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Florida A & M University Review

Volume 11 | Number 1 Article 6

Fall 2015 Then and Now: The rT ans-Atlantic Slave and Modern Day Trafficking: What Can We Learn from Our Past? Stevie J. Swanson

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Recommended Citation Stevie J. Swanson, Slavery Then and Now: The Trans- and Modern Day : What Can We Learn from Our Past?, 11 Fla. A&M U. L. Rev. (). Available at: http://commons.law.famu.edu/famulawreview/vol11/iss1/6

This Article is brought to you for free and by Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in A & M University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 68 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R - . . 146 .... 131 ..... 152 ? OW OW ...... 148 ...... 152 RANS N HAT N ODERN AST T P M : W LAVERY ...... 147 HE RAFFICKING LAVERY S UR T S ...... 133 : T A O ...... 135 UMAN HEN TO OW ...... 157 ...... 151 ...... 131 HEN TO H T ...... 138 T AY ...... 136 N RADE AND ...... 132 ...... 143 ...... 155 D 127 RAFFICKING ...... 150 T LAVERY LAVERY S ...... 145 ...... 157 T ...... 142 S ODERN Stevie J. Swanson EARN FROM M LAVE ...... 145 ...... 146 L HEN AND ETWEEN S E UMAN B T ...... 137 ...... 141 OMBAT C H W ...... 128 RIDGE OMPARISON OF AY B C AN AYS TO D BOLITION C HE HE TLANTIC D. Redemption and Conclusion C. Religious Reasons D. Redemption A. Lynchings B. Killing Unarmed Black Men and Boys C. Over-Criminalization and Mass Incarceration D. Education and E. Where Does This Leave Us? A. and Education as a Unified Effort Awareness B. A Responsibility to Act C. Religious Reasons A. Goals and Rationalizations B. Slave Price Comparison C. and Reproduction D. Given Names Stripped of Their E. Branding and Tattooing F. Quotas G. Brutality Towards Slaves A. Effort A Unified B. A Responsibility to Act LAVERY A S M K I. T * of Law at WMU Cooley Law School. She Stevie J. Swanson is a Tenured Professor II. A C Y IV. W III. T NTRODUCTION graduated from Yale University in 1997 with a Bachelor of and Distinction in the Ma- graduated from Yale University in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts and Distinction jor in African and African-American Studies. from the University of She graduated of Race and Law School in 2000 where she was a member of the Michigan Journal and Law. Professor Swanson teaches Slavery & Human Trafficking, Secured Transactions, assistants Law at WMU Cooley Law School. She wishes to thank her research wishes to James Klinedinst and Cristina Solis for their assistance with this article. She also Trichter for thank Mary Goodwin whose support was immeasurable. She is grateful to Judd his edits as well. I \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 1 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 68 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 68 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 68 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K 284 GE OF The C Y 21-22 2 Find- . It was A ENSE S OCIETY S Vol. 11:1:127 , CNN (Nov. 11, The accepted OMMON 1 C Ben Affleck Apologizes MERICAN Unfortunately, this A 7 Finding Your NCARCERATION IN THE (Apr. 21, 2015), http://variety EASON IN I As Ben Affleck recently As Ben Affleck : R 5 ASS , CNN (Feb. 11, 2015), http://www LAVERY IN ARIETY S : M , V in EASON , ROW The ramifications of three and a The ramifications R 3 C IM , http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/6176 J IFE OF L EW NTRODUCTION HE I N HE , T OODREADS , T , G ANTAYANA Slavery in the LEXANDER S on PBS (concerning acknowledging his slave-owning on PBS (concerning acknowledging FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. A Trayvon Martin Shooting Fast Facts 98 (2010) (noting that one out of every fourteen black men was incarcer- 98 (2010) (noting that one out of every , Undoubtedly, progress has been made, but we still have a Undoubtedly, progress has been EORGE 6 G ICHELLE Many have said that history repeats itself. Many have said that history repeats “You can’t forward until you look back.” until you look move forward “You can’t LINDNESS See Cornel West Quotes Id. See, e.g. and single mothers struggling to provide for their children due struggling to provide for and single mothers 4 B What Happened When Michael Brown Met Officer Darren Wilson What Happened When Michael Brown 3. 5. M 7. 2. Fogel, Robert 6. series Mr. Affleck was featured on the PBS television 1. 4. OLOR (1905) (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”). (Lawrence B. Goodheart et al. eds., 1992). discovered in researching his ancestry for the series that he had slave-owning ancestors. discovered in researching his ancestry for the series that he had slave-owning ancestors Once informed of this fact, Mr. Affleck asked PBS not to include his slave-owning the show to in the final cut. There was considerable controversy over the fact that he asked censor which relatives they presented on the show. Stuart , Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade lasted over 350 years, and during that pe- 350 years, and lasted over Slave Trade Trans-Atlantic enslaved by Europeans 9.9 million Africans were riod, approximately across the Atlantic. and transported 2014), http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/08/us/ferguson-brown-timeline/. date for the beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade is 1502. Slave Trade of the Trans-Atlantic the beginning date for .com/2015/biz/news/ben-affleck-slavery-pbs-censor-ancestors-1201477075/. is painfully true in the realm of modern day human trafficking. Human is painfully true in the realm of .cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-fast-facts/; Rachel Clarke & Christopher .cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-fast-facts/; Lett, stated regarding the controversy surrounding his censorship of the controversy surrounding stated regarding .Cornel_West (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). half centuries of bondage, oppression, and marginalization are far- of bondage, oppression, and half centuries for equality. The after- are still struggling in the fight reaching, and we modern discourse. One past still permeate our shocks of our nation’s listen to the radio with- peruse the internet, or cannot view television, men and boys being by stories of unarmed black out being inundated killed ancestors), “we are, as a nation, still grappling with the terrible legacy ancestors), “we are, as a nation, of slavery.” ated in 2006). long way to go as a nation to heal our wounds and prevent future injus- long way to go as a nation to heal the current racial disparities in tices. In order to fully comprehend understanding of our past. America, we need a more complete to the mass incarceration of black males. to the mass incarceration for PBS Slavery Censorship: “I was Embarrassed” C 128 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 2 6-SEP-16 15:51 ing Your Roots 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 68 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 68 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 69 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 , 129 and at pre- and 8 14 7 (2013), http://www.state EPORT R are forms of modern day slav- of modern day are forms 12 Human trafficking is a global trafficking is Human ERSONS , http://www.polarisproject.org/human-traf- 10 P note 12. , http://www.polarisproject.org/human-traffick- note 11. OLARIS supra , OLARIS ., P supra President Obama has stated that human Obama has President , 9 , P RAFFICKING IN (July 19, 2012), https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/ , T SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY RIME TATE S & C and labor trafficking and labor 11 TOF ’ RUGS EP D Labor trafficking in America includes domestic servants, ag- in America includes domestic Labor trafficking ON 13 . This article compares “slavery then” (the Trans-Atlantic Slave “slavery then” (the Trans-Atlantic This article compares Id. in the U.S. Labor Trafficking in the U.S Sex Trafficking in the U.S. Labor Trafficking in the U.S. Human Trafficking: and the Multibillion Dollar Sale of People Human Trafficking: Organized Crime and FF M K 9. U.S. D 8. 10. 13. 12. 14. 11. C Y U.N. O trafficking is a thirty-two billion-dollar-a-year industry, billion-dollar-a-year is a thirty-two trafficking sent, it is estimated that there are approximately twenty-seven million twenty-seven there are approximately estimated that sent, it is worldwide. people enslaved .gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/index.htm. ficking/labor-trafficking-in-the-us (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). ery that are present throughout America and the world. In America, throughout America and ery that are present parlors, truck- appears online, and at pseudo-massage sex trafficking and motels, and on city , strip-clubs, hotels stops, residential streets. ing/sex-trafficking-in-the-us (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). plague, and America is not immune to its and destruction. Both its death and not immune to and America is plague, sex trafficking trafficking is modern day slavery. is modern trafficking 2012/July/human-trafficking_-organized-crime-and-the-multibillion-dollar-sale-of-people .html [hereinafter UNODC]. ricultural laborers, workers, door-to-door sales crews, carnival factory workers, door-to-door ricultural laborers, and beauty service providers. workers, and health Trade) to “slavery now” (modern day human trafficking), in an attempt now” (modern day human trafficking), Trade) to “slavery insight into how to suc- our past so that we may glean to remind us of human trafficking. This the epidemic of modern day cessfully combat rights and social justice advocates in paper makes the case that civil particular attention to the human traf- the need to pay prey on vulnerable populations. This ficking epidemic. Traffickers that the mass incarceration of black article advances the premise and children at greater risk of being males often leaves many women the aftershocks of the Trans-Atlantic trafficked. It hypothesizes that populations to a greater risk of being Slave Trade predispose certain advocates that we must educate our- re-enslaved today. This article to pave the way for a better future. It selves about the past in order of our comfort zones and immerse our- argues that we must come out and the brutal details of slavery selves in the ugliness of inequality protect ourselves, our children, and our (both old and new) in order to As Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., nation from further demoralization. once said, 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 3 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 69 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 69 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 69 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y Vol. 11:1:127 Furthermore, this article Furthermore, this 16 17 note 1. supra , FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. 15 Cornel West Quotes [A]ll mankind is tied together; all life is interrelated, and we are all we are and is interrelated, all life together; is tied mankind [A]ll gar- tied in a single network of mutuality, an inescapable caught in all directly, affects affects one destiny. Whatever ment of are what to be until you be what I ought . . . [I] can never indirectly. until I you ought to be can never be what to be. And you you ought I ought to be am what — structure of the interrelated this is reality. 17. I was on in 2012. I was doing The inspiration for this article came while 15. Commencement Address for Oberlin Col- Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 16. asks that we be both active and hopeful in our pursuits of justice. Fi- both active and hopeful in our asks that we be of addressing human explores the various means nally, this article volunteer efforts, argues that awareness, education, trafficking and conscientious consumer- in supply chains, and corporate responsibility are all imperative to effectuate ism, as well as legislative reform, positive change and equality. research to create an elective course on racial and the law when I heard that research to create an elective course on trafficking. Like many people, I had almost no there was a nearby symposium on human that human trafficking was only an issue else- knowledge of modern slavery, and I thought global magnitude of the problem and that it was where. I was floored to discover the vast Having majored in African-American Studies in present in all fifty states here in America. decades ago to fight for equality and justice. A college, I came to law school almost two and I knew how I wanted to help. I ap- lightbulb ignited in my head at that symposium, of the symposium, E. Christopher Johnson, Jr., proached my colleague and an orchestrator on racial discrimination in America with mod- about the idea of marrying my elective course “Slavery Then and Now” was born. My idea was ern day human trafficking; thus, our class students in particular, needed to have a greater twofold: on one hand, that students, law of slavery in America to be better informed advo- understanding of the historical horrors now; and on the other hand, that by examining the cates in the fight for equality and justice insight into how to eradicate human traffick- past, these future lawyers might have greater of the course, students explore a statistical and ing in the modern era. In the first half and re- demographic overview of the Transatlantic-Slave-Trade; slave life; revolt, rebellion, the mass ligion; abolition; post-bellum aftershocks; The ; and