National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2002

Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument

Cultural Landscape lnventory Level II: Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument

Pinnacles National Monument concurs with the Management Category and Condition Assessment assigned through completion of this Level II Cultural Landscape lnventory for the Pinnacles East Entrance District as listed below:

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY C: May be preserved and maintained

CONDITION ASSESSMENT: Fair

Superintendent, ~inhac~esNational Monument Date

Please return this form to: Shaun Provencher Coordinator, Cultural Landscape lnven tory National Park Service Pacific Great Basin Support Office, Suite 700, 1111 Jackson Street Oakland, CA 94607

STATE OF CALIFORNIA - THE RESOURCES AGENCY GRAY DAVIS Governor OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION 4 iL is3 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION P 0 BOX 942896 SACRAMENTO, CA 94296-0001 (91 6) 653-6624 Fax: (916) 653-9824 calshpoQohp.parks.ca.gov

27 November 2002

Reply To: N PS020823A

Cicely Muldoon, Superintendent USDI, National Park Service Pinnacles National Monument 5000 Highway 146 Paicines CA 95043-9770

Re: Proposed Construction of Four New Structures at the Chalone Creek Area of Pinnacles National Monument, San Benito County.

Dear Ms. Muldoon:

You have provided me with the results of your efforts to determine whether the project described above may affect historic properties. You have done this, and are consulting with me, in order to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and implementing regulations codified at 36 CFR Part 800.

You are proposing to construct four new buildings within the Chalone Creek area: a Fire Cache, a TrailsIShop Building, a duplex residence for permanent employees, and an eight-person dormitory for seasonal workers. The buildings are needed to support park operations. The Chalone Creek area was selected as the best site for the structures because it is a previously developed site and one of the few relatively flat areas within the park where construction of new buildings would not be an adverse impact to either the cultural or natural resources. Building designs compatible with existing historic structures were prepared.

According to the documentation you provided, the Chalone Creek area was originally developed for use as a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp starting in 1933. The CCC constructed a number of temporary structures, such as barracks, a restroom and a mess hall, which have since been removed. The remaining CCC buildings (i.e., a maintenance shop, truck and car garage, tack room, maintenance office and storage shed) are clustered at the north end of the site in a maintenance area and are considered contributing features to the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District. After the closing of the CCC camp in 194i and the subsequent removal of several CCC buildings, the southern portion of the Chalone Creek area was converted into a campground. In the 1970s, the campground was converted into a day-use picnic area for park visitors and housing for park staff. Existing structures in the southern portion of the Chalone Creek area include a mixture of mobile homes, structures moved from other locations, and new housing units. These structures are not historically significant and do not contribute to the integrity of the historic district.

The Park has determined that the area of potential effects (APE) for this undertaking is confined to the immediate vicinity of the Chalone Creek area in the Pinnacles National Monument. The Park considers the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District (which includes the Chalone Creek area) as a whole to be locally significant under National Register Criteria A and C for the period of 1923-1941 and considers its historic landscape to retain sufficient integrity to be considered eligible for listing on the NRHP. The Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District is locally significant within San Benito and Monterey Counties for its multitude of historic Ms. Muldoon 27 November 2002 page 2 features designed in the rustic style and associated with the establishment of Pinnacles National Monument and the work done there by the CCC. The district contains buildings, structures, roads, planted vegetation, and other features from the 1923 to 1941 period of significance which create a cohesive rustic assemblage that demonstrates the early development pattern of the park. Under Criterion A, the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District is locally significant for its association with early park development and the CCC. Under Criterion C, the district is significant for its design according to early National Park Service rustic design principles. The historic landscape characteristics that retain integrity include: circulation, land use, natural systems and features, vegetation, topography, cluster arrangement, buildings and structures, and spatial organizations. The Park has found that the proposed undertaking will not result in an adverse effect upon the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District. The proposed development is consistent with historic use of the area for housing facilities and the design is compatible with the historic structures in the area.

Based on review of the submitted documentation, I concur with the foregoing determinations: the APE is confined to the immediate vicinity of tile Chalone Creek area in the Pinnacles National Monument; the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District as a whole is locally significant and is eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and C; and the proposed undertaking would have no adverse effect on historic properties.

Thank you for: considering historic properties during project planning. If you have any questions, please call Joan Rappold at (916) 653-4533 or e-mail at [email protected].

State Historic Preservation Officer

Contents

Part 1 General Introduction to the CLI 1 Landscape Description 6 Cultural Landscapes Inventory Hierarchy Description 7 Location Map 8 Boundary Description 9 Regional Context 9 Chronology 11 Statement of Significance 16

Part 2 History 1

Part 3a Analysis and Evaluation 1 Natural Systems and Features 1 Topography 5 Vegetation 9 Cluster Arrangement 14 Spatial Organization 16

Part 3b Circulation 1 Buildings and Structures 7 Land Use 23 Small Scale Features 26 Archeological Sites 31

Part 4 National Register Information 1 General Management Information 5 Bibliography 10 Supplemental Information 13

Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument

Executive Summary General Introduction to the CLI

The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI) is a comprehensive inventory of all historically significant landscapes within the National Park System. This evaluated inventory identifies and documents each landscape's location, physical development, significance, National Register of Historic Places eligibility, condition, integrity and current management. Inventoried landscapes are listed on, or eligible for, the National Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise treated as cultural resources. To automate the inventory, the Cultural Landscapes Automated Inventory Management System (CLAIMS) database was created in 1996. CLAIMS provides an analytical tool for evaluating information associated with the CLI.

The information contained within the CLI is derived primarily from existing sources found in parks, libraries, archives, NPS regions and support offices, as well as through on-site investigation of the existing landscape. A variety of steps are involved in completing each cultural landscape inventory, from initial meetings with park management and staff to clarify the purpose of the CLI, to the historical research, to fieldwork and data input into CLAIMS, to assisting with the preparation of State Historic Preservation Officers consensus determination documentation.

Completion of the CLI for each landscape fulfills the inventory requirements of Section 110(a)(1) of the National Historic Preservation Act, NPS Management Policies, and the Cultural Resource Management Guideline. The CLI effort has established a baseline of cultural landscapes in the National Park System and serves as a vehicle for tracking the condition of these resources. Hence, the CLI effort supports the mission and long-term goals of the National Park Service Strategic Plan. Completion of the CLI, and entry of the data into the CLAIMS database, provides each park with an official count of the landscapes in the park, as well as the condition assessment required by the Government Performance Results Act (GPRA).

The Park Cultural Landscapes Program considers completion of the CLI a servicewide priority. The information is needed at the national and regional levels to inform planning efforts and budget decisions. At the park level, the CLI is needed to aid managers in planning, programming, prioritizing funding, enhancing interpretation programs, and recording treatment and management decisions for their park landscapes.

Implementation of the CLI is coordinated on the Regional/Support Office level. Each Region/Support Office creates a priority list for CLI work based on park planning needs, proposed development and construction projects, lack of documentation (which adversely affects the preservation or management of the resource), baseline information needs and regional/support office priorities. The priority list is updated regularly as landscapes are inventoried and as priorities change. Once each landscape's CLI is completed, it is entered into the Regional/Support Office CLAIMS, and uploaded annually to the National Center in Washington, D.C. Only the data officially entered into the National Center database, considered certified data, is used for GPRA reporting.

The CLI is completed in a four level process; each level corresponds to a specific degree of effort and detail. The four levels include:

Level 0: Park Reconnaissance Survey identifies the scope of landscapes and component landscapes in a particular park, existing and needed information about the resources, immediate threats to the resources,

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 1) Page 1 of 21 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument and establishes priorities for Level I inventory. Priorities for Level I are landscapes lacking information and consequently adversely affecting preservation or management of the resource, or is required for current or proposed park planning, resource management efforts, cultural and natural resource research projects (e.g. Historic Resource Study, Cultural Landscape Report, Vegetation Management Plan), or development and construction projects (e.g. utilities upgrade, FHWA projects, section 106 projects).

Level I: Landscape Reconnaissance Survey identifies existing and needed information for a specific landscape or component landscape in a park. Research is the primary function of Level I, involving a literature search of all readily available secondary source material. In addition, a site visit is conducted. Level I provides an initial evaluation of the significance and character of the landscape or component landscape if the landscape has not been previously evaluated or adequately documented. Additionally, priorities are established for Level II inventory. Priorities for Level II inventory are landscapes with immediate threats, proposed development or construction projects, are part of park planning or resource management efforts, have undetermined National Register status, or are lacking information.

Level II: Landscape Analysis and Evaluation identifies the landscape characteristics and their associated features of a specific landscape or component landscape. A landscape's National Register eligibility is determined or clarified if necessary. Level II includes condition assessment, as well as costs associated with treatment and stabilization. A Level II for landscapes or component landscapes whose National Register eligibility was formerly undetermined, is completed with a consensus determination by the State Historic Preservation Office. Finally, priorities are established for Level III inventory and the preparation of Cultural Landscape Reports. Priorities for Level III inventories are landscape features whose significance, condition, park planning or resource management objectives require a more detailed level of information. The CLI is not considered complete until a Level II CLI is finished.

Level III: Feature Inventory and Assessment provides an inventory and evaluation of a physical feature identified in Level II as contributing to the significance of a landscape or component landscape. In addition, the condition of the feature is assessed and costs associated with treatment are recorded.

As the inventory process proceeds from Level 0 to II, additional information is collected, prior information is refined, and decisions regarding if and how to proceed are made. The relationship between Level 0, I and II is direct; the CLI is not considered finished until Level II has been fully completed.

The ultimate goal of the Park Cultural Landscapes Program is a completed inventory of landscapes, component landscapes, and associated features in the National Parks. The end result, when combined with the List of Classified Structures (LCS), will be an inventory of all physical aspects of any given property.

Relationship between the CLI and a CLR

While there are some similarities, the CLI is not the same as a Cultural Landscape Report (CLR). Using secondary sources, the CLI provides information to identify historic significance and determine whether there are features still present to generally convey that historic significance. The CLI includes the preliminary identification and analysis to define contributing features, but does not provide the more definitive detail contained within a CLR.

A Cultural Landscape Report involves more in-depth research, using primary rather than secondary source material. The CLR is a treatment document and presents recommendations on how to preserve

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 1) Page 2 of 21 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument the identified landscape and its contributing features. Conversely, the CLI records previous management decisions relating to the landscape and may advise on simple and appropriate mitigation for adverse impacts affecting the landscape. The CLI does not contain any new recommendations on preservation treatment, other than a very general cost estimate for stabilizing the landscape and it's features.

Once the park makes the decision to manage and treat an identified cultural landscape, the Historical Landscape Architect providing technical assistance to the park can assist the park in deciding whether an identified landscape needs a Cultural Landscape Report to develop specific recommendations for treatment. For minimal actions, a CLI may be sufficient to guide Section 106 assessments of impacts.

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Park Information

Park Name: Pinnacles National Monument Administrative Unit: Pinnacles National Monument Park Organization Code: 8450 Park Alpha Code: PINN

Property Level And CLI Number

Property Level: Landscape Name: Pinnacles East Entrance District CLI Identification Number: 700017 Parent Landscape CLI ID Number: 700017

Inventory Summary

Inventory Level: Level II Completion Status: Level 0 Date Data Collected - Level 0: 6/19/1999 Level 0 Recorder: Kimball Koch, Mark Luellen, and Shaun Provencher Date Level 0 Entered: 6/7/1999 Level 0 Data Entry Recorder: Kimball Koch, Mark Luellen, and Shaun Provencher Level 0 Site Visit: Yes

Level I Date Level I Data Collected: 4/6/2001 Level I Data Collection Kathleen Fitzgerald, Shaun Provencher, Len Warner Date Level I Entered: 4/6/2001 Level I Data Entry Recorder: Kathleen Fitzgerald, Shaun Provencher, Len Warner Level I Site Visit: Yes

Level II Date Level II Data Collected: 4/1/2001 Level II Data Collection Shaun Provencher, Kathleen Fitzgerald, Kimball Koch Date Level II Entered: 1/3/2002 Level II Data Entry Recorderr: Shaun Provencher, Kathleen Fitzgerald, Len Warner Level II Site Visit: Yes Date of Concurrence 7/17/2002 Explanatory Narrative:

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The Level 0 Cultural Landscape Inventory for the Pinnacles East Entrance District was entered into the national CLAIMS database on June 7, 1999, and the Level I Cultural Landscape Inventory was entered on April 6, 2001.

