriptions. Various explanations have been offered regarding the etymology of this word. Most of these explanations take the first half of the word to be puli, meaning “tiger” in Kannada and the second half to be Sanskrt kesin meaning “haired”, the two halves making the meaning “ tiger- haired“ or “having a coat of short, thick and close hair like that of a tiger “3. A verse in the Kauthem plates would suggest that the name signifies “one by hearing whose name the hair of the hearers stand on end as with joy”, by connecting the first part of the name with the Sanskrt word pulaka (horripilation)4.
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