finally, “The New incarceration of black males in the modern era, what Michelle Alexander calls of the Jim Crow.” In the second half of the course, the students delve into an overview global, na- definitions of sex and labor trafficking and the extent of trafficking present at federal, tional, and local levels; victim identification and victim’s services; international, and consci- and state that combat trafficking; corporate responsibility in supply chains ways to entious consumerism; the modern day abolitionist movement; and finally, creative reduce and prevent trafficking and assist survivors. lege: Remaining Awake Through A Great Revolution (June 14, 1965) (transcript available lege: Remaining Awake Through A Great in Oberlin College Archives, http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/ Oberlin Commencement Address]. MLK/CommAddress.html) [hereinafter This paper also argues that, because of our collective interconnectivity, argues that, because of our collective This paper also “[e]mpathy is not sim- As Cornel West points out, we must empathize. are going through, but trying to imagine what others ply a matter of something about it. In to muster enough courage to do having the is predicated upon hope.” a way, empathy 130 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 4 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 69 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 69 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 70 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 131 UMAN H in , OW The num- a primary LAVERY IN THE N 21 23 S 25 ALL OF LAVERY 3 (2d ed. 2009). F S 165-67 (1787). OOR D According to a ISE AND 24 Douglass’s statement still Douglass’s statement IRGINIA EXT R HEN TO 18 V N HE T : T LAVE S 24 (Mary C. Burke ed., 2013). TATE OF 22 S HE LAVERY ONDAGE , T S B note 18, at 3. ERSPECTIVES P OODALTER OTES ON THE NHUMAN supra Historical Perspective: Slavery over the Centuries , S , I , N The greed has metastasized with technological The greed has metastasized ON SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY 19 A. Goals and Rationalizations note 8. AVIS D & R OMPARISON OF note 2. OODALTER EFFERSON supra C As evidence of the intensification, compare the 9.9 mil- As evidence of the intensification, RION ALES J supra 20 HE & S B B NTERDISCIPLINARY I 35 (2006). EVIN AVID ALES HOMAS In the first section of this article, I compare and contrast slav- contrast and I compare article, of this section first In the The goal of slavery then, just as slavery now, was to make The goal of slavery then, just , reflecting on the slave trade, said in 1871 reflecting on the slave trade, Frederick Douglass, I. T ORLD M K W 19. UNODC, 25. Maria v. Surbaugh, 23 Va. (2 Rand. 228) (1824). 21. Fogel, 23. D 20. N. Newman, Brooke 22. B 24. T 18. K C Y EW RAFFICKING ery then with slavery now. In the next section, I discuss the importance section, I discuss In the next with slavery now. ery then focusing on the head-on, day human trafficking modern of confronting of those groups marginalization the further of preventing importance a I suggest of this article, In the final section oppressed. previously slavery. modern day of ways to combat variety bers are staggering, “more than twice as many people are in bondage in bers are staggering, “more than from during the entire 350 the world today than were taken years of the Atlantic slave trade.” rational was the inferiority of the African. rational was the inferiority of case from 1825, every is presumed to be a slave. case from 1825, every Negro is rings true in 2015. advancements, consumerism, , and population increase. advancements, consumerism, the , rise of capitalism, and “The discovery and conquest of among other key developments over emergence of a global economy, intensified and transformed forms of the past 500 years, have merely long present across most cultures human trafficking and bondage worldwide.” lion Africans transported across the Atlantic from the 1500’s to the lion Africans transported across currently enslaved in 2015. 1800’s to the 27 million people money. The rationalizations for slavery may have shifted though, as money. The rationalizations for have changed. Though there were the demographics of the enslaved then, some even biblical, many justifications for slavery that the goal of slaveholders in the Trans-Atlantic-Slave-Trade “was to slaveholders in the Trans-Atlantic-Slave-Trade that the goal of possible time. Human money they could in the shortest make the most now as it was then.” Nature is the same T N 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 5 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 70 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 70 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 70 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 In M K 28 C Y Mod- 32 33 Vol. 11:1:127 26 because “his color was 29 A Heavy Toll for the Victims of Human Traf- Nowadays, slaves (in America and Nowadays, slaves (in America 30 note 18, at 6. supra , B. Slave Price Comparison Though there were other races enslaved in the were other races enslaved Though there note 23, at 254. 27 FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. OODALTER At its essence, slavery, both then and now, was, and is, a At its essence, slavery, both then supra 31 & S , AVIS ALES Other races were enslaved in the United States during the pe- the States during United in the were enslaved races Other During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, slaves were very expen- During the Trans-Atlantic Slave A white woman and her children could also be enslaved if the and her children could also be A white woman , CNN (Aug. 26, 2013), http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/25/us/miami-sex-trafficking/. 32. D 33. Hauser & Mariano Castillo, Adriana 26. (N.J. 1797). State v. Van Waggoner, 6 N.J.L. 374, 376 27. Butler v. Craig, 2 H. & McH. 214 (Md. 1787). 28. Hook v. Pagee, 16 Va. (2 Munf. 379, 386) (1811). 29. Ned v. Beal, 5 Ky. (2 Bibb 298, 299) (1811) (“The general rule is, that the children 30. v. United States, 92 U.S. 27, 30 (1875). Hall 31. B a dispute over whether a contract had been made between a black man a dispute over whether a contract the United States Supreme Court and a white one prior to abolition, made by the black man (despite evi- found that no contract had been was free) dence indicating that his mother ern day “trafficking does not discriminate, it just exploits.” ern day “trafficking does not discriminate, riod of the Trans-Atlantic-Slave Trade as well. In New Jersey and as well. In Trade the Trans-Atlantic-Slave riod of a enslaved. As were Native for example, Pennsylvania, so long recog- have been [Native Americans] in 1797, “They court held a violation of the be as great that it would slaves in our law, nized as the present day, doctrine at a contrary property to establish rights of to investigate the the case of Africans; and as useless as it would be they originally lost their freedom.” manner in which presumptive proof of bondage.” globally) come in every race, ethnic group, religion, and sexual orienta- globally) come in every race, ethnic of inferiority no longer rings true in tion, so the historical justification all contexts. United States during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, it was ingrained the Trans-Atlantic Slave United States during being a slave. A Vir- that being black meant in American jurisprudence “in the case of a person in 1811 that, after inspection, ginia court held on him to make to be of a slave race, it is incumbent visibly appearing appearing to be of a but in the case of a person visibly out his freedom; to show that he is a slave.” free race, it is required of his adversary “product of individual self-interest operating at a global level.” “product of individual self-interest sive. In 1850, a slave would have cost approximately $40,000 in sive. In 1850, a slave would woman was convicted of marrying a slave, pursuant to a 1787 case of marrying a slave, pursuant woman was convicted from . ficking follow the condition of the mother, at the time of their birth. . . .”). 132 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 6 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 70 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 70 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 71 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 QUI- 133 E ALL OF F HOUSAND T ROSTITUTED American P In Louisi- LAUDAH S ’ 41 42 ISE AND O R HE MERICA IFE OF : T A L ESTIMONY OF A : T S I Because the price of a the price of Because T TORY OF ONTRACT 36 I S C A : A S ACY ARRATIVE OF THE L LAVERY N ONSENT OR The United States, by comparison, S C 39 ENTING Just because there was a high rate of Just because there was a high 211 (1789). 40 , R People have truly become disposable. have truly become People note 18, at 6. MERICAN ITHOUT 37 NTERESTING , A I FRICAN , W to a degree that shortened life.” OLOMA A C supra HE ELD , W OGEL , T THE SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY INDY F , Modern slaves are far less expensive. Some experts Some expensive. far less are slaves Modern & C WIGHT note 2, at 33. ASSA C. and Reproduction Life Expectancy QUIANO 34 D OODALTER 33 (1989). ILLIAM V E over-worked MITH at middle age, and few live beyond fifty-five.” at middle age, and few live beyond W supra In , slaves did not live longer than sixteen years did not live longer than In Barbados, slaves & S S 38 old LAVERY while others state that a victim of Domestic Minor Sex Traf- Minor Sex a victim of Domestic state that while others at 48 (quoting Drew Oosterbaan, Department of Justice, Criminal Division, at 48 (quoting Drew Oosterbaan, Department at 97. 38 (1839). ANO LAUDAH OBERT ALES USTAVUS HEODORE INDA S xxi (2013). 35 Unfortunately, horrifying historical statistics regarding low life Unfortunately, horrifying historical During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, the life expectancy of a Slave Trade, the life During the Trans-Atlantic Id. Id. See id. G OR M K , 40. R 35. 39. O 41. T 38. Fogel, 42. 37. 34. B 36. L C Y ITNESSES MERICAN HILDREN modern money. modern slaves “were ana, , and , slaves on were ana, Alabama, and Mississippi, be replaced every seven years. driven so hard that they had to are not limited to the Trans-Atlantic expectancy for enslaved persons lifespan of a victim of modern day Slave Trade. The generally accepted human being has decreased so precipitously over time, there is an over time, so precipitously being has decreased human supply of victims.” “endless “became the leading user of slave labor in the New World, not because “became the leading user of slave trade but because of the unusually it participated heavily in the slave high rate of natural increase.” reproduction, or natural increase, in the United States during the reproduction, or natural increase, not mean that slaves lived long lives. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, does States, “[a] large majority of Regarding slaves in the South-Western them are estimate that a person can be purchased for as little as a few hundred for as little can be purchased that a person estimate dollars, after being brought to the island. Chief of the Child Exploitation and Section at the National Training Conference Chief of the Child Exploitation and Obscenity on the Sex Trafficking of America’s Youth (Sept. 15, 2008)). ficking can be purchased for $2,500-$3,500. can be purchased ficking slave depended on his or her location. “In the British and French West on his or her location. “In the slave depended rate of slaves was so , and in , the death Indies, in Dutch could not sustain rate so low, that these territories high, and the birth importations of levels without large and continuous their population Africans.” A W C 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 7 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 71 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 71 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 71 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 , 43 EX M K S NNALS C Y , http:/ in RAFFICK- T , 23 A EX S Vol. 11:1:127 INOR M This unusually high This unusually OMESTIC 44 D This contributes to high 48 Primary causes of death for Primary causes (Oct. 1, 2014). The Health Consequences of Sex Traf- 46 EWS EPORT ON Tayia Jones-Castillo, Tex. Dep’t of State R see . B. N LA 49 20 (2009). , F ATIONAL , http://docs.house.gov/meetings/AP/AP19/20140226/ , http://blueheartinternational.org/statistics/ (last vis- , http://blueheartinternational.org/statistics/ L N Foundation Investments in the Fight Against Human ’ note 33; HE note 46, at 79. NT ICTIM I HILDREN V ., T supra C supra Victims of sex trafficking are compelled by their Victims of sex trafficking are EART 50 note 44. H 47 LUE ORGOTTEN FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. MITH ET AL supra , , B F ROSTITUTED , Nancy Kinnally, At peak times, victims of sex trafficking have been pur- have been of sex trafficking times, victims At peak P Somebody’s Daughter: Understanding Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Somebody’s Daughter: Understanding Domestic A. S S ’ 45 INDA ING Victims of sex trafficking are rarely allowed to reproduce while Victims of sex trafficking are rarely From a reproductive standpoint in the modern context, victims standpoint in the modern From a reproductive AND THE Statistics See, e.g. Id. Statistics L. 61, 72 (2014). , MERICA : A 49. 44. 46. Laura J. Lederer & Christopher A. Wetzel, 45. L 48. 47. 