No future inventory efforts following this Level II for the Pinnacles East Entrance District have been identified.

The Pinnacles East Entrance District Level II inventory has been compiled by Shaun Provencher (PGSO CLI technician), Kathleen Fitzgerald, (Landscape Architect), and Len Warner (Historian). Amy Fesnock, Chad Moore, and Tom Leatherman of Pinnacles National Monument provided valuable guidance and information.

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Landscape Description

The Pinnacles East Entrance District is a 797-acre historic designed landscape within Pinnacles National Monument, one mile east of the geologic formations that give the monument its name. The features associated with the district reflect the period of early park development and administration and the craftsmanship of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and are generally located along the washes of the Chalone and Bear Creek drainage systems.

The district is locally significant under National Register Criteria A and C for the period of significance of 1923-1941. The period reflects the years of early park planning and development combined with the efforts of the CCC. The first major road building effort into Bear Gulch was begun in 1924 with funding from local merchants, however it was not until 1933 when a CCC camp was established at Pinnacles that major public road improvements and facility construction occurred. The CCC abandoned Camp Pinnacles in 1941, ending the period of early park development.

The landscape district includes park roads, the Chalone area, Condor Gulch, the Bear Gulch administration area, and Moses Springs area. Major features within the landscape include the entry road, entrance pylons, rock retaining walls, culverts, tree wells, and early park buildings. While the Chalone area was found to not retain integrity in the 1999 Chalone CCC Camp Level I Cultural Landscape Inventory, it retains elements which contribute to the larger Pinnacle East Entrance District and is included within its boundaries.

The site continues to fulfill its historic function as the location of park administrative functions, and the majority of character defining features and landscape characteristics contribute to the district’s integrity as a designed landscape. These include buildings and structures, circulation, cluster arrangement, land use, natural systems and features, spatial organization, topography, and views and vistas. Small-scale features have lost their integrity and do not contribute as landscape characteristics. As a whole, the cultural landscape of the Pinnacles East Entrance District is in fair condition and retains integrity as a designed landscape.

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Cultural Landscapes Inventory Hierarchy Description The Pinnacles East Entrance District is a parent landscape with no component landscapes. It consists primarily of the Chalone Creek area, Bear Gulch administrative area, Moses Springs area, and Condor Gulch; all of which are connected by the road system in the eastern portion of the park. When combined, these areas constitute a cohesive historic and thematic designed landscape dating from the park’s primary developmental period.

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Location Map

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Boundary Description

The boundary for the Pinnacles East Entrance District is delineated to encompass all elements of the district associated with early park development and Civilian Conservation Corps activities. The 797- acre parcel includes those features generally found along the east entry road into the park (Rt. 146) and along the Bear and Chalone Creek beds.

Regional Context

Physiographic Context

Pinnacles National Monument is located in the Gabilan Range of the coastal mountains of California. The monument features an area of rocky crags, caves, sheer cliffs and pillars eroded from ancient volcanic material. South Chalone Peak is 3269 feet and North Chalone Peak is the highest point within the monument at 3305 feet. Physical features of the area effectively divide the park into eastern and western sections with the pinnacles formations between. Each section contains a minor fault: Chalone Creek Fault on the east and the Pinnacles Fault on the west. Bear Creek and Chalone Creek run through the ravines in the Pinnacles East Entrance District.

Political Context

Pinnacles East Entrance District is located in San Benito and Monterey Counties in the Central Valley’s 17th Congressional District. Hollister, the county seat of San Benito, is located thirty-four miles from the eastern park entrance and has a population of approximately 31,000 according to 1999 United States census estimates based on the 1990 Population Estimates Base (www. census.gov). Soledad, population 22,000, is located only twelve miles from the west entrance in Monterey County. Salinas, county seat of Monterey (pop. 120, 000), is located forty miles from the west side.

Range activities are the principal land use surrounding the monument, with some of the land used for dryland grain and assorted irrigated crops, including walnuts, grapes, and viticulture. Land immediately adjacent to the park is all private, and is used for grazing, state game refuge and deer hunting.

Bureau of Outdoor Recreation estimates that the area within a 100-mile radius of Pinnacles has a total of 427,600 acres dedicated to recreation. These lands are administrated by Federal, State, and local agencies, and provide a diversity of leisure activities for the public. (PINN, Master Plan 1973: 3)

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Site Plan

Site Plan: See Supplemental Information for full scale site plans.

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Chronology

Year Event Description

1906 AD - 1906 AD Established The Pinnacles area is first set aside as a forest reserve with 14,080 acres.

1908 AD - 1908 AD Established On January 16, Pinnacles National Monument is established with 2,060 acres in the counties of San Benito and Monterey.

1916 AD - 1916 AD Land Transfer Pinnacles National Monument is reassigned to the newly formed National Park Service (NPS) within the Department of the Interior.

1923 AD - 1923 AD Planned The San Benito Farm Bureau and the Hollister Merchants’ Association sponsor a road building effort along the 1/4 mile long road into Bear Gulch.

1923 AD - 1923 AD Built Moses Spring Trail, which roughly follows an old homesteaders’ route, is built.

1923 AD - 1923 AD Land Transfer President Harding enlarges the national monument to approximately 2,330 acres by proclamation.

1924 AD - 1924 AD Graded Homesteaders from Hollister build one-quarter mile of low-standard roadway. The road begins at the foot of the hill one-quarter mile north of the junction of Chalone Creek and Bear Creek.

1924 AD - 1924 AD Land Transfer President Coolidge enlarges the monument on the west side by 320 acres, this addition includes a valuable water source.

1925 AD - 1925 AD Graded The Granite Rock Company is contracted to build a roadway from the end of the quarter-mile section completed in 1924 to the site of the Pinnacles Lodge.

1925 AD - 1925 AD Built The Pinnacles Lodge is built.

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1931 AD - 1931 AD Land Transfer San Benito County donates 1,286 acres of land adjoining the monument on the east. The land is deeded to the federal government to become part of Pinnacles and the transfer is signed by President Hoover.

1931 AD - 1931 AD Damaged A wildfire denudes most of Pinnacles area. Trees damaged in the fire are pruned and gray pine seeds are planted.

1932 AD - 1932 AD Engineered The final location of a two-way road to replace the existing low-standard road is surveyed. Engineer: C.O. Roberts

1932 AD - 1932 AD Naturalized Park staff plant toyon seeds and buckeye on the fill slopes along the road corridor.

1932 AD - 1933 AD Built Portions of Bear Gulch Road are constructed by the CCC.

1932 AD - 1932 AD Built The Maintenance Office is built in Bear Gulch, it was moved to the maintenance area at an unknown date.

1933 AD - 1934 AD Built Ten one-room cabins and a comfort station are built for the crew constructing the new road.

1933 AD - 1933 AD Land Transfer Presidential proclamation increases the monument size by 160 acres.

1933 AD - 1933 AD Built CCC Camp Pinnacles is established at the monument.

1933 AD - 1934 AD Built Chalone Creek Road is constructed from the bridge to CCC Camp Pinnacles.

1934 AD - 1934 AD Planted An experimental planting nursery is placed in the Chalone Creek wash at the Y-junction of Chalone Creek and Bear Gulch Creek.

1934 AD - 1936 AD Built The current Bear Gulch Road is built and the old road is obliterated.

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1934 AD - 1934 AD Built The Storage Shed and Warehouse (Building #301) is built at Chalone.

1935 AD - 1935 AD Naturalized Landscaping, including plantings and roadwork, is done around CCC Camp Pinnacles.

1936 AD - 1937 AD Altered The cabins associated with the Pinnacles Lodge are relocated and stone-veneered, and the immediate area is landscaped by the CCC.

1936 AD - 1936 AD Removed The Old Gas House in what is now the Visitor's Center parking lot is removed.

1936 AD - 1936 AD Built The Tack Room (Building #302) is built at Chalone.

1936 AD - 1936 AD Built The Powder House (Building #305) is built at CCC Camp Pinnacles. It was moved to its current location in the maintenacne area in 1942.

1936 AD - 1936 AD Built The Storage Shed (Building #306) is built at CCC Camp Pinnacles. It was moved to its current location in the manitenanace area at an unknown date.

1937 AD - 1937 AD Planted CCC personnel collects native seeds and plants road slopes in Bear Gulch.

1937 AD - 1937 AD Built The Visitor Center is built.

1938 AD - 1938 AD Built The Maintenance Shop (Building #300) is built at Chalone.

1941 AD - 1941 AD Land Transfer President Roosevelt increases the size of the monument by 5,322 acres and establishes current northern boundary.

1941 AD - 1941 AD Abandoned CCC Camp Pinnacles closes.

1950 AD - 1950 AD Removed Seven CCC buildings are auctioned and removed from CCC Camp Pinnacles.

1954 AD - 1954 AD Removed The Pinnacles Lodge is removed.

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1955 AD - 1955 AD Destroyed The Equipment Shed in Condor Gulch is destroyed by fire.

1960 AD - 1960 AD Altered The current configuration of the Bear Gulch parking areas is constructed.

1961 AD - 1961 AD Built The Comfort Station (Building #309/500) is built at Chalone.

1962 AD - 1962 AD Removed All remaining CCC Camp Pinnacles buildings are removed by this date.

1967 AD - 1990 AD Built The current employee housing and trailers at Chalone are installed.

1975 AD - 1975 AD Rehabilitated Along Bear Gulch Trail five concrete bridge abutments are veneered with rock. A deteriorating retaining wall is rehabilitated.

1975 AD - 1975 AD Moved The Storage Shed (Building #517) was built by the NPS in 1966 in Juniper Canyon and moved to Chalone in 1975.

1976 AD - 1976 AD Land Transfer President Ford signs the Omnibus Wilderness Bill, which adds 1,717.9 acres of private land and establishes 12,952 acres inside the park as wilderness.

1977 AD - 1978 AD Eroded The berm at Chalone is damaged by flooding, the large stone veneer on the west side is installed.

1978 AD - 1978 AD Land Transfer A 160-acre parcel of land on the west-side of the monument, previously owned by John A. Brosseau, is transferred to the NPS.

1980 AD - 1980 AD Land Transfer Condemnation proceedings are finished on 1,136 acres owned by Larry Wilson. Negotiations are begun to acquire the only remaining inholding of 120 acres owned by Albert Hanson.

1981 AD - 1981 AD Altered The Chalone campground is redesigned and rehabilitated to serve as a picnic ground. New tables and fire grills are installed.

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1983 AD - 1983 AD Demolished Rock work along the Old Pinnacles Trail is lost in a flood.

1998 AD - 1998 AD Removed The CCC-constructed Chalone Creek Bridge is destroyed in winter floods.

1999 AD - 1999 AD Built The current Chalone Creek Bridge is built.

2000 AD - 2000 AD Land Transfer President Clinton adds 8000 acres of adjacent BLM lands to the monument and includes nearly 3,000 acres of privately held land in the park boundary for future acquisition from willing sellers.

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Statement Of Significance

Summary The Pinnacles East Entrance District is locally significant within San Benito and Monterey Counties, California, for its multitude of historic features designed in the rustic style and associated with the establishment of Pinnacles National Monument and the work done there by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The district contains buildings, structures, roads, planted vegetation, and other features from the 1923 to 1941 period of significance which create a cohesive rustic assemblage that demonstrates the early development patterns of the park. The Pinnacles East Entrance District is locally significant under Criterion A for its association with early park development and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The district is also locally significant under Criterion C for its design according to early NPS rustic design principles.

Context In the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Departments of War, Agriculture, Interior, and Labor collaborated in one of the largest organizations of personnel in American history. Its work represents the most concentrated and wide-reaching social program ever undertaken in the United States to promote economic recovery and the welfare of American society by providing conservation service jobs for unemployed, single young men during the Great Depression. The CCC was an important, innovative aspect of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal, designed to provide both on-the-job training for a specific segment of the population and some financial security for their families during a time of economic crisis. The CCC program not only boosted the morale, improved the health, and developed the technical skills of numerous young men, it helped shape the landscape of America's national and state parks.