50. & Wetzel, Lederer 43. Hauser & Castillo, ONEY EALTH M /www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/domestic_minor_sex_trafficking.pdf; Written /www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/domestic_minor_sex_trafficking.pdf; Appropriations Comm. Subcomm. on Commerce, Statement of William C. Woolf, III, to H. Hearing on Sex Trafficking (Feb. 26, 2014), Justice, Science and Related Agencies sex trafficking is seven years from when he or she is first trafficked. is first or she when he from years is seven trafficking sex death rate is easily understood in the context of the sex trade. Sex traf- of the sex in the context is easily understood death rate to fifteen buyers average, ten to service, on victims are forced ficking per night. death rates in both mother and child. Take fifteen-year-old victim of death rates in both mother and orange grove laborer, as an exam- labor trafficking, Jacinta, a Florida baby in an overcrowded house where ple; she was forced to have her father, brother, and twenty other peo- she was kept prisoner with her not want the hospital employees to ask ple, because her trafficker did questions and cause problems. Health Servs., sex trafficking victims are “attack, , STD’s, overdose, malnutri- victims are “attack, abuse, STD’s, sex trafficking tion, or suicide.” 101774/HHRG-113-AP19-Wstate-WoolfD-20140226.pdf [hereinafter Woolf Statement]. 101774/HHRG-113-AP19-Wstate-WoolfD-20140226.pdf ited Nov. 20, 2015). chased by thirty to fifty buyers per day. chased by thirty being trafficked, and are often so injured from the abuse that they have being trafficked, and are often they are incapable of reproduction suffered in the that even if they escape. of both sex and labor trafficking are not encouraged to reproduce. In labor trafficking are not encouraged of both sex and that a pregnant wo- arena, common sense dictates the labor trafficking would, thereafter, be able to as efficiently and man may be less the baby. Additionally, her infant if allowed to keep encumbered by denied medical care by of labor trafficking are often pregnant victims caught. their traffickers for fear of getting ficking and Their Implications for Identifying Victims in Healthcare Facilities Trafficking Continue to Pay Dividends H Blue Heart International places the life expectancy even lower, stating expectancy even places the life International Blue Heart as the life expectancy. seven years three to 134 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 8 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 71 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 71 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 72 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 135 (Apr. 4, 2012), A slaveholder 55 EVEALED R Wherever one stands Wherever OOTS 52 , R One survivor of sex trafficking of sex survivor One 51 Assuming conservatively that the vic- conservatively Assuming 53 Whether raped by their masters during the Whether raped Ain’t Gonna Take Massa’s Name SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY 54 note 20, at 27. D. Stripped of Their Given Names supra at 73. at 73-74. at 74. During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, “[t]he children of Africa During the Trans-Atlantic Slave A similarity between slavery then and now is the practice of A similarity between slavery See id. Id. Id. Id. The inability to choose one’s name was further exacerbated in The inability to choose one’s 56 M K 56. J. Collier, Melvin 52. 53. 55. Newman, 51. 54. C Y traffickers to terminate pregnancies. terminate to traffickers http://rootsrevealed.blogspot.com/2012/04/aint-gonna-take-massas-name.html. gives his chattel a in much the same way a pet owner gives his chattel a slave name chooses a name for his dog. that represented their family heri- entered the New World with names the vast majority of those names tage in their homeland. However, names forced upon them by slave trad- were replaced with European ers.” on the abortion issue, it is important to recognize that victims of sex to recognize that it is important issue, on the abortion some for several times a day, multiple are being raped trafficking or die. they escape years, until reported having seventeen abortions during the period that she was during the period abortions having seventeen reported forced. of which were at least some trafficked, tim is raped 10 times per day, multiplied by 365 days in a year, and by times per day, multiplied by 365 tim is raped 10 25,550 per victim life expectancy, comes to the average 7-year abortion as it occurs “[T]he phenomenon of forced until death or rescue. of the abortion transcends the political boundaries in sex trafficking abortion takes innocent both the pro-life belief that debate, violating to make their own re- ideal of women’s freedom life and the pro-choice productive choices.” Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and forced to give birth to children that Slave Trade and forced to give Trans-Atlantic or raped by buyers of of bondage and brutality, would suffer a lifetime and forced to abort their in modern day sex trafficking commercial sex now suffer a unique and horrendous babies, female slaves then and hardship. slave holders/traffickers stripping the enslaved of their given names. slave holders/traffickers stripping and serves to disassociate the enslaved The process is dehumanizing are classified as chattel, “or items from any previous normalcy. Slaves being bought, sold, hired, mortgaged, of capable of from place to place.” bequeathed to heirs, and moved America by the inability of slaves to legally marry one another in most America by the inability of slaves 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 9 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 72 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 72 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 72 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 62 59 M K COM . 174 C Y OCIETY OUSTON S 2H Vol. 11:1:127 LICK 63 MERICAN , C R.P. Carney stated A 60 61 LAVERY IN S in , Once removed from trafficking, victims Once removed 58 Slave Women note 36, at 34. Scars of a Human Trafficking Victim supra E. Tattooing Branding and , note 41, at 198. FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. OLOMA . § 787.06(4)(b) (2015). supra at 158. TAT & C , . S at 77. Can you imagine not being able to take your spouse’s name your spouse’s to take able not being you imagine Can ELD LA MITH In modern day human trafficking, branding/tattooing is so prev- In modern day human trafficking, During slavery both then and now, branding/tattooing has been both then and now, branding/tattooing During slavery In the modern context of sex trafficking, children and adults are children and sex trafficking, context of In the modern 57 See id. Id. The tattoo is used for many reasons, for that pimp to show off The tattoo is used for many reasons, she is his property, and to tell her amongst his friends, to show that is tagging her as his property, that she is not a human being. He a pimp would brand his victim just like a barcode. Another reason time she sees his name or his is for psychological control, and every she belongs to him. logo on her body it tells her that 58. S 59. 61. 63. Gilmore, Courtney 60. W 62. F 57. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, (Lawrence B. Goodheart et al. eds., 1992). places. in an advertisement, on December 22, 1832, in the “Mobile Register” in an advertisement, on December reward for a negro fellow , the following: “One hundred dollars his left jaw.” 40 years old, he is branded on resume the use of their given names as part of the healing process. of their given names as part resume the use because your marriage is not legally recognized? your marriage because of Victims by their traffickers. chosen for them use the names forced to designed to pro- street name given a new are “usually sex trafficking now Lacy, Star, She is old name is discarded. fantasy. Her voke the or some such.” Cherry, Sugar, alent that the Florida legislature passed a law prescribing the penalty alent that the Florida legislature victims as a second-degree felony. for traffickers who brand their utilized on the body of the enslaved as an indicia of ownership. A body of the enslaved as an utilized on the advertisements placed of branding follow from the couple of examples their runaway slaves in by slave holders seeking in local newspapers in the Raleigh “Standard” on July 18, the 1800’s. In an advertisement a negro woman and two chil- 1838, Micajah Ricks stated “Ranaway, off, I burnt her with a hot iron on the dren; a few days before she went the letter M.” left side of her face, I tried to make (Mar. 6, 2014), http://www.click2houston.com/news/scars-of-a-human-trafficking-victim/248 34132. Special Agent Patrick Fransen with the FBI explained how traffickers Special Agent Patrick Fransen use tattoos on their victims: 136 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 10 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 72 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 72 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 73 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 ASK 137 T There 66 RAFFICKING PERATIONS OF THE T O UMAN RIMINAL C , MD H HE : T 68 67 RAFFICKING T How do survivors of trafficking like survivors of How do See also Glossary EX 64 F. Quotas S note 36, at xx. note 36, at xx. Note that men, women, children, and trans- OMESTIC supra supra SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY , ,D , note 41, at 36. OLOMA OLOMA ROJECT P supra 4, www.dcjs.virginia.gov/victims/humantrafficking/vs/documents/Domestic_ & C & C , IMP 65 ELD OLARIS MITH MITH P Branding or tattooing can be a painful reminder of a horrific reminder be a painful can tattooing or Branding Quotas enforced by violence play(ed) a part in both the Trans- by violence play(ed) a part in Quotas enforced a quota is “a set amount of In modern day sex trafficking, , http://www.mdhumantrafficking.org/definitions/ (last visited Nov. 20, 2015) (defin- Through whatever means necessary (including forced ), the Through whatever means necessary each night to be allowed to woman or girl must reach these quotas enough money, the woman or girl eat or sleep. If she does not make of commercial sex until she will be forced back out into her venue enforced, and the punish- reaches her quota. Quotas are strictly severe physical retaliation from ment for failing to meet a quota is the pimp or other torture methods. It is the common rule for the slaves to be kept at work fifteen hours rule for the slaves to be kept at work It is the common , a certain number of in the day, and in the time of picking pounds is required of each. If this amount is not brought in at the number of pounds lacking is night, the slave is whipped, and course is often repeated day to added to the next day’s ; this day. M K 68. P 66. S 67. S 64. Law School: Human Trafficking Selah Freedom, Presentation at WMU Cooley 65. W C Y MERICAN ORCE past and can be an impediment to moving forward once the victim is the victim forward once to moving can be an impediment past and of trafficked been instances There have from the trafficker. removed trafficker’s name knuckles or a on their with “SLUT” tattooed women on woman’s eyelids. tattooed are penalties for not meeting the trafficker’s quota: “If the victim re- are penalties for not meeting she is typically beaten and sent back turns without meeting the quota, out on the street to earn the rest.” these find gainful under these circumstances? How do How these circumstances? under gainful employment these find removal procedure expensive and still imperfect tattoo they pay for an a job? if they do not have gendered individuals are all trafficked. Sex_Trafficking_Guide.pdf (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). Atlantic Slave Trade and modern day human trafficking. As Cornelius and modern day human Atlantic Slave Trade 1838, observed: in Mississippi in 1837 and Johnson, who lived must make each night before she can money that a trafficking [girl] set between $300 and $2000.” come ‘home.’ Quotas are often ing “quota”). (Summer 2014). F A 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 11 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 73 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 73 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 73 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y Vol. 11:1:127 , “the power of the When slave masters 70 State v. Mann G. Slaves Brutality Toward note 39, at 77. FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. supra , Probably one of the most comprehensive lists of tortures in- Probably one of the most comprehensive 71 QUIANO Whether it is 1815 or 2015, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade or Trade Slave the Trans-Atlantic or 2015, is 1815 it Whether Slave owners then and traffickers now show remarkable simi- and traffickers now show Slave owners then , a former slave himself in the 1700s, stated a former slave himself in Olaudah Equiano, See id. 69 [T]hey are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and [T]hey are overworked, underfed, are often made to wear round have insufficient sleep; that they prongs, to drag heavy chains their necks iron collars armed with in the field, and to wear and weights at their feet while working that they are often kept confined yokes, and bells, and iron horns; together, made to wear gags in the stocks day and night for weeks have some of their front teeth in their mouths for hours or days, be easily detected when they torn out or broken off, that they may flogged with terrible severity, run away; that they are frequently lacerated flesh, and hot brine, have red pepper rubbed into their over the gashes to increase the spirits of turpentine, &c., poured naked, their backs and limbs torture; that they are often stripped by scores and hundreds of cut with knives, bruised and mangled torn by the claws of cats drawn blows with the paddle, and terribly that they are often hunted with over them by their tormenters; beasts, or torn in pieces by dogs; blood hounds and shot down like that they are often suspended by the arms and whipped and beaten till they faint, and when revived by restoratives, beaten again till they faint, and sometimes till they die; that their ears are often cut off, their eyes knocked out, their bones broken, their flesh branded 71. 69. v. Mann, 13 N.C. (2 Dev. 263, 266) (1829). State 70. E modern day human trafficking, traffickers are motivated by profit, and are motivated traffickers day human trafficking, modern are harsh. meeting quotas for not the punishments master must be absolute, to render the submission of the slave per- absolute, to render the submission master must be fect.” during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade wanted to punish a slave wo- during the Trans-Atlantic Slave the slave’s “husband” to inflict the man, they would sometimes force beating. flicted upon slaves then is described by noted abolitionist Theodore flicted upon slaves then is described Weldin, 1839: larity in the brutality and torture that they have inflicted upon their and torture that they have larity in the brutality evil in order to ensure eyes, it was (or is) a necessary slaves. In their Judge Ruffin stated in compliance. As that after a beating it is not unusual “to make the slaves go on their it is not unusual “to make that after a beating say “God bless you” to their owners” or to have them knees and thank the beating. the person who has just inflicted 138 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 12 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 73 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 73 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 74 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 139 MERI- Utz A 77 AN , Perverse 75 Utz “nailed 76 OUGLASS 78 D . 1283, 1304 (1993). EV from an 1856 Louisi- This is corn which the REDERICK 80 L. R F ENT Slaves were usually permit- He said that the reason for He said that the 79 . K IFE OF 74 HI L , 68 C Humphreys v. Utz Details Are of a Most Revolting Character: Cruelty to ARRATIVE OF THE 72 , N note 57, at 185. SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY supra OUGLASS note 41, at 31. “The food, or ‘feed’ of the slaves is generally of the note 41, at 9. D (quoting Rev. Horace Moulton). supra supra Id. , , at 31. 73 at 1035. ELD ELD 4 (1845). CAN REDERICK In addition to depravity and perversity, slave owners then were In addition to depravity and perversity, Frederick Douglass, who was himself the child of a slave mother who was himself the child Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese recounts one of the most prevalent acts the most prevalent recounts one of Fox-Genovese Elizabeth Id. Id. Id. Id. with red hot irons; that they are maimed, mutilated and burned to burned and mutilated are maimed, they irons; that red hot with slow fires. death over aunt. Her aunt was determined to have her Annie Young’s master on her. but the master set the bloodhounds ran into the woods, and she bleed her, he “knocked a hole in her head When he caught mistress, who made her have him.” She told her like a hog, and he he’s gonna kill might as well be with him, “cause told her that she you.” LAVE M K S 77. 74. F 73. Fox-Genovese, 80. 79. W 75. 76. Kelleher Schafer, Judith 78. 72. W C Y was found not guilty by a jury of his peers (overseers). was found not guilty by a jury crimes were not only perpetrated against women during the Trans-At- crimes were not only perpetrated men as well. Judith Kelleher Schafer lantic Slave Trade, but against recounts the unreported case of the privates of said negro to the bedstead and then inflicting blows the privates of said negro to loose from the post to which he had upon him until said negro pulled tack or nail through his penis.” been pinned by driving an iron ana court in which a male slave named “Ginger Pop” was so cruelly ana court in which a male slave he died from the injuries. beaten by his overseer Utz that slave must pound or grind, mix with water, and then cook in order to slave must pound or grind, mix ted one quart of corn per day and nothing else. ted one quart of corn per day and this law is to “administer to their own lusts, and make gratification of to their own lusts, and this law is to “administer as well as pleasurable.” their wicked desires profitable poorest kind.” just plain cruel as well. and worse They gave their slaves less food, received. quality food, than even convicts and a slave-owning white father, discussed the law that children are to white father, discussed the and a slave-owning status of their mothers. have the legal of brutality in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Slave in the Trans-Atlantic of brutality —wo- of slave the their masters men by — aunt’s story: Annie Young’s re-telling of in her Slaves As Seen in Appeals to the Supreme Court of - Symposium on the Law of Slaves As Seen in Appeals to the Supreme Court of Louisiana- Symposium on Slavery: Criminal and Civil Law of Slavery 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 13 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 74 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 74 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 74 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y Maria, a 86 The prison- Vol. 11:1:127 82 She was starved 87 After exhausting and endless and After exhausting note 18, at 4. 83 supra , Victims of both sex and labor trafficking Victims of both note 18, at 4. 85 OODALTER note 36, at xx. supra , & S supra , 84 ALES FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. OLOMA 88 OODALTER at 89; B & S & C at 32. at 34. at 32. at 34. ALES MITH The United States Department of Health and Human Services The United States Department Modern slavery is ripe with comparable brutality, even right brutality, even with comparable slavery is ripe Modern Id. Id. Id. Id. See id. See id. By way of contrast, prisoners were afforded one pound of meat, pound one afforded were prisoners contrast, way of By chronic back, hearing, cardiovascular or respiratory problems from chronic back, hearing, cardiovascular , or con- endless days tolling in dangerous and other eye problems from struction conditions; weak eyes malnourishment and serious den- working in dimly lit ; other signs of and tal problems; bruises, scars, and HIV/AIDS, pelvic pain, rec- torture; sexually transmitted diseases, from working in the sex tal trauma and urinary difficulties sexually transmitted in- industry; infertility from chronic untreated substance abuse problems fections or botched or unsafe abortions; into drug use by their traf- or addictions either from being coerced abuse to help cope with or fickers or by turning to substance situations; and psychological mentally escape their desperate torture, including depression, trauma from daily mental abuse and 81 87. B 88. 86. 82. 83. 84. 85. S 81. twelve-year-old labor trafficking victim in Texas, was also pepper- labor trafficking victim in Texas, twelve-year-old her head, and a garden eyes, had a bottle broken over sprayed in the of her vagina by her trafficker. tool jammed inside ers’ bread was already made for them. was already ers’ bread eat. for days at a time and chained to a pole in the back yard where she was for days at a time and chained forced to sleep. work days, the starved slave was forced to grind his own corn and cook to grind his own slave was forced the starved work days, supper. his meager are beaten, tortured, and sometimes forced to eat feces. and sometimes forced are beaten, tortured, has identified common health issues for trafficking victims in the has identified common health issues are: Unites States. Some of these health here in America. When victims of sex trafficking are “seasoned” (pre- When victims of sex trafficking here in America. are subjected to “a sale in the sex trade), they pared for initial , gang rape, psychological manipulation, combination of isolation from family, deprivation of food or sleep, sodomy, beatings, or holding hos- sources of support and threatening friends, and other children.” tage of a victim’s one pound of bread, and one pound of vegetables per day. one pound of vegetables of bread, and one pound 140 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 14 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 74 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 74 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 75 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 91 141 , U.S. BOLITION II. A (Feb. 1, 2013), http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/ SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY ICAYUNE note 39, at 77. Former Sex Trafficking Victim Shines Light on Dark Underworld of -P 89 IMES supra , T . (2011), www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-ndia/legacy/2011/10/14/ . (2011), HE UST ,T Clemmie Greenlee, an American sex trafficking survivor, an American sex trafficking Clemmie Greenlee, QUIANO J 90 There were many different strategies from a variety of aboli- There were many different strategies Universally, almost everyone in America accepts that the everyone in America Universally, almost Resources: Common Health Issues Seen in Victims of Human Trafficking The abolitionists’ position conveyed three fundamental convictions: The abolitionists’ position conveyed have the ability to do that which (1) that since all men and women morally accountable for their is right and just, they are therefore of society are those that de- actions; (2) that the intolerable evils grade the image of God in man, stunting or corrupting the stress-related disorders, disorientation, confusion, phobia, and phobia, confusion, disorientation, disorders, stress-related panic attacks. M K TOF ’ 91. Martin, Naomi 90. E 89. C Y EP D 02/former_sex_trafficking_victim.html. health_problems.pdf. stated in 2013 that “[t]he worst torture they put on you is when they that “[t]he worst torture they stated in 2013 of your mistake.” the other girl get tortured because make you watch tionists that contributed to the demise of antebellum slavery. This tionists that contributed to the some of those strategies. Pulitzer Prize- portion of the article discusses historian, , winning author, and well-respected stated: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was an abomination and is an ugly scar on Slave Trade was an abomination Trans-Atlantic and often dis- of our past makes people squeamish our past. This part recognizes the it. Unfortunately, not everyone inclined to discuss of the horrors that the intricate and finite details magnitude or the In order to motivate Slave Trade inflicted for centuries. Trans-Atlantic inequality in our nation (and the people to be both cognizant of current the modern crisis of human trafficking, history behind it) and aware of gory details and draw the numerous it was necessary to flesh out the and slavery now. The goals of this similarities between slavery then likenesses in the past and pre- article are to establish the remarkable motivate immediate and far-reaching sent horrors of slavery and actions towards its eradication. Super Bowl The types of brutality suffered by the victims of modern day human victims of modern suffered by the of brutality The types and their suffered by Africans of the tortures mirror many trafficking final grisly par- Trade. In one Slave in the Trans-Atlantic descendants to male slaves that forced of slave masters me remind you allel, let as previously dis- wives at the will of the master, beat their own cussed. 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 15 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 75 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 75 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 75 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y Vol. 11:1:127 formed 99 96 As members of a 95 put it, that the goal of put it, that 92 Wealthy abolitionist leader 98 Men and women, black and white, Men and women, black and 100 He also points out that the eloquence, 97 A. A Unified Effort , noted abolitionist, esti- William Lloyd Garrison, noted 94 note 23, at 253. FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. supra at 260. , 93 at 259. at 263. . at 261. AVIS There were monumental efforts made by black abolitionists as There were monumental efforts The abolitionists’ fundamental conviction that all men and wo- fundamental conviction that The abolitionists’ These three fundamental convictions guide the discussion of guide the discussion convictions fundamental These three See id. Id. Id Id. Id. Id. Id. was “the redemption of man from the dominion of from the dominion of man was “the redemption abolitionism man.” individual’s capacities for dignity, self-control, and self-respect; (3) and self-respect; self-control, for dignity, capacities individual’s manipu- from being is to free individuals goal of all reform that the one Garrisonian animals, or, as lated like 94. 95. 97. 98. 92. Follower of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. 93. D 96. 99. 