The CCC arrived at Pinnacles National Monument in 1933, and occupied the camp at Chalone, constructed earlier that year in anticipation of their arrival. Work immediately began on constructing numerous buildings, a road, trails, retaining walls, tree wells, a reservoir, dam, initiating roadside clean- up projects, and re-planting hillsides. Many of these projects helped to define the rustic and naturalistic image of the road system, park structures, and surrounding landscape. The CCC grew to a strength of 300 at Pinnacles until 1941 when the CCC Camp Pinnacles was disbanded.

The rustic style was widely used in park service design between 1916 and 1942 primarily through the efforts of National Park Service Landscape Architect Thomas C. Vint and his staff. The rustic style emphasized a philosophy of non-intrusive, naturalistic architectural design in natural settings, the sensitive use of native vegetation, and the incorporation of natural color were used to position roads, buildings, and other developments in harmony within the surrounding setting. Designed to “lay lightly on the land,” park roads built during this period blended with the surrounding environment, followed natural topographic contours, and were located with a minimum of cuts and fills. Materials for surfaces, shoulders, bridges, culverts, and signage were acquired locally and were compatible with the surrounding colors and textures. These principles of landscape design traced their roots to the pioneering work of nineteenth century horticulturist Andrew Jackson Downing and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted who stressed design in harmony with nature. Downing recommended that park roads follow the natural curves of the landscape, present a planned sequence of views, and provide access to precise points of interest to disclose particular vistas or natural features. Using onsite, natural materials and curvilinear road alignments, all design decisions subordinated the built environment to the natural environment. (McClelland, 1994: 20-27) The rustic style is demonstrated in the Pinnacles East Entrance District by the harmony achieved between the developments and their surroundings through the

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 1) Page 16 of 21 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument use of locally quarried stones for masonry construction, native plants, and naturalistic designs; all of which promote an appearance of developments that blend with their environment.

History Although construction of early trails, the Pinnacles Lodge (1925-1954), Comfort Station (1927), and Ranger Residence (1929) had been begun in the 1920s at Bear Gulch and Moses Springs, automobile access to Pinnacles’ scenic areas in the early 1930s remained a challenge. In order to accommodate the increasing number of automobile tourists, park development plans centered on improving access to the Pinnacles Lodge at Bear Gulch.

East Entrance Road System The east entrance road system was a designed circulation system that impacted the surrounding landscape as little as possible while encouraging public use of the monument’s recreational resources, its trail system, and its picnic grounds at Bear Gulch. The constraints of the topography, comparatively small scale of the monument, and existing developed areas dictated the general location and extent of the roads and developments; however, within these limits, they followed standard NPS site development and visitor circulation guidelines in which use areas were separated by function. The road system not only facilitated public access, but provided a framework for development through which the location of structures and other visitor and administrative facilities could be established. It is important to note, however, that within the Pinnacle’s overall development program, the east entrance road system was not conceived as a touring route, displaying a planned sequence of views to automobile tourists as they moved through a variety of park landscapes. Although it was carefully designed to achieve aesthetic goals and to limit its intrusion into the natural scene, its chief function was to bring visitors directly to the Bear Gulch developed area.

In addition to the established planning principles guiding the road’s location, its design reflected classic NPS landscape development practices. Special care was taken to ensure existing landscape features were protected from damage during the road’s construction. Techniques to preserve the existing landscape included constructing dry masonry rock wells around the bases of mature trees, shielding trees from blasting, and retaining rock outcroppings. The tops of slopes were rounded to present a naturalistic appearance and to minimize erosion. Stonemasonry on associated structures—culvert headwalls, guardwalls, retaining walls and bridge walls—used local materials and appropriately scaled stones to blend the structures into the surrounding terrain.

While the aesthetic concerns of the rustic style guided design standards and dictated construction techniques, the road program also addressed important practical considerations. The Pinnacles road project was conceived as a means to provide jobs, consequently boosting the local economy at the height of the Depression. As such, most of the work was accomplished by manual labor, and relied upon Emergency Conservation Funds to hire the workforce from surrounding communities. Mid-way into the road construction program, in October of 1933, the first CCC enrollees arrived at Pinnacles. They occupied the already constructed camp at the current site of the Chalone Creek picnic area, and began work immediately.

The east entrance road project was divided into three phases of construction. The first section to be built stretched from the Pinnacles Lodge (near the present site of Visitor Center) to the confluence of Chalone and Bear Creeks. The second section traversed the eastern approach to Bear Gulch, a relatively level topography between the eastern boundary to the Chalone Creek Bridge. The third section extended from the “Y” at the Chalone Creek Bridge to the Chalone CCC Camp, now the site of the Chalone Picnic Area and maintenance yard. The above three road projects generally coincided with the construction of

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 1) Page 17 of 21 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument administrative/utility structures and other developments along each section. There are two exceptions to this pattern of development. In 1927, funding was made available for the Chief Rangers Residence and the Comfort Station at Moses Springs. These developments predate major road construction projects, and could be originally accessed only on foot, horseback, or over a narrow low-standard dirt road.

Bear Gulch and Condor Gulch In 1932, an appropriation of $50,000 provided construction funds for an improved park road leading up Bear Gulch from the current bridge crossing at Chalone Creek, a distance of 1.16 miles. This route was, in 1929, “…so narrow that it requires a one hour control system. It also has stretches of excessive grade.” (Report, Dunn to Kittredge, 1929: 6) Construction of this road between 1932 and 1933 created direct automobile access to the tree-shaded Bear Gulch Creek area, and redirected the majority of tourists to the head of Bear Gulch and the system of hiking trails leading to the Pinnacles rocks and caves. Prior to construction, visitors arriving at the monument’s eastern boundary traveled over a “very low-standard,” twelve –foot wide, single-lane dirt road leading to the Pinnacles Lodge. (Report, Sager to Vint, April 18, 1930: 1) On October 20, 1932, NPS Chief Engineer Frank Kittredge presided over a small ceremony, initiating NPS road construction at Pinnacles. The Chamber of Commerce sponsored the event and dedicated the construction project to unemployment relief.

Bear Gulch Road as constructed was between twenty-three and twenty-five feet wide, with a twenty-five foot maximum at high fills in order to allow for settlement and drainage. Surfacing consisted of graded dirt with a single, one-hundred foot “demonstration” section paved with a “bitulithic surface.” (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, April 15, 1933: 7) Following the steep canyon walls, the road maintained a 6% grade for most of its length. In one short section, it slightly exceeded this grade. The road was designed with a minimum horizontal curve radius of 200 feet, except at its crossing of Chalone Creek, where the curve radius was 150 feet. Chalone Creek Bridge, completed in 1936 at this crossing, was constructed as a straight span of thirty feet with a reinforced concrete deck, stone faced reinforced concrete abutments, iron band railings, and masonry wing walls of natural weathered stones. The masonry used was “a hard gray granite” found in Chalone Creek Valley. (Report, Bell to Vint, May 15, 1934: 22) The road was slightly widened on the inner edge along curves with radii less than 500 feet. Drainage was provided by terra cotta tiles placed eighteen inches under the inside edge of the roadway, which discharged into culverts dressed with mortared masonry headwalls. In addition, two drop inlets with cast iron gratings were constructed to drain to corrugated iron culverts. (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, 1933: 8) During construction of the new road, which followed a similar, though less visually obtrusive alignment, the earlier road was obliterated.

The road banks were graded on a 1:1 slope, and in cuts through solid rock, to a slope of 1:4. Cuts through loose rock were graded on a slope of 1:2. No embankment slope exceeded an incline of 1:2. Large rocks encountered during excavation were stockpiled for use in masonry projects including bridge, culvert, and building veneers, as well as stone fireplaces in the picnic areas. NPS project landscape architect, Thomas Carpenter, recommended that the slopes on a large fill section between where the road ascended Bear Gulch after turning past Chalone, should be planted with “readily collect(able)”native materials, including wild cherry, greasewood (chamise), elderberry and buckeye. The fill was ultimately seeded with toyon and buckeye, and was watered with “water supply from (a) spring.” (Report, Carpenter to Vint, February 4, 1933; Report, Carpenter to Vint, October, 1933: 9)

A revegetation program was carried out to return the disturbed terrain along road slopes to a naturalistic appearance. Native buckeye seed, gray pine seed, chamise plants, five gray pine saplings, ten wild rose bushes, five manzanita plants, and twenty-five toyon plants were used. California poppy seeds were spread on picnic grounds, around the Pinnacles Lodge area, an unidentified utility area, and along

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Chalone Creek road. Other landscape work included pruning and removing burned branches of “several hundred fire-damaged live oak and (gray) pine trees.” These trees had been damaged in a fire that swept through most of the monument in 1931. The trees were “painted with special tree paint emulsion” where they had been trimmed. NPS landscape architect J. Haslett Bell noted the significance of conserving the trees which, he anticipated, “will have a very lasting good effect upon the monument, where trees are of great value.” (Report, Bell to Vint, May 15, 1934:15)

Just past the junction of Chalone Creek and Bear Creek a hand-placed wall about thirty feet long was constructed at the bottom of the fill slope, which was constructed to a height of about twelve feet on a 1:1 slope to catch the 1 ½:1 fill slope. A three foot shoulder was added in this location. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, April 24, 1933) Five other retaining walls were constructed on the uphill slope of the road between the Chalone Creek bridge and the Bear Gulch area.

At the terminus of the Bear Gulch Road, “large weather(ed) boulders” placed along the south edge of the parking area defined its limits. Explicit instructions as to size, shape and appearance of the boulders required they “be not less than thirty inches through, of weathered surface and sunk to about one-third their depth in the parking surface.” (Report, Bell to Vint, April 5, 1934: 2) With the construction of the parking area at Bear Gulch, automobile tourists who arrived at Bear Gulch enjoyed direct access to the picnic grounds, the Pinnacles Lodge, and trailheads leading to the Pinnacles rocks.

Pinnacles east entrance road became, for a brief period, a demonstration project for testing a variety of drainage features, guard walls, and road surfacing materials. One section of the Bear Gulch Road was constructed with five different curbs and gutter types. Carpenter opposed these experiments, which were ordered by Kittredge. The landscape architect claimed the region’s arid climate limited the effectiveness of the experiments and “would not serve as a very good example for illustrating the use of gutter types for handling drainage.” Carpenter particularly objected to the curbs. Writing to Vint, Carpenter claimed the curbs “never cease to be conspicuous in the landscape” despite the variety of colors (brown, lampblack, and gray) and the shapes (between six and eight inches high and with a range of chamfer styles) in which they were constructed. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, February 4, 1933 and April 20, 1933) The short stretch of guardwall and a single curb in this location are the only remaining features from this project.

While the Bear Gulch Road was constructed under NPS contract with local laborers, the CCC built the road from the Pinnacles Lodge area to the Condor Gulch utility area, a distance of approximately one- third of a mile. NPS landscape architect J. Haslett Bell noted the quality of the CCC-constructed Condor Gulch Road and associated structures, which also relied on extensive manual labor. Bell noted that the twelve-foot wide road was “well built by CCC boys with needed dry wall embankments, rounded, sloped and finished . . . and was surfaced with fine rocks and clay materials.” Condor Gulch utility area was roughly 80 by 150 feet, and was graded from “rough terrain and edged by a stoutly-built dry retaining wall along Condor Gulch Creek.” The creek was “culverted at the entrance to this area and good culvert headwalls (were) built.” (Report, Bell to Vint, December 18, 1933 and May 15, 1934: 6)

A number of both temporary and permanent buildings were constructed in association with road construction. Over the winter of 1933/34, “Ten frame one-room cabins were built…[for use by the road construction crews] also a supply and equipment shed and powder house, and five…tent platforms were set up.” (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, 1933:11) In 1934, one of the first buildings constructed by the CCC was an equipment shed in the Condor Gulch area (destroyed, 1955), followed by the Gas and Oil House in 1935 and the Horse Barn in 1936. In 1936, the current Visitor Center was constructed as the “Dwelling for Official Visitors.”