100. strong bonds with black abolitionist leaders and saw racial equality as strong bonds with black abolitionist the only way to save America. marginalized group themselves, women saw abolitionist theory as a marginalized group themselves, for everyone, including themselves. way to advocate for equal rights for women’s rights. Garrisonians fought passionately Gerrit Smith felt “it was essential for whites to develop ‘a black heart,’ Gerrit Smith felt “it was essential ‘through Negro eyes.’”in the sense of seeing the world poise, and fierce intellectual prowess of noted black abolitionists, like poise, and fierce intellectual prowess dispel negative stereotypes of black in- Frederick Douglass, helped to the time. feriority that were popular at mated that female abolitionists distributed more anti-slavery mated that female abolitionists of three to one. literature than men by a ratio well. David Brion Davis notes that “black performed the indis- well. David Brion Davis notes that the abolitionists’ abstract images into pensable task of translating concrete human experience.” men be held accountable for their actions asks for both men and for their actions men be held accountable further ALL men and women—thuswomen to act, and transcending Women were very involved in the anti- racial and gender boundaries. slavery movement. American abolition below. After exploring antebellum abolition tech- below. After exploring antebellum American abolition of applying those considers various methods niques, this article upon them to address modern context and expanding techniques in a trafficking. modern day human 142 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 16 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 75 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 75 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 76 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 2 143 This 103 EVOLUTION R Grimke and AITIAN 105 H HE : T , UNESCO, http://www.unesco note 41. supra UVERTURE , In other words, the sources used L’O , http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/weld/summary ELD 106 ILL W The wide influence of Weld’s book is The wide influence of Weld’s H 104 OUSSAINT see also HAPEL , T C AT Certainly not all abolitionists agreed on all agreed not all abolitionists Certainly B. to Act A Responsibility RISTIDE SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY Summary of American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand 101 A note 23, at 263. note 103. note 41, at iii. ., U. N. C. supra ERTRAND supra supra IBR , , B In other words, once you are informed about the ills of slav- once you are informed about In other words, ELD AVIS EAN , U. L The fundamental conviction that all men and women be held conviction that all men and The fundamental 102 The Slave Route FAQs Who Was ? M K C Y 102. William Wilberforce, Abolition speech given before the British House of Commons 103. Prince, Monique 104. Prince, 106. W 105. D 101. J (2008). (1789); were able to unify, to some extent, in the name of abolition, and this and of abolition, name in the extent, to some unify, able to were cause. The Hai- for their a wider audience and maintain helped attract black republic, of the first in the creation instrumental tian leader August 29, 1793 on stated in a proclamation L’Ouverture, Toussaint to exist, we And for liberty without liberty. cannot exist that, “Equality unity.” must have text “was widely distributed and was one of the most influential of the text “was widely distributed and American antislavery tracts.” Weld did an exemplary job assembling accurate accounts of slavery Weld did an exemplary job assembling in his book were taken from from “reliable sources.” The testimonials in slave states, and from state- slaveholders, newspapers published resided in slave states (many of whom ments from individuals who had had been slaveholders themselves). .org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/resistances-and-abolitions/william-wil- berforce/ (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). .html (last updated Nov. 20, 2015); for their descriptions of slavery had no occasion to be doubted because for their descriptions of slavery they were from slave holders and they were not from abolitionists, remarkable given the fact that Congress enforced a “” from remarkable given the fact that anti-slavery petitions. 1836-1844 against receiving things, but such a large-scale effort, by such a diverse body of advo- a large-scale effort, by such things, but such with which to be reckoned. cates, was a force ery, you have a moral responsibility to do what is right; i.e. advocate ery, you have a moral responsibility Dwight Weld, with his wife An- for its abolition. Abolitionist Theodore Americans knew the awful extent of gelina Grimke, made certain that to assemble and publish “American slavery. They worked together a Thousand Witnesses” in 1839. Slavery As It Is: Testimony of accountable for their actions was also a call to action. As celebrated their actions was also a call accountable for said, “You may choose to William Wilberforce once British abolitionist again that you did not way but you can never say look the other know.” Witnesses 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 17 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 76 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 76 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 76 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 107 M K OHN C Y J One 110 ISTORY WITH H Vol. 11:1:127 146-47 (2004). RIEF IOGRAPHY OF : A B : A B Frederick Douglass REEDOM Many have asserted ERRY F 113 LOOD F 115 B OAD TO She personally rescued over She personally ARPERS R 108 H HE AND WITH : T L AID ON HIS R UBMAN S ’ T T , http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html (last URGE ROWN P B ORG 111 Given how dangerous it was for her, a run- Given how dangerous ARRIET O , H 109 OHN , T , J , PBS. ATES note 112, at 103. LINTON ARLE FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. C E B. O supra , His attempt failed, and during the raid, he was injured, cap- His attempt failed, and during 25 (2008). ARLE ATHERINE TEPHEN In a letter Brown wrote from prison on December 2, 1859, he In a letter Brown wrote from ONATHAN Some abolitionists like directly rescued slaves directly rescued Harriet Tubman like Some abolitionists Not all abolitionist action was peaceful. John Brown was a fer- action was peaceful. John Not all abolitionist Id. Id. Harriet Tubman Id. Id. 112 63 (1984). 114 108. 111. 113. 115. E 109. 110. 112. J 114. S 107. C OCUMENTS ROWN source suggested that as she heard her wanted-poster read aloud that as she heard her wanted-poster source suggested a book and pretended to she was illiterate she grabbed describing that capture. read it to evade newspapers of the slave states. This text is educational awareness at awareness is educational text This slave states. of the newspapers its finest. a conductor on Tubman was to safety. Harriet them and transported of her people.” the “Moses and was called Railroad the Underground said of John Brown that it was “as though his own soul had been said of John Brown that it was in spite of the fact that he was a white pierced with the iron of slavery,” man. that he was a prophet—certainly accurate. his prediction was three hundred slaves. three hundred visited Nov. 20, 2015). away slave, to repeatedly immerse herself in these dangerous repeatedly immerse herself away slave, to lost one of them. Her remarkable that she never missions, it is truly when you consider that are even more miraculous accomplishments while illiterate. these elaborate missions she orchestrated tured, imprisoned, and ultimately executed for a crime, but became a tured, imprisoned, and ultimately in the process. martyr for the anti-slavery cause stated that he was quite certain “that the crimes of this guilty land: stated that he was quite certain with Blood.” will never be purged away; but vently religious abolitionist who attempted to raid a federal arsenal at vently religious abolitionist who 1859 and distribute the weapons to Harper’s Ferry Virginia in slaves. D B She once said, “On my I nebber run my train off I nebber underground railroad said, “On my She once los’ a passenger.” de track and I nebber 144 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 18 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 76 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 76 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 77 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 145 265-66 OCIETY S stands for the Douglass’s state- 119 MERICAN 120 A This religious ardor is This religious 117 LAVERY IN S in , http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/ , OODREADS , G D. Redemption 121 This religious fervor became concentrated on concentrated fervor became This religious C. Reasons Religious Part II. 116 In order to save oneself from purgatory, it was In order to save SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY 118 supra note 23, at 251. note 23, at 254. Slavery and the Civil Foner quotes one abolitionist as having said, “we com- Foner quotes one abolitionist at 252. supra supra 122 , , discussion AVIS AVIS As abolitionist Wendell Phillips explained, As abolitionist Wendell Phillips Fundamental conviction in which the goal of all reform is to free in which the goal of all Fundamental conviction In the early 1800’s, religious revivals emerged as the essential emerged as the revivals 1800’s, religious In the early See id. See Id. Frederick Douglass Quotes None know what it is to live, till they redeem life from its seeming None know what it is to live, till on the altar of some great cause monotony by laying it a sacrifice abolition, has saved the freedom . . . Slavery, by the necessity of its in luxury or buried beneath the of the white race from being melted of its own success. M K C Y 121. D 119. 117. 122.Foner, Eric 118. 116. D 120. (Lawrence B. Goodheart et al. eds., 1992). proposition that, to save ourselves, we must save one another. Freder- to save ourselves, we must save proposition that, denied, where is said that “where justice is ick Douglass once and where any one class is made to enforced, where ignorance prevails, conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade feel that society is an organized will be safe.” them, neither persons nor property ment intimates that we will destroy all of us if we do not uplift some of ment intimates that we will destroy will lead to the downfall of everyone. us. The greed and hatred of some reflected above in the fundamental conviction discussing the intolera- in the fundamental conviction reflected above ble evils of society. 18943.Frederick_Douglass (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). eradicating the “great national sin” of slavery. the “great national eradicating necessary to eradicate the greatest of all sins—slavery.necessary to eradicate menced the present struggle to obtain the freedom of the slave; we are menced the present struggle to individuals from being manipulated liked animals individuals from instrument for “creating a righteous society capable of fulfilling society capable a righteous for “creating instrument high ideals.” America’s Fighting for abolition gave life a purpose and greater meaning—notFighting for abolition gave life to at salvation—inmention a much greater shot revivalist the eyes of Eric Foner noted, abolitionists could ar- abolitionists. As repugnant” but also that “it was gue not only that slavery was “morally values and liberties of white incompatible with the basic democratic Americans.” 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 19 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 77 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 77 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 77 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y LLEGED OW HURGOOD A , T N Vol. 11:1:127 OUSTON LAVERY H TATISTICS AND S S In other words, once words, In other AMILTON 123 Lest we rejoice in lynch- H HEN AND ABULATED 125 T 57 (2010). : T HARLES : C ECORD 1895 1 (2005), http://www.gutenberg.org/files/ LAVERY R EGREGATION S RANCH ED B S TATES R S ND A. Lynchings THE E , NITED ETWEEN OOT AND U B ., R ARNETT R -B TRUGGLE TO , J S RIDGE FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. ELLS B AMES J HE 124 YNCHING IN THE B. W AND THE L , AWN DA When antebellum slavery ended, and inequality did not slavery ended, racism and When antebellum Id. During the slave regime, the Southern white man owned the Negro During the slave regime, the Southern to dwarf the soul and preserve body and soul. It was to his interest power over his slave, to subject the body. Vested with unlimited punishment, the white man him to any and all kinds of physical as tended to injure the was still restrained from such punishment and thereby reducing his fi- slave by abating his physical powers scourged mercilessly, and in nancial worth. While slaves were in other respects, still the white countless cases inhumanly treated to go so far as to take a life, which owner rarely permitted his anger hundred dollars . . . . But would entail upon him a loss of several interests of the white man in came and the vested slave times the Negro was kept the Negro’s body were lost . . . . In frequency and severity of the subservient and submissive by the system of intimidation came scourging, but, with freedom, a new whipped and scourged; he was into vogue; the Negro was not only killed. III. T ARSHALL 125. R 123. 124. I AUSES OF compelled to continue it to preserve our own.” preserve it to continue to compelled the wheels of justice have been set in motion, it would be ill-advised to be ill-advised it would been set in motion, of justice have the wheels If we reached their destination. they have to stop them until attempt then we are left democracy, of justice and our principles do abandon or progress too weak to further shell, and hypocritical with a hollow anyone. prosperity for engender ings as a thing of the past, we should examine the death of 17-year-old 14977/14977-h/14977-h.htm. evaporate. In many instances, brutality and mob violence escalated af- instances, brutality and mob evaporate. In many Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Former slave and activist, ter abolition. published in 1895 on phenomenon in a pamphlet she explained this lynching: C M An unforgettably horrible example of the post-abolition lynchings in An unforgettably horrible example who was seized in the Georgian America is that of “Mary Turner, sliced open with a buck-knife and night, strung up a tree by her ankles, the men pulled her unborn baby from forced to watch upside down as it first.” her screaming insides and killed 146 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 20 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 77 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 77 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 78 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 147 NVESTIGATIVE I FOR . TR . C Michael Brown, age LA The stereotype of the 131 132 , F 129 note 4. supra , Lacy was involved in an interracial rela- an interracial involved in Lacy was (May 13, 2014), http://www.alternet.org/books/white-peo- Vilification of historically oppressed groups Vilification of historically oppressed 126 (Dec. 19, 2014), http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/ note 57, at 167-68. 130 32-Year-Old Woman Involved with Hanged NC Teen Believes 32-Year-Old Woman Involved with Hanged SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY LTERNET OOT The “most enduring, corrosive racial stereotype in The “most enduring, corrosive supra R , A 128 Commit the Most Heinous Crimes, So Why Is America White People Commit the Most Heinous HE 127 , T B. Black Men and Boys Killing Unarmed (Oct. 25, 2015), http://fcir.org/2015/10/25/despite-mandate-few-sex-traffickers- Whether or not you think that the killers were justified in their Whether or not you think that The aftershocks of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade have mani- of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The aftershocks Id. Trayvon Martin Shooting Fast Facts Id. Despite Mandate, Fewer Sex Traffickers Go to Prison M K C Y 130. 127. 129. Lisa Bloom, 132. 131. to modern day human trafficking can also be seen in the classification of A parallel 126. Breanna Edwards, 128. Fox-Genovese, EPORTING black teen named Lennon Lacy who was found hanged in the fall of in the hanged found was Lacy who Lennon named teen black . 2014 in black male as a criminal is an after-effect of slavery. “The black-as black male as a criminal is an us at least since the 19th century, when criminal image has been with slaves’ essential nature as explicit racism portrayed African-American ignorant and savage.” ple-commit-most-heinous-crimes-so-why-america-terrified-black-men. tionship with an older white woman and there were several and there white woman with an older tionship which the noose set (from the scene: a swing findings at questionable nearby props; reach without any tall for him to that was too was hung) belong to Lacy; a noose did not were used as and dog leash that the belt not his and were two he was found wearing were and the shoes that sizes too small. 12/_32_year_old_woman_involved_with_hanged_nc_teen_believes_he_was_murdered.html. can be seen in the modern fear of black males. can be seen in the modern fear America: [is] the black-as-criminal mindset.” America: [is] the black-as-criminal go-to-prison/. actions, it is undeniable that the news has been filled with unarmed actions, it is undeniable that by non-black individuals. Trayvon black males being killed recently in Florida. Martin, age 17, was killed in 2012, fested recently in the numerous news reports of unarmed black men in the numerous news reports fested recently of black men killed. One of the dominant stereotypes and boys being “Buck.” Fox-Genovese Slave Trade was the during the Trans-Atlantic caricature of the black man as virile describes the “Buck” as a white and threatening. He Was Murdered Terrified of Black Men? sex trafficking victims as prostitutes. “Victim advocates say the image of the independent sex trafficking victims as prostitutes. “Victim advocates say the image of the Ne- prostitute, working for herself and selling sex by choice, is rarely accurate.” Susannah smith, R 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 21 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 78 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 78 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 78 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 136 M K Over- C Y Most of 137 (Nov. 24, 2014), Vol. 11:1:127 LADE . (Dec. 10, 2014), http:// B EV (Dec. 8, 2014), http://www R L ’ OLEDO ALON AT , T , S 138 , N (Dec. 3, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/ Eric Garner, age 43, was killed was age 43, Garner, Eric IMES 133 Wave of Protests After Grand Jury Doesn’t Indict Wave of Protests After Grand Jury Doesn’t , N.Y. T Shooting: Officer Charged and Fired; South Carolina Shooting: Officer Charged Tamir , age 12, was killed in 2014, in killed in 2014, Rice, age 12, was Tamir 134 , (last http://definitions.uslegal.com/o/over-criminalization/ , CNN (Apr. 9, 2015), http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/08/us/south- The Killing of an Unarmed Teen: What We Know About Brown’s The Killing of an Unarmed Teen: What EGAL The Plague of Overcriminalization To My White Male Facebook Friends FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. (Aug. 13, 2014), http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/michael-brown-shoot- Michelle Alexander notes that mass incarceration (of Michelle Alexander notes that , US L EWS C. Incarceration Overcriminalization and Mass 139 Walter Scott, age 50, was killed in 2015, in South Carolina. killed in 2015, Scott, age 50, was Walter “Overcriminalization has become a national plague. And when “Overcriminalization has become “Being able to turn a blind eye to things that don’t happen to that don’t eye to things to turn a blind “Being able Cleveland Boy with Fake Pistol Killed by Police Cleveland Boy with Fake Pistol Killed 135 , NBC N 136. Ashley Fantz & Holly Yan, 138. is the act of imposing unbalanced penalties with no relation “Overcriminalization 135. 139. Will, George 137. Byer, Cera 134. J. David Goodman & Al Baker, 133. Elizabeth Chuck, http://www.toledoblade.com/State/2014/11/24/Cleveland-boy-with-fake-pistol-killed-by-po- lice.html. the commentary asserting that the mentioned in the previous asserting that the deaths mentioned the commentary either in person or in justified that I have observed, paragraph were themselves black males. from individuals that were not print, has come of these deaths. It is, not delve into the specific details This article does America today—black an alarming trend in however, illustrating peers, but instead by to death, not by a jury of their males sentenced Some feel that over- and safety patrol officers. non-black policemen is the root of this epidemic. criminalization 18, was killed in 2014, in . in 2014, killed 18, was www.nationalreview.com/article/394392/plague-overcriminalization-george-will. .salon.com/2014/12/09/to_my_white_male_facebook_friends/. the imposi- to the gravity of the offense committed or the culpability of the wrong doer. It is tion of excessive punishment or sentences without adequate justification. Overcriminalization can be considered as an abuse of the criminal justice system.” 2014/12/04/nyregion/grand-jury-said-to-bring-no-charges-in-staten-island-chokehold-death- of-eric-garner.html?_r=0. in 2014, in New . in 2014, visited Nov. 20, 2015). . carolina-officer-charged-with-murder/. ing/killing-unarmed-teen-what-we-know-about-browns-death-n178696. criminalization more and more behaviors are criminalized, there are more and more more and more behaviors are the state’s on legitimate vi- occasions for police, who embody in humanity’s flaws, to make olence, and who fully participate mistakes.” Officer in Eric Garner Chokehold Case Protestors Demand Justice Death May they all rest in peace with the countless others who have died too others who with the countless all rest in peace May they soon. of power.” of privilege. It’s also an abuse you is the essence 148 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 22 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 78 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 78 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 79 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 , 149 ATCH W IGHTS R UMAN ,H Black children in adult 144 Republican Senator Rand Paul from Senator Rand Republican 140 (Sept. 18, 2013), http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobsullum/ 46, 46-47 (2015). 141 of public housing is often an issue as Denial of public housing is note 5, at 4. SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY Charging Children as Adults and its Disproportionate Effect on ORBES 142 Rand Paul: ‘I Am Here to Ask That We Begin the End of Mandatory Rand Paul: ‘I Am Here to Ask That We AGAZINE ’, F supra , , supra note 5, at 2. . M AW 145 LEXANDER LEXANDER , 25 L How can someone get an education, eat, find a job, and partici- How can someone get an education, This problem is not just affecting black men, it also has a dis- This problem is not just affecting Report of Screening People Out: “Felons Need Not Apply” Id. 143 If I told you that one out of three African-American males is [pro- one out of three African-American If I told you that talking about voting, you might think I was hibited] by law from ago. Yet today a third of African-American Jim Crow fifty years war on drugs. from voting because of the males are still prevented young black has disproportionately affected The war on drugs five times more reports that blacks are four to males. The ACLU surveys indicate for drug possession, although likely to be convicted rate. The ma- use drugs at about the same that blacks and whites are white, but users and dealers nationwide jority of illegal drug are African- people in prison for drug offenses three-fourths of the American or Latino. M K C Y 144. Swanson, Stevie 142. A 145. 141. Sullum, Jacob 143. 140. A http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/usa1104/9.htm (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). black males) has “emerged as a stunningly comprehensive and well- and comprehensive as a stunningly has “emerged males) black in a manner that functions social control system of racialized disguised Crow.” similar to Jim strikingly prisons are more prone to being physically and sexually assaulted and prisons are more prone to being and vocational services as well as will have less access to educational treatments than if placed in juvenile mental and behavioral health facilities. is inclined to agree with her. In testimony before the In testimony before agree with her. is inclined to Kentucky stated: 2013, the Senator Committee in Judiciary 2013/09/18/rand-paul-i-am-here-to-ask-that-we-begin-the-end-of-mandatory-minimum-sen- tencing/. well. proportionate impact on black children. Black children are more likely proportionate impact on black children. to be tried as adults than white pate in the democratic process under these circumstances? They often pate in the democratic process cannot. Minorities Minimum Sentencing Mass incarceration of black males reeks of Jim Crow-style discrimina- Mass incarceration of black males a felon, you face “employment tion because, once you are branded to vote, denial of educational oppor- discrimination, denial of the right other public benefits, and exclusion tunity, denial of food stamps and from jury service.” 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 23 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 79 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 79 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 79 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 ., 151 ES M K His Why C Y . R 146 CON E Vol. 11:1:127 149 (1964). A recent Stan- AIT UREAU OF 147 B W L T ’ ’ AT AN C , N E W HY The authors of the study also ., W R 150 , J ING K The study found that students who were The study found 148 This data is very disturbing since, without This data is very disturbing since, UTHER 149 L D. and Jobs Education U.S. Study Finds Teacher Bias in Discipline Toward Black Stu- ARTIN Employers’ Replies to Racial Names . M R FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. , that inequality “will not work because it retards the not work because “will , that inequality D (Apr. 15, 2015), http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/16/us-usa-race- EVEREND Unfortunately, there are further impediments to employment Unfortunately, there are further The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., said in his book Jr., said in his Luther King, Dr. Martin The Reverend EUTERS Id. Id. Id. , R 151. 147. Dobuzinskis, Alex 148. 146. R 149. 