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Eastern Approach (Route 146) On February 1, 1933 the initial suggested routes from the park boundary to the Chalone Creek “Y” were laid out generally following the route of an existing low grade dirt road. By April of 1934, two-thirds of the road had been rough graded and by May of the same year, the road was “graded and oiled and [had] a good appearance; however, there is a finishing of shoulders, fine grading, and obliteration of old road adjoining to the completed.” (Report, Carpenter to the Chief Architect, 1934: 1) The level topography of this route necessitated few cuts, and may explain the lack of information on this project and the speed at which it was completed.

This route was the main entrance to the monument, and plans were begun the following year to install two entrance pylons. NPS architects working in the Branch of Plans and Design in San Francisco designed the East Entrance Pylons in 1935, the stonework was completed in January of 1936, and the project was reported as complete by May of the same year. The masons utilized a variation of colored rocks collected during road construction along Chalone Creek. The same green-tinted stone was also used in rock masonry veneers on other buildings in the monument, becoming a precedent for future stone construction. (Report, Lange to Vint, January, 1936)

CCC forces worked under the close supervision of NPS architect Scofield DeLong, who ensured that the joints and finish work achieved the desired, rustic effect. Lange reported that the work was “carefully and accurately carried out in detail.” (Report, Lange to Vint, January 31, 1936: 1) Raised, Art Deco- styled bronze lettering on the larger of the two pylons announced the park entrance. Upon completion of the entry pylons, Lange suggested that the lettering be “treated with acid to . . . give more contrast between the stone surface and the letters.” (Lange to Vint, May 1, 1936: 5) In 1953, an entrance station was constructed on skids in the road to the east of the entrance pylons, this structure was replaced with a similar one in 1990.

Chalone Area The entire road-building program at Pinnacles, whether providing jobs for local laborers or CCC enrollees, was conceived to provide employment and used “only such machinery and equipment [that were] absolutely necessary.” (Memo, Burney to Kittredge, May 3, 1933: no page #) Laborers used picks, shovels, and wheelbarrows in initial excavation. Explosives were used to cut through areas of solid rock, and the excavated material was hauled away by wheelbarrow to train cars, which were pulled by tractors along narrow-gauge, temporary railroad track. The lack of heavy machinery seemed not to hamper progress, and most likely improved the quality of the finished road.

Chalone Creek Road was begun, utilizing CCC labor, in December of 1934. The road was eighteen feet wide with three-foot shoulders. By February, according to one of the project landscape architects, J. Haslett Bell, “The sections of the new road along Chalone Creek now being built . . . is astonishingly well done considering that everything is by hand labor and the progress is steady and sure.” (Report, Bell to Vint, February 20, 1934: 2) By April of that year construction to the CCC camp area was nearly complete, and further construction beyond the camp in the direction of “Old Pinnacles” continued. However, Thomas E. Carpenter, NPS Landscape Architect, expressed dismay at the road fill grade opposite the CCC camp stating “[it] is quite artificial looking in respect to the natural landscape.” (Report, Carpenter to Chief Architect, April 17, 1934: 2)

By September, the “truck trail” beyond the CCC camp to Old Pinnacles had been improved to the extent that it was passable, “…and was “practically completed during the month of September…” (Report, McKown to Regional Landscape Architect, September, 1936: 2) This route was intended to eventually

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 1) Page 20 of 21 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument connect the east and west sides of the park along an earlier rough dirt road, however in January of 1938, this plan was cancelled as it “…will be so detrimental to the natural and scenic values of the Pinnacles…” (Memo, Waterhouse to Regional Director, January 24, 1938: 1)

At Chalone Creek flat, near the “Y” intersection of Bear Gulch and Chalone Creek roads, a nursery was established and enclosed by a fence (to protect the young vegetation against “destruction by animals”). The nursery was planted with one hundred gray pines and twenty oak trees. After several weeks, it appeared that the pine trees were doing “very well,” however, most of the oak trees did not survive. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, May 22, 1934) By September, the likelihood of any of the trees surviving in the “experimental” nursery was called into question, and the landscape foreman suggested that the specimen plantings should be moved “to a more advantageous location.” (Report, Mills to Vint, November 20, 1934: 2)

Chalone Creek Picnic and Maintenance Areas Unlike most of the projects at Pinnacles, work began at Chalone Creek not because of subsequent road development but because of the anticipation of CCC enrollees. In 1933, officers from the Presidio of Monterey supervised the work of ten carpenters, five assistants from Hollister and the CCC men. The camp was built near Chalone Creek at a site to later be used as a park campground. The buildings erected for the enrollees included four barracks, a recreation/mess hall, executive officers quarters, two restrooms and a dryer, and a cooler. The buildings at CCC Camp Pinnacles were built for temporary needs like most CCC camps and have since been removed.

Some of the structures in the early development of the CCC camp included those meant to be used in the future as part of park maintenance. In 1934 a garage and a paint/storage shed were built in the park maintenance area. The powder house and cap house were built by the CCC in 1936 at the Chalone maintenance area. A maintenance shop was added by the CCC as part of the construction complex in 1938.

By 1940, CCC work had curtailed because of declining enrollment. The Park Service closed many camps during this period, primarily retaining the ones in high poverty areas. On March 31, 1941 CCC Camp Pinnacles was closed.

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Physical History

1870-1928: Recreation, Tourism, and Resource Conservation

The live oak groves along Bear Gulch Creek and the Pinnacles rock formations have been popular recreational picnic grounds since the mid-nineteenth century. Local homesteaders seeking relief from the summer heat made weekend trips to the chaparral canyons to picnic under the shade of the trees, to explore the extensive system of caves, and to hike to the towering spires of the Pinnacles Rocks. (Oberg, 1979: 64)

A Dr. Gilbert (first name unknown) of Stanford University spent Easter vacation in Bear Valley (Gulch) in 1893 at the invitation of his student A.W. White. After a visit to the Pinnacles Dr. Gilbert stated, “I have traveled to South America and Alaska, visited Yosemite and climbed the Matterhorn, but for variety of scenery and beauty of coloring, I have never seen the equal of this on the same area.” (Oberg, 1979: 85) This statement was an impetus for local resident Schuyler Hain to begin a major push toward the preservation of the Pinnacles. However, while the area’s scenic charms and recreational resources were well known locally, it was not until the Southern Pacific Railroad included San Benito County and the Pinnacles region in its tourist itinerary that the area became known to a wider public. A branch of the Southern Pacific line had reached the nearby town of Hollister, seat of San Benito County, by the late 1870s and the scenic rock formations known variously as “the Palisades” and “the Pinnacles” offered railroad tourists a scenic, quintessentially western landscape to explore. In 1903, Sunset Magazine, launched by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1898 to herald its cross-country train service, the Sunset Limited, and to popularize western tourism, featured an illustrated article on the Pinnacles area. (Sunset, San Francisco: Southern Pacific Co., August 9, 1903: 345-349)

Although the area was beginning to be widely recognized as a geologically interesting and scenic locale, commercial enterprises, including cattle ranches and mining companies, occupied much of the land in the environs of the Pinnacles rocks. Around the turn of the century, David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford University, took an active interest in establishing a federal preserve to protect the area’s scenic and natural values. Writing to the nation’s Chief Forester, Gifford Pinchot, Stanford botanist William Russell claimed the area’s significance extended beyond its geological interest. The shaded creeks, cave systems and towering peaks, Russell noted, were of sufficient scenic and recreational value to warrant conservation. (Oberg, 1979: 91-93) In 1906, the area was designated Pinnacles National Forest. On January 16, 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt declared some 2000 acres surrounding the unusual landforms known as the “Pinnacles Rocks” would be forever preserved as Pinnacles National Monument. (35 Stat. 2177) Unfortunately, due to a lack of federal funding, local residents assumed the role of monument custodians. They began clearing areas for picnicking, built picnic tables and cement barbecue pits, and helped promote the new reserve as the principal tourist attraction in San Benito County.

By 1912, the Hollister Chamber of Commerce was advocating the Pinnacles as a tourist destination, and had started to lobby the San Benito Board of Supervisors for road building funds to improve access to the park. The Chamber especially pursued construction of a highway between Hollister and Salinas, near the coast. The preferred route would have cut through the monument, using the approximate alignment of an old wagon trail, the Old Pinnacles Road, which traversed San Benito County in an east- west direction through the area of high peaks known as the Balcony Cliffs. Local congressman E.A. Hayes pledged to exert what influence he could to secure federal support to construct a park road, provided the county would commit resources to build an approach road to the monument’s boundaries.

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(Oberg, 1979: 120) The proposed park road would thus function as an integral component of a cross- county transportation corridor.

Between 1912 and 1924, a sustained publicity campaign, largely sponsored by local business and civic organizations, ensured Pinnacles National Monument would become known to a wider public outside the immediate area. The Hollister Chamber of Commerce, seeking to identify the area with California’s premiere tourist region, proposed to raise roadside signs, which read “Yosemite to the Sea,” on the heavily traveled, nearby Pacheco Pass Road (State Route 152). Casting a broader net, the chamber joined the San Francisco Bay and Rivers Counties Tourist Association, which had initiated a national publicity campaign in anticipation of the onslaught of automobile tourists traveling to San Francisco for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition. (Oberg, 1979: 123) The association produced a pamphlet promoting San Benito County’s agricultural and recreational opportunities, and distributed it the exposition audience. The area received further publicity in 1915 when the San Francisco-based literary journal “Overland Monthly” ran an article on Pinnacles, heightening its visibility among an educated, middle class audience, the most likely patrons to undertake a recreational automobile trip to the new preserve. In 1916, Pinnacles National Monument was reassigned to the newly formed National Park Service (NPS) within the Department of the Interior. Several years later, the “Overland Monthly” article’s author, W.W. Canfield, wrote to Stephen Mather, Director of the National Park Service, proposing development of an automobile campground near the west side of the park, along what is now State Route146. (Oberg, 1979: 136) Upon receiving NPS approval for an auto camping concession, Canfield leased the property to a third party, who began charging park visitors tolls for passage through his campground near the park’s western entrance.

Mather had not yet visited Pinnacles, but made note of the “unfortunate” circumstances preventing free access to the monument in his 1920 annual report. He pledged to “make the monument accessible without charge to all who care to see it.” (Report, Mather to Secretary of the Interior, 1920: 163) Mather directed the Superintendent of Yosemite, Washington B. “Dusty” Lewis, to report on the conditions at Pinnacles. Lewis’s report, dated April 5, 1922 was not encouraging; he recommended the NPS abandon the monument because “the private land owners had all the scenic attractions tied up.” (Oberg, 1979: 145) Lewis was most likely referring to the Copper Mountain Mining Company, which owned a portion of the rocky spires called “the palisades.”

In 1923, a group of business associations financed improvements to the existing narrow, ¼-mile road into Bear Gulch that had held Lewis captive in its mud during his tour of the monument the year before. The principal sponsors of this road building initiative, the San Benito Farm Bureau and the Hollister Merchants’ Association were optimistic the National Park Service would soon construct a permanent, high-quality, free road into the park. (Oberg, 1979: 149) Their plans were undoubtedly based on the service-wide efforts then underway to provide automobile tourists with high-standard roads into the national parks. NPS Director Stephen Mather made road building a priority and his focus on improving the standard of park roads occupied much of his attention during his tenure as Director. In 1924, following Mather’s testimony before the House Committee on Public Lands, Congress passed the Roads and Trails Act, representing its commitment to construct and improve roads, trails and bridges in the national parks. Over a three-year period between 1925 and 1928, it appropriated $7.5 million in park construction funds. (McClelland, 1993: 108)

Following passage of the Roads and Trails Act, the NPS allocated $3000 to fund a road construction program at Pinnacles in 1925. In the same year, San Benito County let a contract to the Granite Rock Company of Watsonville to extend the existing road in the park further into Bear Gulch, in order to reach the Pinnacles Lodge, operated by the Camp Pinnacles Corporation. The Camp Pinnacles

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Corporation had been granted a license to operate within the monument in 1925, and began providing tent camping facilities, serving meals, and hosting Saturday night dances. The centerpiece of this concessioner development was the Pinnacles Lodge in Bear Gulch. The Pinnacles Lodge was a wood frame building with a broad gabled roof, “ingeniously constructed so that its side walls could be removed to create a large dance floor.” (Oberg, 1979: 157-161) (See photo, History #1)

As NPS road development in Pinnacles was getting underway, the California State Division of Highways was in the midst of expanding the regional highway system. Plans to construct a major east- west county road between Hollister and Soledad, first proposed in 1912, resumed. Again the proposed route crossed through the center of the monument. In June of 1928, San Benito County officials led state highway engineers on a tour of the park in connection with the proposed through route to Soledad. (The October, 1933 Report to the Chief Architect makes note of 13 miles of “old existing road” to Soledad from an unknown point on the eastern side of the boundary, this is likely the route now generally followed by the North Wilderness Trail). Property adjacent to and several parcels within the monument remained in private ownership, however, and in 1929 San Benito County filed condemnation proceedings against several private land holdings. Once the county gained title to these lands, the 1,286 acres were donated to the federal government, included in expanded park boundaries, and signed into law by President Hoover in April 1931. (Oberg, 1979: 173)

History #1: Pinnacles Lodge with parking lot and retaining wall, looking north. (PINN archives, in Report, Bell to Vint, 1934) 1928-1941: Road Construction and Visitor Facility Development

In August 1928, Congress approved a $10,000 appropriation for the development and construction of a system of bridle and hiking trails at Pinnacles. Though construction of some trails had begun, and the Pinnacles Lodge (1925), Moses Springs Comfort Station (1927), and Chief Ranger Residence (1929) had been built at Bear Gulch and Moses Springs, automobile access to Pinnacles’ scenic areas in the

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 2a) Page 3 of 12 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument early 1930s remained a challenge. In order to accommodate the increasing number of automobile tourists, park development plans centered on improving access to the Pinnacles Lodge at Bear Gulch.

EAST ENTRANCE ROAD SYSTEM The east entrance road system was a designed circulation system that impacted the surrounding landscape as little as possible while encouraging public use of the monument’s recreational resources, its trail system, and its picnic grounds at Bear Gulch. The constraints of the topography, comparatively small scale of the monument, and existing developed areas dictated the general location and extent of the roads and developments; however, within these limits, they followed standard NPS site development and visitor circulation guidelines in which use areas were separated by function. The road system not only facilitated public access, but provided a framework for development through which the location of structures and other visitor and administrative facilities could be established. It is important to note, however, that within the Pinnacle’s overall development program, the east entrance road system was not conceived as a touring route, displaying a planned sequence of views to automobile tourists as they moved through a variety of park landscapes. Although it was carefully designed to achieve aesthetic goals and to limit its intrusion into the natural scene, its chief function was to bring visitors directly to the Bear Gulch developed area.

In addition to the established planning principles guiding the road’s location, its design reflected classic NPS landscape development practices. Special care was taken to ensure existing landscape features were protected from damage during the road’s construction. Techniques to preserve the existing landscape included constructing dry masonry rock wells around the bases of mature trees, shielding trees from blasting, and retaining rock outcroppings. The tops of slopes were rounded to present a naturalistic appearance and to minimize erosion. Stonemasonry on associated structures—culvert headwalls, guardwalls, retaining walls and bridge walls—used local materials and appropriately scaled stones to blend the structures into the surrounding terrain. (See photo, History #2)

These efforts were part of the larger rustic style of architecture and landscape architecture that was being initiated primarily by the National Park Service between 1925 and 1942. Perfected in the 1920s by NPS landscape architect Thomas Vint and his staff, the style emphasized non-intrusive park design principles in which structures harmonized with their surroundings through the sensitive use of native materials carefully proportioned to their surroundings. “While seeking harmony with the natural setting and the past, rustic structures were to achieve thematic harmony with other buildings in the same vicinity or park unit. This conceptual design was one aspect of the tenet of the time that attempted to make parks separate or distinct from the larger world.” (Unrau, 1993:1)

While the aesthetic concerns of the rustic style guided design standards and dictated construction techniques, the road program also addressed important practical considerations. The Pinnacles road project was conceived as a means to provide jobs, consequently boosting the local economy at the height of the Depression. As such, most of the work was accomplished via manual labor, and relied upon Emergency Conservation Funds to hire the workforce from surrounding communities. Mid-way into the road construction program, in October of 1933, the first CCC enrollees arrived at Pinnacles. They occupied the already constructed camp at the current site of the Chalone Campground, and work immediately began on building numerous buildings, a road, trails, retaining walls, tree wells, a reservoir dam, roadside clean-up projects, and re-planting hillsides.

The east entrance road project was divided into three phases of construction. The first section to be built stretched from the Pinnacles Lodge (near the present site of the Visitor Center) to the confluence of Chalone and Bear Creeks. The second section traversed the eastern approach to Bear Gulch, a relatively

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 2a) Page 4 of 12 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument level topography between the eastern boundary to the Chalone Creek Bridge. The third section extended from the “Y” at the Chalone Creek Bridge to the CCC Camp Pinnacles, now the site of the Chalone Creek picnic area and maintenance yard. The above three road projects generally coincided with the construction of administrative/utility structures and other developments along each section. There are two exceptions to this pattern of development. In 1927, funding was made available for the Chief Ranger Residence and the Moses Springs Comfort Station. These developments predate major road construction projects, and could be originally accessed only on foot, horseback, or over a narrow low- standard dirt road.

Bear Gulch and Condor Gulch In 1932, an appropriation of $50,000 provided construction funds for an improved park road leading up Bear Gulch from the current bridge crossing of Chalone Creek, a distance of 1.16 miles. This route was, in 1929, “…so narrow that it requires a one hour control system. It also has stretches of excessive grade.” (Report, Dunn to Kittredge, 1929: 6) Construction of this road between 1932 and 1933 created direct automobile access to the tree-shaded Bear Gulch Creek area, and redirected the majority of tourists to the head of Bear Gulch and the system of hiking trails leading to the Pinnacles rocks and caves. Prior to construction, visitors arriving at the monument’s eastern boundary traveled over a “very low-standard,” twelve –foot wide, single-lane dirt road leading to the Pinnacles Lodge. (Report, Sager to Vint, April 18, 1930: 1) (See photo, History #3) On October 20, 1932, NPS Chief Engineer Frank Kittredge presided over a small ceremony, initiating NPS road construction at Pinnacles. (See photo, History #4) The Chamber of Commerce sponsored the event and dedicated the construction project to unemployment relief.

The Bear Gulch Road as constructed was between twenty-three and twenty-five feet wide, with a twenty- five foot maximum at high fills in order to allow for settlement and drainage. Surfacing consisted of graded dirt with a single, one-hundred foot “demonstration” section paved with a “bitulithic surface.” (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, April 15, 1933: 7) Following the steep canyon walls, the road maintained a 6% grade for most of its length. In one short section, it slightly exceeded this grade. The road was designed with a minimum curvature of 200 feet, except at its crossing of Chalone Creek, where the radius of the horizontal curve was 150 feet. Chalone Creek Bridge, completed in 1936 at this crossing, was constructed as a straight span of thirty feet with a reinforced concrete deck, stone faced reinforced concrete abutments, iron band railings, and masonry wing walls of natural weathered stones. The masonry used was “a hard gray granite” found in Chalone Creek Valley. (Report, Bell to Vint, May 15, 1934: 22) (See photo, History #5)

The road was slightly widened on the inner edge along curves with radii less than 500 feet. Drainage was provided by terra cotta tiles placed eighteen inches under the inside edge of the roadway, which discharged into culverts dressed with mortared masonry headwalls. In addition, two drop-inlets with cast iron gratings were constructed to drain to corrugated iron culverts. (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, 1933: 8) During construction of the new road, which followed a similar though visually less obtrusive alignment, the earlier road was obliterated.

The road banks were graded on a 1:1 slope, and in cuts through solid rock, to a slope of 1:4. Cuts through loose rock were graded on a slope of 1:2. No embankment slope exceeded an incline of 1½:1. (See photo, History #6) Large rocks encountered during excavation were stockpiled for use in masonry projects: for bridge, culvert and building veneers, as well as rock fireplaces in the picnic areas. NPS project landscape architect, Thomas Carpenter, recommended that the slopes on a large fill section between where the road ascended Bear Gulch after turning past Chalone, should be planted with “readily collect(able)”native materials, including wild cherry, greasewood (chamise), elderberry and buckeye.

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The fill was ultimately seeded with Toyon and buckeye, and was watered with “water supply from (a) spring.” (Report, Carpenter to Vint, February 4, 1933; Report, Carpenter to Vint, October, 1933: 9)

On road slopes, a revegetation program was carried out to return the disturbed terrain to a naturalistic appearance. Native buckeye seed, gray pine seed, chamise plants (adenostama fasciculatum - “greasewood”); five Pinus sabiana (gray pines); ten wild rose bushes, five manzanita shrubs, and twenty- five toyon plants were used. California poppy seeds were spread on picnic grounds, around the Pinnacles Lodge area, the utility area and along Chalone Creek Road. Other landscape work included pruning and removing burned branches of “several hundred fire-damaged live oak and (gray) pine trees.” The trees had been damaged in a fire that swept through most of the monument in 1931. The trees were “painted with special tree paint emulsion” where they had been trimmed. NPS landscape architect J. Haslett Bell noted the significance of conserving the trees which, he anticipated, “will have a very lasting good effect upon the monument, where trees are of great value.” (Report, Bell to Vint, May 15, 1934:15)

Just past the junction of Chalone Creek and Bear Creek a hand-placed wall about thirty feet long was constructed at the bottom of the fill slope, which was constructed to a height of about twelve feet on a 1:1 slope to catch the 1 ½:1 fill slope. A three-foot shoulder was added in this location. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, April 24, 1933) Five other retaining walls were constructed on the uphill slope of the road between the Chalone Creek Bridge and the Bear Gulch area.

At the terminus of the Bear Gulch Road, “large weather(ed) boulders” placed along the south edge of the parking area defined its limits. Explicit instructions as to size, shape and appearance of the boulders required they “be not less than thirty inches through, of weathered surface and sunk to about one-third their depth in the parking surface.” (Report, Bell to Vint, April 5, 1934: 2) With the construction of the parking area at Bear Gulch, automobile tourists who arrived at Bear Gulch enjoyed direct access to the picnic grounds, the Pinnacles Lodge, and trailheads leading to the Pinnacles rocks.

Bear Gulch Road became, for a brief period, a demonstration project for testing a variety of drainage features, guard walls, and road surfacing materials. One section of the Bear Gulch Road was constructed with five different curbs and gutter types. Carpenter opposed these experiments, which were ordered by Kittredge. The landscape architect claimed the region’s arid climate limited the effectiveness of the experiments and “would not serve as a very good example for illustrating the use of gutter types for handling drainage.” Carpenter particularly objected to the curbs. Writing to Vint, Carpenter claimed the curbs “never cease to be conspicuous in the landscape” despite the variety of colors (brown, lampblack and gray) and the shapes (between six and eight inches high and with a range of chamfer styles) in which they were constructed. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, February 4, 1933 and April 20, 1933) The short stretch of guardwall and a single curb in this location are the only remaining features from this demonstration project.

While Bear Gulch Road was constructed under NPS contract with local laborers, the CCC built the road from the Pinnacles Lodge area to the Condor Gulch utility area, a distance of approximately one-third of a mile. NPS landscape architect J. Haslett Bell noted the quality of the CCC-constructed Condor Gulch Road and associated structures, which also relied on extensive manual labor. Bell noted that the twelve- foot wide road was “well built by CCC boys with needed dry wall embankments, rounded, sloped and finished . . . and was surfaced with fine rocks and clay materials.” Condor Gulch utility area was roughly 80 by 150 feet, and was graded from “rough terrain and edged by a stoutly-built dry retaining wall along Condor Gulch Creek.” The creek was “culverted at the entrance to this area and good culvert headwalls (were) built.” (Report, Bell to Vint, December 18, 1933 and May 15, 1934: 6)

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A number of both temporary and permanent buildings were constructed in association with road construction. Over the winter of 1933/34, “Ten frame one-room cabins were built…[for use by the road construction crews] also a supply and equipment shed and powder house, and five…tent platforms were set up.” (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, 1933:11) In 1934, one of the first buildings constructed by the CCC was an Equipment Shed in the Condor Gulch area (destroyed, 1955), followed by the Gas and Oil House in 1935 and the Horse Barn in 1936. In 1936, the current Visitor Center was constructed as the “Dwelling for Official Visitors.”