150. Francis, David http://www.nber.org/digest/sep03/w9873.html (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). words are just as meaningful now, as they were fifty years ago when he meaningful now, as they were words are just as plaguing black America is unfortunately still wrote them. Inequality are not yet equal. us all. Educational opportunities and it is hurting are three times has found black students “The federal government expelled, a disparity ex- whites to be suspended or more likely than among African- to lower academic achievement perts say contributes caught in the discipline system.” American students ford University study examined teacher biases and how they affect study examined teacher biases ford University discipline. disproportionate noted that “[w]hile one may have expected that improved credentials noted that “[w]hile one may have African-American applicants are de- may alleviate employers’ fear that this is not the case in our data.” ficient in some unobservable skills, perceived as black by teachers (for second disciplinary infractions) by teachers (for second perceived as black more severe discipline than stu- were judged by teachers to deserve teachers to be white (for second dents who were perceived by disciplinary infractions). access to equal educational opportunity, it is extremely difficult to pro- access to equal educational opportunity, cure gainful and sustained employment. A study entitled “Are Emily than just educational accomplishment. Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experi- and Greg More Employable than indicates that “[j]ob applicants ment on Labor Market Discrimination,” about ten resumes to get one call with white names needed to send names needed to send around fif- back; those with African-American teen resumes to get one callback.” progress not only of the Negro, but of the nation as a whole.” the nation as Negro, but of not only of the progress schooldiscipline-idUSKBN0N701C20150416. dents 150 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 24 6-SEP-16 15:51 We Can’t Wait We Can’t 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 79 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 79 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 80 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 154 Let 151 (Mar. 9, , http://diction- OLITICO COM , P . ICTIONARY , D man is free. The land Clearly structural barriers to Clearly structural every Millennial 153 , Jan. 29, 1921, at 4. UIDE , J. & G SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY ORFOLK E. Us? Does This Leave Where Millennials Are More Racist Than They Think , N particularly Caucasians, feel that since President Obama’s feel that since Caucasians, particularly 152 As Judge William H. Harrison, a black man, once said in Nor- As Judge William H. Harrison, There are many Americans who feel that equality has been that equality who feel many Americans There are Guest Speaker – And yet must be – the land where the And yet must be – – that’s mine – the poor man’s, Indian’s, Negro’s, ME – Who made ME the poor man’s, Indian’s, Negro’s, that’s mine – – Whose faith and pain, Whose America, Whose sweat and blood, O, let America be America again – The land that never has been yet The O, let America be America again – M K C Y 154. 153. McElwee, Sean 152.person born in the 1980s or 1990s.” “[A] 2015), http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/03/millenials-race-115909.html#.VTrx YyFVhBc. ary.reference.com/browse/millennial (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). opportunity abound. Given all of the research referenced above, it is Given all of the research opportunity abound. on race relations as the American situation appropriate to summarize parent homes because of often grow up in single follows: black children are more likely to of black males; those children the mass incarceration of their race; this disci- greater severity because be disciplined with lower rates of academic to , expulsion, and pline often leads to be tried as adults same children are more likely achievement; these they still will not be once they get out of prison, if they commit crimes; public assistance to loans to obtain an education, able to get student employment because they are help feed and clothe them, or meaningful challenging because they will felons; employment will be especially the box” indicating their criminal past, more than likely have to “check sounding name, it will be even more and if they happen to have a black challenging. is on trial before the court of public folk, Virginia in 1921, “the Negro upon the charge of being black.” justice to answer the indictment election there are no longer structural barriers to opportunity encoun- barriers to opportunity structural there are no longer election in the United States. tered by blacks achieved between blacks and whites. Several studies indicate that mil- studies and whites. Several between blacks achieved lennials, should not be indicted for being black—theirBlack people should not be indicted ancestors would have the opportunities that built this nation. No one in America endured during the Trans-Atlan- they do but for centuries of suffering Hughes wrote in his poem titled tic Slave Trade. As Langston 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 25 6-SEP-16 15:51 America be America Again 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 80 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 80 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 80 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y OEMS OF P Vol. 11:1:127 OLLECTED RAFFICKING C T HE T in , UMAN H AY No one is immune. D 157 , https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/46053 ODERN The first step to solving a problem is The first step M 156 note 43. OODREADS 155 OMBAT , G Let America Be America Again supra C FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. (Arnold Rampersad & David Ernest Roessel eds., 1994), http://www AYS TO A. a Unified Effort Awareness and Education as UGHES H Who is being trafficked? How do you identify them? The Polaris Who is being trafficked? How do The first step to combatting trafficking is spreading awareness. The first step to combatting trafficking His words are a call to action. Let us simultaneously remember action. Let us simultaneously are a call to His words gruesome the reader with countless This article presents Quotes IV. W hand at the foundry, whose plow in the rain, Must bring back our back Must bring rain, in the whose plow foundry, at the hand again. mighty dream 157. Statement, Woolf 156. 155. Hughes, Langston ANGSTON Project has created an efficient and concise handout regarding victim Project has created an efficient and concise handout regarding .Rosa_Parks (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). awareness that a problem exists. The following sections relate back to a problem exists. The following awareness that and expand upon in the Abolition section above themes discussed them. .poets.org/poetsorg/poem/let-america-be-america-again. Something as simple as telling friends, family members, and co-work- Something as simple as telling enormously helpful. The more aware ers about human trafficking is more likely they are to tell others, and people are of the problem, the in an information age. Nearly everyone awareness multiplies. We live account like Facebook, Twitter, or In- has some form of social media way to reach mass quantities of people stagram. Social media is a free needs to participate in spread- instantly with your message. Everyone ing awareness and can help—Democrats, and other Republicans, and children of all races, ethnicities, re- political parties; men, women, Trafficking affects all of those ligions, and sexual orientations. every community. It does not discrimi- individuals and can be found in status. “[Human trafficking] has nate on the basis of socio-economic in some of the most affluent sub- become disturbingly more prevalent urbs throughout the United States.” the sacrifice and suffering of the in this nation, ac- of slavery in of the history and suffering the sacrifice them. together to eradicate and work its ramifications, knowledge time to explore and em- statistics. Now is the images and depressing “knowing what must be solutions. Rosa Parks once said brace potential with fear.” done does away L 152 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 26 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 80 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 80 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 81 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 , 153 TATE S TOF ’ EP , U.S. D A public service , http://www.yourdiction- Perhaps a testimo- 160 161 ERSONS P OUR DICTIONARY 159 , http://www.polarisproject.org/human-traf- , Y RAFFICKING IN T John ROJECT P OMBAT 2014 (2014), http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/ C OLARIS , P EPORT SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY R ONITOR AND The organization lists the following characteristics to characteristics following the lists organization The M ERSONS 158 P FFICE TO Billboard and television advertising could reach a large number Billboard and television advertising Recognize the Signs Id. The [i]ndividual in [q]uestion . . . [i]s fearful, anxious, depressed, . . . [i]s fearful, in [q]uestion The [i]ndividual fearful unusually Exhibits tense, or nervous/paranoid; submissive, eye enforcement; Avoids bringing up law behavior after or anxious signs of Shows Appears malnourished; Lacks health care; contact; confinement, or abuse, physical restraint, physical and/or sexual in control of his/ or no personal possessions; Is not torture; Has few Is not in con- financial records, or bank account; her own money, no passport); Is not identification documents (ID or trol of his/her own may insist on speak for themselves (a third party allowed or able to and inabil- translating); Claims of just visiting being present and/or of knowledge of he/she is staying/address; Lack ity to clarify where is in; Loss of do not know what city he/she whereabouts and/or story; Is not numerous inconsistencies in his/her sense of time; Has under 18 and is and go as he/she wishes; Is free to leave or come sex industry sex acts; Is in the commercial providing commercial paid very little, or paid only and has a pimp/manager; Is unpaid, and/or unusual hours; Is not through tips; Works excessively long restrictions at work; Owes allowed breaks or suffers under unusual it off; Was recruited through false a large debt and is unable to pay and conditions of his/her work; promises concerning the nature the work and/or living locations High security measures exist in up windows, bars on windows, (e.g. opaque windows, boarded barbed wire, security cameras, etc.). M K C Y 159. 161. customer of a prostitute.” “[T]he 158. 160. O RAFFICKING IN T identification. ary.com/john (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). announcement from a survivor of sex trafficking during the Super announcement from a survivor awareness. Warnings from law en- Bowl would do wonders to spread are involuntary, and are frequently forcement that sex workers of the “johns.” children, might discourage some ficking/recognizing-the-signs (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). 226646.htm. identify trafficking victims: identify We would all do well to commit this list to memory. We would all do well to commit of people as well. Commercials during major sporting events would of people as well. Commercials State Department, “[m]ajor sporting also be helpful. According to the events—such as the Olympics, World Cup, and Super Bowl—provide awareness about human trafficking as both an opportunity to raise trafficking victims and prosecute traf- well as a challenge to identify of these events.” fickers who take advantage 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 27 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 81 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 81 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 81 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 . 169 162 TAR M K TATE Our C Y , S S SYCHOL 167 P note 36, at RIZONA RAFFICKING AND , A Vol. 11:1:127 supra T , EX ONITOR ON : S ERVICES OLOMA 5, http://www.ct.gov/dcf/ S NOW , 45 M & C K The Fairfax County (Vir- ESEARCH MITH R EED TO 168 ROTECTIVE N and transgender youths can P OU 165 Y HILD C HAT They present themselves as the vic- They present themselves as the NTERVENTION Boys I ., W 166 164 OOL FOR note 1. T note 43. supra RAFFICKING , RAINING T The Unknown Victims of Trafficking EPOWITZ ET AL supra New Housing for Trafficked Youth Open to Boys and Girls New Housing for Trafficked Youth Open EX -S A similar approach needs to be taken today. A com- needs to be taken today. A A similar approach S OE , A T note 41. 163 R FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. supra , FFICE OF at 2-3. O ELD OMINIQUE XPLOITATION “You must let suffering speak, if you want to hear the truth.” to hear the speak, if you want let suffering “You must Education is essential at so many levels. Our children must be at so many levels. Our Education is essential Id. Cornel West Quotes (Nov. 3, 2014), http://www.startribune.com/local/south/281398021.html. E 169. Statement, Woolf 165. Nicole Norfleet, 167. 