Eastern Approach (Route 146) On February 1, 1933 the initial suggested routes from the park boundary to the Chalone Creek “Y” were laid out generally following the route of an existing low grade dirt road. By April of 1934, two-thirds of the road had been rough graded and by May of the same year, the road was “graded and oiled and [had] a good appearance; however, there is a finishing of shoulders, fine grading, and obliteration of old road adjoining to be completed.” (Report, Carpenter to the Chief Architect, 1934: 1) The level topography of this route necessitated few cuts, and may explain the lack of information on this project and the speed with which it was completed.

This route was the main entrance to the monument, and plans were begun the following year to install two entrance pylons. NPS architects working in the Branch of Plans and Design in San Francisco designed the east entrance pylons in 1935, and the stonework was completed in January of 1936; the project was reported as complete the following May. The masons utilized a variation of colored rocks collected during road construction along Chalone Creek. The same green-tinted stone was also used in rock masonry veneers on other buildings in the monument, becoming a precedent for future stone construction. (Report, Lange to Vint, January, 1936)

CCC forces worked under the close supervision of NPS architect Scofield DeLong, who ensured that the joints and finish work achieved the desired, rustic effect. Lange reported that the work was “carefully and accurately carried out in detail.” (Report, Lange to Vint, January 31, 1936: 1) Raised, Art Deco- styled bronze lettering on the larger of the two pylons announced the park entrance. Upon completion of the entry pylons, Lange suggested that the lettering be “treated with acid to . . . give more contrast between the stone surface and the letters.” (Lange to Vint, May 1, 1936: 5) In 1953, an entrance station was constructed on skids in the road to the east of the entrance pylons. This structure was replaced with a similar building in 1990.

Chalone Area The entire road-building program at Pinnacles, whether providing jobs for local laborers or CCC enrollees, was conceived to provide employment and used “only such machinery and equipment [that were] absolutely necessary.” (Memo, Burney to Kittredge, May 3, 1933) Laborers used picks, shovels, and wheelbarrows in initial excavation. Explosives were used to cut through areas of solid rock, and the excavated material was hauled away by wheelbarrow to train cars, which were pulled by tractors along narrow-gauge, temporary railroad track. (See photo, History #7) The lack of heavy machinery seemed not to hamper progress, and most likely improved the quality of the finished road.

Work on the Chalone Creek section of road was begun in 1934 with CCC labor. The road was eighteen feet wide with three-foot shoulders. By February, according to one of the project landscape architects, J. Haslett Bell, “The sections of the new road along Chalone Creek now being built . . . [are] astonishingly

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 2a) Page 7 of 12 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument well done considering that everything is by hand labor and the progress is steady and sure.” (Report, Bell to Vint, February 20, 1934: 2) By April of that year construction to the CCC camp area was nearly complete, and further construction beyond the camp in the direction of “Old Pinnacles” continued. However, NPS Landscape Architect Thomas E. Carpenter expressed dismay at the road fill grade opposite the CCC camp, stating “[it] is quite artificial looking in respect to the natural landscape.” (Report, Carpenter to Chief Architect, April 17, 1934: 2)

By September, the ”truck trail” beyond the CCC camp to Old Pinnacles had been improved to the extent that it was passable, “ and was “practically completed during the month of September.” (Report, McKown to Regional Landscape Architect, September, 1936: 2) This route was intended to eventually connect with the east and west sides of the park along an earlier rough dirt road, however in January of 1938, this plan was cancelled as it “…will be so detrimental to the natural and scenic values of the Pinnacles…” (Memo, Waterhouse to Regional Director, January 24, 1938: 1) (see photo, History #8)

At Chalone Creek flat, near the “Y” intersection of Bear Gulch and Chalone Creek Roads, a nursery was established and enclosed by a fence (to protect the young vegetation against destruction by animals). The nursery was planted with one hundred gray pines and twenty oak trees. After several weeks, it appeared that the pine trees were doing “very well,” however, most of the oak trees did not survive. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, May 22, 1934) By September, the likelihood of any of the trees surviving in the “experimental” nursery was called into question and the landscape foreman suggested that the specimen plantings should be moved “to a more advantageous location.” (Report, Mills to Vint, November 20, 1934: 2)

Chalone Creek Picnic and Maintenance Areas Unlike most of the projects at Pinnacles, work began at Chalone Creek not because of subsequent road development but in anticipation of the arrival of CCC enrollees. In 1933, officers from the Monterey Presidio supervised the work of ten carpenters, five assistants from Hollister, and the CCC men. The camp was built near Chalone Creek at a site to later be used as a park campground. The buildings erected for the enrollees included four barracks, a recreation/mess hall, executive officers quarters, two restrooms, a dryer, and a cooler. Like most CCC camps, the buildings at CCC Camp Pinnacles were built for temporary needs and have since been removed.

Some of the structures in the early development of the CCC camp included those meant to be used in the future park maintenance facilities. In 1934 a garage and a paint/storage shed were built in the park maintenance area. The powder house and cap house were built by the CCC in 1936 at the Chalone maintenance area. A maintenance shop was added by the CCC as part of the construction complex in 1938.

By 1940, CCC work had curtailed because of declining enrollment. The Park Service closed many camps during this period, primarily retaining the ones in high poverty areas. On March 31, 1941 CCC Camp Pinnacles was closed.

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History #2: Restroom in the rustic style, blending with surrounding environment, looking north. (PINN archives, B- 23, ca. 1930)

History #3: Old road into Bear Gulch, looking east. (PINN archives, PIN32R43, 1932)

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History #4: Start of construction ceremony, NPS Chief Engineer Frank Kittredge speaking, looking west. (PINN archives, PIN32R36, 1932)

History #5: Construction of Chalone Creek Bridge, looking north. (PINN archives, in Report, Lange to Chief Architect, 1936)

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History #6: Slope of embankment just south of Chalone Creek, looking north. (PINN archives, PIN33R130 in Report, Roberts to Kittredge, 1933)

History #7: Removing rock from road section to be paved, looking east. (PINN archives, PIN33R134, 1933)

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History #8: Heavy rock cut on road to Old Pinnacles, looking north. (PINN archives, in Report, McKown, May 25, 1938)

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1941- Present: Alterations to the Historic Designed Landscape

Bear Gulch Area A sudden decline in visitation to the park occurred at the onset of WWII. With fewer visitors, and almost no staff (only two full time and two part time employees following the disbanding of the over 300-member CCC camp), development projects at the monument came to a standstill. Construction of the Superintendent’s Residence foundation and frame was begun in 1941, but was halted due to the shortage of supplies and labor as a result of World War II. Although the building was part of the original 1941 CCC plans, the lack of a workforce prevented the addition of the stone veneer to the two- story wood frame house. The structure itself was not completed until 1949, and the house was not occupied until 1952 when the Granite Construction Company of Watsonville built a driveway to the residence from Pinnacles Road.

The loss of revenue associated with declining visitation caused great hardship to the Pinnacles Lodge. The concessioner, Hazel James, managed to keep the Pinnacles Lodge in operation through the war, although it was vacated in 1948. The park master plan of that year stated that the Lodge’s function was no longer needed to meet the needs of visitors. The Pinnacles Lodge was bought by local rancher, Art Smith, and removed immediately. The building was later sold and moved to the ranch of Lou and Bessie Webb. After the Pinnacles Lodge closed, the ten cabins built for the construction crews were remodeled. Over the next fifty years these cabins provided housing for a variety of functions as part of the changing needs of the park.

Following WWII, visitation and revenue in the monument again increased; however with the onset of the Korean War in 1950, construction projects were again cancelled, and four more years passed at Pinnacles with insufficient work force or funding. During the war years, many of the nation’s parkland facilities, including Pinnacles, fell into disrepair and became outdated. In 1955 National Park Service Director Conrad L. Wirth requested major financial allocations for the park system from President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Wirth called for “Mission 66,” a ten-year development program intended to upgrade all national parks by 1966, the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the National Park Service. Mission 66 improvements were founded in modern and functionalist design, and were, in theory, designed to preserve natural resources while meeting the recreational needs of increasing numbers of park visitors. The architecture was strongly influenced by contemporary trends, encouraging the introduction of modernist concepts. As part of this modernist doctrine, national park structure design was standardized across the nation, regardless of the native materials and historic setting of the individual sites.

Specific Mission 66 goals for Pinnacles included a number of infrastructure and systematic improvements. Perhaps the most imposing was the 1954 planned obliteration of most CCC-era cabins in Bear Gulch, the installation of two additional parking areas, and the relocation of park headquarters to the area of the Chalone Creek bridge. (NM-PINN 3003-G) None of these were implemented. However, following the removal of the Pinnacles Lodge in 1955, plans were in place by 1961 for the current configuration of all parking areas in Bear Gulch. By 1965 these plans were complete, solidifying the current configuration of the parking area. Outside of this major alteration at Bear Gulch, and major changes at the Chalone Creek area, Mission 66 generally encompassed utility and infrastructure improvements at the monument. The primary use of many of the buildings at Pinnacles changed, and they were outfitted with modern electrical and plumbing systems. Most of the cabins originally associated with the road construction were converted to employee housing or dorms and further renovations in the 1970s converted most of the cabins to park offices. Systematic changes included the installation of commercial power (1957), the remodeling of cabins into living quarters for seasonal

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 2b) Page 1 of 4 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument personnel (1958), the installation of a new sewage system and water system for the east side (1966). Further developments in the west side of the monument were also completed (1966). (Oberg, 1979: 260)

Chalone Creek Area In 1956, the Soledad Chamber of Commerce sponsored a picnic on the west side of the monument promoting development of the west side of the park in the interest of the citizens of Soledad. It was at this time that the Chamber of Commerce reactivated the push for a through road across the monument that would leave from the Old Pinnacles Road, through the northern portion of the monument following an old wagon road, to the west side. This imperative had been officially cancelled in 1938 by the NPS and again in 1958 when San Benito county deeded 160 acres in the monument to the federal government under a ninety-nine year lease, under the condition that no through road would be built on the land. The lease conditions allowed the National Park Service to deny the request for a through road, again officially ending efforts to utilize the Chalone Creek area as the beginning of a trans-park road.

In 1959, A.G. Lantz Construction of Santa Clara, CA built a pump house in the maintenance area, although this was soon made obsolete with the introduction of a reliable gravity fed water supply. The building was moved to the picnic area in West Chalone in 1963.

The layout of the Chalone Creek area also changed significantly as a result of Mission 66. A 1958 drawing shows a proposed campground loop and annex road. This is the first documentation found in the park of the Chalone loop in a plan. (NM-PIN-3014) A second plan from 1960 (NM-PIN-3107-A) illustrates the paved loop road with twenty-nine individual campsites and building nos. 300, 301, 302, and 309 (not built yet). Linn Construction Co. of Merced, CA was contracted to build the comfort station in the Chalone Creek Campground in 1961. The campground was fully furnished by 1962 when forty new picnic tables and fireplaces were assembled and installed. By this date, all remaining CCC camp structures had been removed from the campground area. Today, four CCC buildings remain standing and are part of the Chalone Creek maintenance area.

In 1962, the Accelerated Public Works funds were distributed to Pinnacles. The projects financed by the program included the bituminous reseal of the east entrance road, sewer system reconstruction and extension of water system to Condor Gulch, and water system reconstruction in Bear Gulch.

However, according to the master plan of 1965, a trans-park road was again proposed. The east entrance circulation would be retained but “To some degree the pattern of use is undesirably intermingled.” A through road departing from the end Old Pinnacles Road was to loop north to within one-half mile of the northern monument boundary before winding south to Highway 146 at the Chaparral Ranger Station. The location was chosen to minimize impact to the majority of visitors and for economic advantages. This design would allow visitors to be directed to the facilities they desire and management of road use could be attained. The road was considered a great benefit to the predominantly short nature of park visits by providing access to trailheads, view points, and picnic and camp sites. This development would also require coordination with the state highway department for alignment and road standards with the proposed improvement of Highway 146. (General Development [Narrative], Part of the Master Plan, NPS, 1965)

These residual thoughts of a scenic touring road proposed in the Master Plan of 1965 were still evident in 1971. The Chambers of Commerce of Hollister, King City and Soledad and the Board of Supervisors for San Benito and Monterey counties supported the trans-park road and then Superintendent Gordon attended meetings in nearby towns to advocate the idea. The following year a new Master Plan study

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 2b) Page 2 of 4 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument was ordered for Pinnacles. Landscape Architect A. Ronald Mortimore headed the team. At preliminary meetings, it was learned that environmental groups were opposed to the development of a trans-park road. The advocates gained support of the public and the majority wanted to keep the northern portion of Pinnacles undisturbed. (Oberg, 1979: 285-286)

In 1974, two miles of the Old Pinnacles road were converted to trail use only. For several years the road was closed to the public, but still used for park maintenance work. This road to trail conversion ended all debate and planning for a trans-park road, solidifying the current road circulation system in the eastern side of the park.

In 1976 President Ford signed the Omnibus Wilderness Bill which added 717.9 acres of private land and established 12,952 acres inside the park as wilderness. The total size of the monument increased to 16,215.67. In 1978, a 160-acre parcel on the west side of the monument formerly owned by John A. Brosseau was added to the park holdings.

In 1977, Pinnacles was chosen to participate in President Carter’s Young Adult Conservation Corps (YACC). The program for unemployed youth was a satellite of the camp headquarters at Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and was based within Pinnacles at a small project area south of the east entrance road at the checking station. Projects completed by the YACC included: completion of South Chalone Peak Trail, construction of the Bench Trail, relocation of the High Peaks trailhead, Chalone trailhead, and Old Pinnacles trailhead, construction of the boundary fence, construction of the storage building and water crossing in the YACC area, and participation in park fire crews. YACC and maintenance staff also built handicap ramps to the visitor center and comfort station in addition to a number of masonry features in Bear Gulch.

In 1979, implementation of the 1972 Master Plan began when the Chalone Creek campground was closed to camping and used for day use only. A concession-operated campground was established outside the park at the east entrance. In 1981, the Chalone campground was redesigned and rehabilitated to serve as a picnic ground, new tables and fire grills are installed. As park staff grew, additional park housing units were also placed in the Chalone Creek picnic area. In 1984, three trailers (Buildings #204, 206, 305) were placed on the site. In 1990, a duplex (Buildings #101 & 102), the first non-temporary type structure, was built. The park currently plans to eliminate the picnic area and use the site for park housing only. Three new buildings, a leach field and new utilities are planned for the picnic area.

As a final note, Pinnacles has been subjected to many powerful floods over the years. The most recent swept through the park in the winter of 1998, heavily impacting the picnic area and other locations along Chalone and Bear Creeks. The picnic area is now part of an emergency stabilization project; recovery work has been in progress since the summer of 1999. However, the greatest damage of the flood was the loss of the CCC-constructed Chalone Creek Bridge. This structure was replaced in 1999, and the surrounding area was planted with native species in the sinter of 2000/2001.

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Analysis And Evaluation

Summary

The Pinnacles East Entrance District retains integrity as determined by the seven aspects that define integrity according to National Register standards: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The historic landscape characteristics that retain integrity include, circulation, land use, natural systems and features, vegetation, topography, cluster arrangement, buildings and structures, and spatial organization. Archeology does not contribute due to its identification with peoples unassociated with the district’s period of significance. Small-scale features also do not retain integrity due to the loss of original and subsequent introduction of many new elements.

Buildings and structures have undergone significant changes both during and after the period of significance. Although many of the buildings in Bear Gulch were moved off of a linear axis in the 1930s, their configuration at the end of the period of significance remains the same today. Further, all buildings from CCC Camp Pinnacles have been destroyed or moved from the Chalone area. These changes, however, do not constitute an overall loss of landscape feature integrity when considered in combination with the configurations of those structures in Condor Gulch, Moses Springs, Bear Gulch, and much of the maintenance area. Consequently, the Pinnacles East Entrance District landscape retains integrity under Criterion A and C for the 1923 to 1941 period of significance.

Landscape Characteristics And Features

Natural Systems And Features

For the purposes of the CLI, Natural Systems and Features are the natural aspects that have influenced the development of a cultural landscape. Among other aspects, it can include climate, geology, hydrology, soils, and native vegetation.

Climate “The monument is located in the semi-arid central coastal mountains of California and experiences a rainy season from November to April, when it receives an average of 15 inches of rain. Freezing temperatures may occur at night, and light snow may fall on peaks and in canyons any time during December through February. As the spring rains stop the days become increasingly warm, with temperatures reaching 100 degrees for extended periods, and with extremes of 112 degrees for several days in mid-summer. Yet evenings are cool. Daily temperature variations of 50-60 degrees or more are common throughout the year.” (PINN, Master Plan, 1976: 11)

Geology Pinnacles National Monument is located on the eastern edge of the Pacific plate. The pinnacle formations found there are the remnants of Miocene volcanic activity. Most of the rock found at Pinnacles originated as limited lava flows from fissures which cooled rapidly on the surface. The resulting rhyolite is a much finer texture than granite. The consolidated breccia (irregular rhyolite fragments imbedded in molten rhyolite), which rises several hundred feet, exhibits the effects of weathering, block faulting, and continuous earthquakes over the past twenty-three millions years. The caves found in the monument are actually canyons that have been eroded by wind and water and later covered with loose rocks from above forming the roof. (Pinnacles Guide, 1994: 13-17)

Hydrology

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“Streams in the monument are mostly intermittent, with little flow in late summer months. However, in some cases the streams are subject to floods in during the winter rainy season (November to April). The U.S. Geological Survey has evaluated flood plain conditions on the east side of the Monument and mapped the 100-year and maximum expected flood elevations for both Chalone Creek and Sandy Creek.” (PINN, Development Concept Plan and Environmental Assessment, 1993: 29)

Soils Soils of the historic district are sandy loam or loamy sand with large amount of gravel, typically thin, and undeveloped with low ability to retain nutrients and water. Generally the soils maintain low fertility, are permeable and well drained. The soil is subject to erosion hazards on steep slopes.

General Vegetation The vegetation at Pinnacles National Monument can be broadly classified into five major communities: chaparral, woodland, riparian, grasslands, and rock and scree. The patterns formed by the vegetation types are a result of the influence of a variety of factors including soil type, aspect, slope, moisture regime, and fire history.

The most ubiquitous vegetation type within monument boundaries is chaparral. Chaparral can change as a result of environmental factors, but is generally found on shallow or deep soil, north or south facing slopes, moist canyon bottoms or on exposed slopes throughout the district. While species composition and structure can vary all share similar characteristics. The plants that compose chaparral have made adaptations to living in their harsh environment. These plants are mostly shrubs, up to two meters tall with waxy-coated leaves to inhibit transpiration, deep tap roots that search for water, water storage structures, and summer dormancy.

Shrubs that are adapted to hot, dry summers, rocky soils and periodic fires dominate chaparral. Many of the species found in chaparral areas sprout quickly after fires. Some species, such as big berry manzantina (Arctostophylos glauca), need the fire for stratification and scarification to occur. As a result of the fire, species that have not been seen in the area for years will germinate and sprout. Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) are prolific on drier more exposed sites, burn easily when dry and regenerate quickly. Common shrub species include elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus), birch-leaved mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides). Mixed with other species, including California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), bush poppy (Dendromecon rigida), buckbrush, the chaparral can vary depending on soil type and exposure. Holly-leaved cherry (Prunus ilicifolia), scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia), and toyon (Heteromele arbutifolia) are other common shrubs in chaparral areas where there is more moisture and shade. The showier flowers associated with chaparral include sticky monkeyflower (Mimulus aurantiacus), Indian paintbrush (Castilleja foliolosa), and wooly blue curls (Trichostema lanatum).

Woodlands, the second most prolific vegetative type in Pinnacles, reaches from the lower riparian area to the high slopes of North Chalone Peak. Fourteen tree species along with annual grasses and forbs comprise the vegetation of the woodland association. The understory is made up of a variety of native perennial grass, non-native annual grass, and a variety of annual and perennial forbs. The exotic grasses tend to dominate.

Drought tolerant blue oaks (Quercus douglassii) are found on the hillside woodlands and are the dominant tree species there. Valley oaks (Quercus lobata) occur in the alluvial flats. Groves with coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) are found in the canyon bottoms and draws where there is plenty of moisture. California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and red

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 3a) Page 2 of 16 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument willow (Salix laevigata) grow in the riparian corridors. Grey pine (Pinus sabiniana) can be found growing in all the woodland associations. Poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) may be found in the more shaded areas of woodlands.

Riparian communities are limited to areas with perennial water on or near the surface. The water-loving plants in the woodland association thrive in these waterways. Valley bottoms and sheltered moist canyons such as Bear Gulch and Chalone Creek, are restricted locations of riparian vegetation. The species that exist in the riparian waterways are deep rooted and need more water than any other vegetation association. They include: sycamores (Platanus racemosa.), cottonwoods, California buckeye (Aesculus california), gray pine (Pinus longifolia), valley oaks (Quercus lobata), and live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) which also are found in the woodland community. The understory in riparian communities is comprised of shade tolerant perennials and flowering plants including chain ferns (Woodwardia fimbriata), broad-leaved bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum), sedges (Carex sp.), tules (Scirpus sp.), rushes (Juncus sp), scarlet monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis) and seep-spring monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus). (Leatherman, 1996)

Existing Bear Gulch Vegetation Vegetation found specifically in the Upper Bear Gulch developed area is primarily a mixed riparian woodland association. Dominant tree species include coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), sycamore, and gray pine generally growing anywhere from ten to over forty meters in height. Sub-dominant species include California buckeye (Aesculus californica) and toyon, which seldom grow over ten meters in height. The understory in these areas is a mixture of perennial forbs, vines, herbs, and a small component of annual species. Perennial species include poison oak (Rhus diversiloba), blackberry (Rubus ursinus), chain fern, sedges, and mugwort (Artemisia douglasiana). Canopy cover in these mixed riparian areas is generally over 90%. Chaparral and blue oak woodland associations can be found in areas where the canyon broadens and the canopy is less sparse (<75%). In these areas Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) can be found in association with annual forbs and introduced grasses which form an understory. Chaparral shrubs are also present in some of the broader more exposed stretches and become dominant as you move up out of the drainage onto the surrounding slopes. (Personal communication, Leatherman, 2000) (See photo, Natural Systems and Features #1)

The natural systems and features of the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District retain integrity as a contributing characteristic of the landscape.

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Natural Systems and Features #1: Mixed riparian woodland surrounding Moses Springs Comfort Station, looking west. (PGSO, CLI, PINN-S-0002-2, 2000)

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Topography

For the purposes of the CLI, topography is defined as the three dimensional configuration of the landscape surface characterized by features (such as slope and articulation) and orientation (such as elevation and solar aspect).

As mentioned in the Spatial Organization section of this inventory, the landscape topography surrounding the Pinnacles East Entrance District consists primarily of steep canyon hillsides above, and relatively level flatlands along creekbeds below. These gross landforms dictated the development of National Park Service and CCC areas. Within these slopes and flatlands, park developments created a number of smaller-scale changes to topography associated with road construction and park developments. (See photo, Topography #1)

Major grading efforts were initiated in order to create the road system at Pinnacles, including the eastern approach (Route 146), the Chalone Creek Road, the Bear Gulch Road (including the Condor Gulch spur). The work was planned and constructed to have minimal impact on the natural landscape in accordance with the rustic style, consequently, cuts and fills were designed to appear as natural as possible. The tops of cuts and fills were rounded to both reduce erosion and appear less intrusive. According to the “Final Report on Construction of Road”, the road banks were graded on a 1:1 slope, cuts through solid rock on a 1:4 slope, cuts through loose rock on a 1:2 slope, and no embankment slope exceeded an incline of 1½:1. (Report, Roberts and Cowell to Kittredge, April 15, 1933) Further, the original roadbeds were “obliterated” where the current route changed course. This involved grading the flattened route to better match the surrounding slope. The exact locations of all earlier roads are unknown, although they most likely run parallel and/or underneath the current routes. (See photos, Topography #2 and #3)

Site grading was done in the 1930s around buildings throughout the district in order to more appropriately situate and protect the new park structures. Grading provided ramp access to buildings, leveled parking areas, prepared areas for landscaping, and redirected water. Small grading projects are mentioned throughout CCC and NPS monthly reports for the period, often with undefined locations, but with representative efforts including the leveling of the parking areas, grading around the cabins, the Chief Ranger Residence driveway, and the construction of the road grade at the Chalone Creek area. (See photo, Land Use #2) These areas do not appear to have undergone significant re-grading as evidenced by the appropriate position of headwalls and retaining walls immediately below or above grade.