163. W 164. girls from troubled homes, foster Vulnerable girls are those with “low self-esteem, 168. A. Clay, Rebecca 166. D 162. NIVERSITY RIBUNE EXUAL 36, 36http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/07-08/trafficking.aspx. (2014), 75. children need to be instructed as to the signs of trafficking so they can children need to be instructed being trafficked, report to proper au- try to protect themselves from friends of being trafficked, or recognize thorities if they suspect their themselves and seek assistance. that they are victims of trafficking don’t necessarily identify themselves “Even people who are trafficked PsyD. as trafficked,” says Nancy M. Sidun, lib/dcf/humantrafficking/pdf/Sex_Trafficking_STIR_ASU_Child_Welfare_brochure.pdf (last lib/dcf/humantrafficking/pdf/Sex_Trafficking_STIR_ASU_Child_Welfare_brochure.pdf visited Nov. 20, 2015). nial from a little girl being sex trafficked about how she was forced to was forced she about how sex trafficked being little girl from a nial would deter demand. in one day forty-five customers service ginia) Public Schools have developed a sixth to twelfth grade ginia) Public Schools have that might be used as a model. curriculum for trafficking awareness also fall prey to Romeo pimps. tim’s boyfriend and initially gain their trust, lavish them with gifts and tim’s boyfriend and initially gain void they sense that the victim has in compliments, and fill whatever feel safe, loved, and secure. his or her life, making the victim children, runaways, and sometimes mentally disabled.” S children, runaways, and sometimes mentally pilation of testimonials by legislators, judges, attorneys, law by legislators, pilation of testimonials psychiatrists and, most service providers, doctors, enforcement, social enormously effective in survivors themselves, could be importantly, the awareness. slavery and fostering combatting modern-day and teenagers must human trafficking. Our pre-teens educated about pimps “find it easiest to the “Romeo pimp.” Romeo be warned against manipulate vulnerable girls.” U T S To the extent that they feel comfortable doing so, survivors of traffick- doing so, survivors feel comfortable that they To the extent Dwight Weld stories. Theodore to share their be encouraged ing should about ante- the horrific details disseminating successful in was wildly of those that by compiling one thousand testimonials bellum slavery had observed it. 154 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 28 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 81 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 81 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 82 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 , ORK- DVO- 155 LIGHT A . W F OMM NOF , CNN (Mar. ’ SS , C Some flight RAFFICKING , A They can also 170 T 175 FOR . TR . C LA Since hotel employees are Since hotel employees , W. F 172 note 15. We can all volunteer to teach basic There are a plethora of ways to get There are a plethora of ways to supra 176 174 ., http://www.gulfcoastlegal.org/legal-help/immigra- NC ., I ERVS B. A Responsibility to Act S SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY New Course Required for Stylists to Help Spot Trafficking Victims New Course Required for Stylists to Help Fighting Sex Trafficking in Hotels, One Room at a Time EGAL L (Mar. 5, 2015), http://www.modernsalon.com/news/legislative-alerts/new- -CWA, http://www.afacwa.org/stop_human_trafficking (last visited Nov. 20, -CWA, http://www.afacwa.org/stop_human_trafficking ALON ERS OF CACY ULFCOAST . (July 23, 2015), http://www.cwa-union.org/news/entry/flight_attendants_take_on . (July 23, 2015), Obviously, , teachers, health care workers, gui- workers, care health teachers, enforcement, law Obviously, According to the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “human According to the Reverend Dr. Attorneys and Human Trafficking Survivors See id. Human Trafficking Be a ‘Force Multiplier’ in the Fight Against M S Every individual who is likely to interact with trafficked victims who is likely to interact with Every individual as are cosmetologists in Ohio. as are cosmetologists see also Flight Attendants Take on Fight Against Human Trafficking see also Flight Attendants Take on Fight A M K 173 , http://www.traffickingadvocacy.org/attorney-resources.html (last visited Nov. 20, , http://www.traffickingadvocacy.org/attorney-resources.html (last visited Nov. 171 C Y ODERN 174. Commencement Address, Oberlin 175. 173. Hetter, Katia 172. Alison Alhamed, 176. G 170. 171. TTENDANTS M 1, 2012), http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/29/travel/hotel-sex-trafficking/index.html?hpt=tr_c1l. dance counselors, and the foster care system need to be educated about need to be foster care system and the dance counselors, as they are to identify victims, trained on how trafficking and human less obvious individuals. Other with trafficked to interact most likely as well. “Traf- should be trained as bus drivers, such service providers, to move victims Bus services like Greyhound use services fickers also it is a cost effective to another, not only because from one location that proper identifi- but the traffickers know method of transportation, ticket.” to purchase or obtain a bus cation is not required attendants also receive training in order to spot trafficked individu- receive training in order to attendants also als, assist non-domestic victims of trafficking in obtaining T-Visas or U- assist non-domestic victims of Visas from the side. among those who are the most likely to interact with victims of sex are the most likely to interact among those who of traffick- need training to identify characteristics trafficking, they ing. involved in the fight against human trafficking. Attorneys can do pro involved in the fight against human records expunged. bono work to help victims get their tion (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). course-ohio-stylists-required-to-help-spot-trafficking-vicims. 2015); _fight_against_human_trafficking/#.VmXowLgrKUk. progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability. It comes through the progress never rolls in on wheels work of dedicated individuals. [T]he tireless efforts and the persistent time is always right to do right.” should receive training on how to recognize them. should receive training 2015). A 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 29 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 82 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 82 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 82 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 , 179 M K RAF- find C Y T ESPONDS EX 178 R S ELIEF Vol. 11:1:127 R URVIVORS OF ORLD S ., W be conscientious consumers be conscientious mentor at-risk youth; at-risk mentor ALKING WITH 180 177 : W MBRELLA U HITE 183 W ., http://selahfreedom.com/immediate-needs/ (last visited Nov. ., http://selahfreedom.com/immediate-needs/ HE NC , T Tattoo Removal Helping a ‘Branding’ Victim from Her Past , UNICEF, http://sfxavier.org/documents/2014/11/Fair-Trade-One- , UNICEF, , I , http://www.free2work.org/ (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. OWLEY (Dec. 27, 2012), http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-12-27/news/ct- and try to purchase fair trade certified items when pos- fair trade certified items and try to purchase ORK REEDOM F 181 F. B 2W RIBUNE ARY FICKING There need to be more laws that prosecute the purchasers of There need to be more laws that Doctors, dentists, cosmetologists, and psychiatrists can donate cosmetologists, and psychiatrists Doctors, dentists, REE ELAH We can lobby the legislature for new laws that we would like to legislature for new laws that We can lobby the #Enditmovement: Meeting Survivors’ Needs in the U.S #Enditmovement: Meeting Survivors’ Needs End Trafficking Id. T 48 (James Lund & Stephanie S. Smith eds., 2012). 48 (James Lund & Stephanie S. Smith 184 182 180. 182. F 183. Sweeney, Annie 184. Victims Protection Act of 2000 §108, 22 U.S.C. § Trafficking 7106 (2013). 178. 177. M 179. S 181. HICAGO C out what items are in need at residential facilities that house traffick- facilities that at residential items are in need out what those items; drive to collect a donation and coordinate ing victims life skills to survivors, like how to cook; like survivors, to life skills and educate ourselves about what types of products are made with of products about what types ourselves and educate slave labor; 20, 2015). Pager.pdf (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). met-tattoo-removed--victim-20121227_1_tattoo-nicole-exotic-dancer. sible. commercial sex. “Johns” should be publicly shamed and their driver’s commercial sex. “Johns” should on file so that victims of sex traffick- licenses should be copied and put in the future, if the need arises. ing can pursue them for child support that they have been arrested to Spouses of “johns” should be notified disease and sexually transmitted infec- potentially deter the spread of should be legally forced to tions to an innocent spouse. Corporations labor in their supply chains. American certify that there is no slave their services on a pro bono basis to survivors of trafficking. Tattoo a pro bono basis to survivors their services on or reconfigure brands their services to either remove artists can donate (tattoos) from traffickers. see enacted. One suggestion for potential legislation is increased vic- suggestion for potential legislation see enacted. One damages for victims of the availability of punitive tim’s services and of trafficking are from their traffickers. Survivors trafficking to collect they escape and this would help them often left with nothing when Laws should be passed that make it relocate and reinvent themselves. into hotels unaccompanied. This more difficult for minors to check to sex trafficking. Minors in all would potentially serve as a deterrent to to commercial sex as the states should be deemed unable Act of 2000 provides on a federal Trafficking Victims Protection level. (Mar. 6, 2014), http://worldreliefresponds.com/enditmovement-meeting-survivors-needs-in- the-u-s/. collaborate with a service provider and receive training on how to do receive training provider and with a service collaborate shopping malls; events at local outreach 156 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 30 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 82 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 82 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 83 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 157 , http://abolitionnow.com/ No one wants to be No one wants This would be a very This would 187 185 RAFFICKING T The Golden Rule says to “do unto The Golden Rule UMAN H 186 ND E C. Religious Reasons NITING TO note 7. SLAVERY THEN AND NOW AND THEN SLAVERY : U D. Redemption and Conclusion OW supra , Victims of trafficking are our neighbors, and they need are our neighbors, and Victims of trafficking 5:14. N 7:12. 188 BOLITION ANTAYANA This paper began with the statement that history repeats it- This paper began with the statement Like their involvement in the abolitionist struggles of the ante- in the abolitionist struggles Like their involvement Modern day slavery is an American problem. It does not dis- Modern day slavery is an American Matthew Galations As this article shows, our nation’s past has frequently been an As this article shows, our nation’s 189 M K C Y 187. 189. S 188. 185. to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Wo- Protocol 186. A companies should be penalized for outsourcing their work to countries work their outsourcing for penalized be should companies the Palermo Protocol. not ratified that have get-involved#church (last visited Nov. 20, 2015). oppressed, tortured, marginalized, degraded, starved, or raped—law marginalized, degraded, oppressed, tortured, perpetrating that on that we should refrain from and religion dictate neighbors as they love are taught to “love their others. Christians themselves.” effective way of giving teeth to a well-meaning international policy to policy international teeth to a well-meaning way of giving effective deter trafficking. others as you would have them do unto you.” others as you would to be assisted, respected, and helped to heal. to be assisted, respected, self. bellum period, religious institutions should continue to be involved in religious institutions should continue bellum period, modern slavery. the fight against ugly one. It is essential to remind ourselves often, and in painful detail, ugly one. It is essential to remind suffered and the injustices that have of the horrors that have been can we comprehend the magnitude of been waged in America. How else can we heal? If we pretend that noth- our current situation? How else be fixed. Everyone has a responsibility ing is wrong, then nothing can as inequality affects us all. Lack of ac- to stand up against inequality, and lack of equal opportunity cess to education, over-criminalization, are not just “black problems.” They are to obtain gainful employment American problems. criminate like antebellum slavery. We are all potential victims. As has criminate like antebellum slavery. among us are most at risk. Let us been established, the vulnerable history, replete with atrocity, and come together to accept our shared Let us strengthen ourselves by help- actively strive towards equality. men and Children, supplementing the Convention against Transnational 2000). Organized Crime, G.A. Res. 55/25, Annex II, U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/25 (Nov. 15, 2015 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 31 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 83 Side A 09/19/2016 08:25:28 A 09/19/2016 83 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 83 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 M K C Y Vol. 11:1:127 note 1. supra , FLORIDA AFLORIDA &REVIEW LAW M UNIV. Let us all try harder to lead and love, and to save and lead and love, all try harder to Let us 190 Cornel West Quotes 190. ing each other to become less vulnerable, and therefore less susceptible less therefore and vulnerable, less to become other ing each if lead the people “You can’t West once said, trafficked. Cornel to being if you don’t serve the people You can’t save love the people. you don’t the people.” serve. 158 \\jciprod01\productn\F\FAM\11-1\FAM102.txt unknown Seq: 32 6-SEP-16 15:51 37680-fam_11-1 Sheet No. 83 Side B 09/19/2016 08:25:28 B 09/19/2016 83 Side Sheet No. 37680-fam_11-1