The extensive berm at the Chalone Creek area, approximately 400 feet long, was constructed between the creek and picnic grounds. Although constructed as a seven-foot-high road grade, possibly to bring the road above flood level and provide a flood barrier to the CCC Camp Pinnacles, it was originally surfaced with smaller rip-rap by the CCC. In 1977/78, large stone armoring was added to protect the grade from erosion, and additional soil was added to replace material lost in floods. The extent to which this grade has been altered is not known, however its location and general shape are most likely close to original. (See map, Supplemental Information #2)

Later, contemporary alterations to site topography in Pinnacles are the following: a water diversion around the Residence (Building #101/102), adjustments to the grading around the new Chalone Creek Bridge abutments in 1998, and other grading efforts associated with the contemporary residences at the Chalone Creek area.

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The large-scale topographical features within the Pinnacles East Entrance District have not changed significantly following the period of significance. Although some of the grading efforts associated with park development may have been partially altered after 1941, they predominantly remain in their original configurations. Consequently, the topography within the Pinnacles East Entrance District retains integrity as a contributing landscape characteristic.

Topography #1: Aerial view of Bear Gulch and Chalone Creek, looking northwest. (PINN archives, neg no35-6, ca. 1935)

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Topography #2: Road fill on Bear Gulch Road above Chalone Creek, looking south. (PINN archives, in Report, Carpenter to Chief Architect, April, 1933: 8)

Topography #3: Comparison of Condor Gulch Road following realignment and obliteration, looking northwest. (PINN archives, in Report, Bell to Chief Architect, May, 1934: 13)

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Vegetation

For the purposes of the CLI, vegetation consists of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs, vines, ground covers and herbaceous plants and plant communities, whether indigenous or introduced in the landscape. Within the Pinnacles East Entrance District, the native vegetation was significantly altered in 1931 by a major fire which likely cleared slopes of much vegetation in the eastern portion of the monument. Following the fire, the Civilian Conservation Corps further impacted the native vegetation in an effort to stabilize slopes created by road construction, camp construction, and to create an attractive setting in the Bear Gulch and Chalone Creek areas. The CCC plantings around buildings and along roads were meant to be naturalistic, to control erosion or to minimize the impact of constructed features. Only native species were used during the landscaping process, an effort institutionalized within the park with the establishment of a combined experimental plant nursery and seed-collecting program in 1933/34.

The CCC crews collected seeds from native flowers, shrubs, and trees throughout the park and by May of 1934 were propagating them in a plant nursery located on Chalone Creek adjacent to the Chalone Creek Bridge. The nursery originally included one hundred gray pines (digger) (Pinus sabiniana) and twenty unspecified oaks. Planted on road slopes during the 1934 winter season were the following:

“200 lbs. Native buckeye seed 10 lbs. Digger Pine seed 75 Chamise plants (Adenostomoa Fasciculatum-greese wood) 5 Digger Pine (Pinus sabiana) 10 Wild Rose 5 Manzanita (Little Apple-Spanish) 5 lbs. of California Poppy seed (to picnic grounds, Lodge area, Utility area and along Chalone Creek road). 25 Toyon plants.” (Report, Bell to Chief Architect, May, 1934: 10)

Slope replanting and stabilization was an essential element of most CCC road construction projects. At Pinnacles, recommendations for planting as well as completed planting efforts were initiated early in the road building projects and were often referred to in monthly CCC and NPS reports. The extent to which some planting recommendations were completed is unknown. However, the number of trees propagated, the amount of seed collected, and the amount of slope stabilization needed along all road corridors suggests significant effects to the vegetation within the district. The first mention of slope planting in an NPS report was in February of 1933 and stated “Several varieties of native plants could probably be readily collected for this work. Among these are wild cherry, grease-wood, elderberry, and buckeye nuts.” (Report, Carpenter to Chief Landscape Architect, February 1933: 2) Later that year, Thomas Carpenter, NPS landscape architect, recommended that the slopes on a large fill section, where the road ascended Bear Gulch after turning past Chalone, should be planted with “readily collect(able)” native materials, including wild cherry (Prunus ilicifolia), greasewood (Adenostoma fasciculatum), elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) and buckeye (Aesculus californica). (See photo, Vegetation #1) Topsoil was placed on those sections that were in full view of approach road and ultimately seeded with toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) and buckeye, and was watered with “water supply from (a) spring.” Loam was placed on the twelve-foot embankment across the right side of Chalone Creek, and planted with toyon berries and buckeyes. (Report, Carpenter to Vint, October 1933: 9) Three years later, forty pounds of various seed was collected with the intent of planting along the roads and around the main cabin (administration) area. (Report, McKown to Regional Landscape Architect, November, 1936) The final mention of roadside planting occurred in 1937 and stated “This work on the banks along the main road

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 3a) Page 9 of 16 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument leading from the Chalone Creek Bridge up to the Lodge area is now practically completed and in time will obliterate a very unsightly scar created when this road was built.” (Report, McKown to Regional Landscape Architect, January, 1937:2)

While the CCC was conducting major planting efforts along the road corridors, they also landscaped their camp at Chalone. The “Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument” notes that most of the landscaping was done in and about the CCC camp on the enrollees’ free time. In the report to the chief architect it was remarked that there were a substantial number of old live-oak trees (Quercus sp.) at the site of the camp. It was suggested that they should be augmented by planting more trees and shrubs. In the Final Report on May 1, 1936, park designers note that the planting of trees and shrubs in the CCC camp and the headquarters area was completed. (See photo, Vegetation #2)

Significant landscaping efforts were also completed in the administration area in Bear Gulch. Following the removal of the “old gas house” in 1936, planting “improvements” were done to naturalize the area. (See photo, Vegetation #3) In March and April of 1937, following the shifting of the cabins from their linear alignment, plantings were installed at each cabin and along the path when the trails in the area were resituated into meandering routes. (Report, McKown to Chief Landscape Architect, July 1937)

In the 1940s, planting efforts became more formalized with the introduction of planting plans and reforestation efforts. A 1940 planting plan shows a typical section along Chalone Creek Road. (See planting plan, Supplemental Information #4) The plan noted that the “perennials are to be planted among the trees and shrubs”. The design marks large, general planting masses and suggestions on a how far apart to place like species. The following is a verbatim list of native plant species were called out on the plan:

“Common Name Scientific Name Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Buckeye Aesculus californica Manzanita Arctostophylos sp. Buckbrush Ceonothus cunatus Yerba Santa Eriodictyon crassifolium California Buckwheat Eriogonum faciculatum Grey Pine Pinus sabiniana California Holly Photinia arbutifolia Cottonwood Populus frementii Live Oak Quercus agrifolia Willow Salix sp. Monkey-flower Mimulus aurantiacus (synonym Diplacus aurantiacus) California Poppy Eschsholzia californica Brush Poppy Dendromecon rigida (synonym Eschsholzia) Lupine Lupinus sp. Penstemon Penstomen sp. Sage Salvia sp.”

By 1943 the park had raised about 2000 gray pine seedlings, presumably in the plant nursery. Based on the pre-1929 forest fire condition on the east side of the monument, Regional Landscape Architect Ernest A. Davidson advised that “there could be no objection to planting the seedlings so long as the areas the planting occurred were known to have been forested before the fire.” The pines would be placed in “groups surrounding the openings which would be left for light and air or sunshine for

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 3a) Page 10 of 16 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument campers, if camping develops in the areas, to produce a planting or forest which would appear as natural as possible and to avoid any orchard-like appearance.” (Technical Comment, Davidson to Regional Director, November, 1943:2)

The continuation of yucca (Yucca whipplei) planting, not previously documented, was also discussed. It was said there were three or four yucca plants growing in the monument previously. Most of the several hundred yuccas which had already been planted appeared to be doing fine, however, there was doubt if the plants would be successful over a time. The park was, therefore, advised to plant only one more load. There was also concern that additional yucca would be more than “the native scene could absorb without becoming somewhat altered to a noticeable degree over its original floral appearance.” In addition to over-loading the system there were also suspicions that the yucca seen growing within the Monument was not native. (Technical Comment, Davidson to Regional Director, November, 1943:2)

A last note regarding planting efforts is from the 1946 Annual Forestry Report which references considerable reforestation done in past. Specifically, the gray pines the CCC transplanted to a moist area just below headquarters were reported to growing well at that time.

As is the design intent of rustic landscape architecture principles used by the CCC, the areas planted have naturalized following the period of significance. It is difficult to determine which specimens were planted, which are volunteers, and which are the result of the removal of grazing and/or fire suppression. Currently, the general hillside chaparral areas appear to be heavily covered in brush and various tree species in comparison to the relatively open and grassy slopes of the period of significance (although these open slopes were likely the result of the 1931 fire). (See photos, Buildings and Structures #8, and Topography #1) Due to the lack of eradication projects it can be assumed that the overall character of much of the vegetation within the landscape is a result of the combined fire effects and CCC planting efforts of the 1930s and later park planting efforts of the 1940s. Consequently, the vegetation within the Pinnacles East Entrance District is a contributing landscape characteristic to the district.

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Vegetation #1: Replanted fill slope along Bear Gulch Road, looking southeast. (PINN archives, in Report, Lange to Chief Architect, May 1936:10)

Vegetation #2: Completed landscaping in CCC Camp Chalone, looking south (poor original). (PINN archives, in Report, Lange to Chief Architect, May 1936:8)

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Vegetation #3: Planting "improvements" around "Old Gas House" area in Bear Gulch, looking west. (PINN archives, in Report, Lange to Chief Architect, May 1936:7)

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Cluster Arrangement

For the purposes of the CLI, the cluster arrangement of a landscape refers to the location and patterns of buildings, structures, and associated spaces.

The cluster arrangement within the Bear Gulch administrative area has been altered since the first tent cabins were arranged there in 1932, yet retains the essential elements which defined the clusters in the area. In 1937, when landscaping was done in the Pinnacles Lodge area, the cabins were shifted from straight lines to a more irregular configuration with meandering paths to more appropriately suit the topography and the rustic style; a configuration which remained at the end of the period of significance. Later, in 1957, the arrangement was modified slightly when Buildings #6 and #11, and Buildings #7 and #12 were joined. In 1960, during the Mission 66 era, major changes in the parking lot configurations appear to have been implemented. While these changes retained the same general areas and uses of the earlier parking areas, the site of the former Pinnacles Lodge was added to the main parking area and the medians and edges were totally reconfigured (see Circulation section for details).

The Moses Springs and Condor Gulch areas have retained their cluster arrangement established by the National Park Service and the CCC in the 1930s. Oriented on ninety-degree angles to each other along the edge of a central open space typical of maintenance/utility areas, the original structures at Condor Gulch created a discrete, enclosed working area. The Condor Gulch Horse Barn and Gas and Oil House retain their ninety-degree angle relationship to each other despite the loss of the Equipment Shed there in 1955. Further, they remain oriented to the open utility area between them. In addition, the Moses Springs Comfort Station remains oriented to the parking area in front of the building.

The greatest change has occurred at the Chalone Creek area, although a shift from CCC camp to visitor use was anticipated in early planning. According to the Report to Chief Architect by Landscape Architect Thomas Carpenter on October 26,1933 the buildings constructed for the camp were in a quadrangle layout, facing inward so that trees in the center would not be cut. (See photo, Cluster Arrangement#1) The camp was mostly removed from the site by the early 1950s. In 1958, the loop around the picnic grounds was first delineated in park planning documents, and has been a unifying feature of the site to the present. Currently, employee housing is located along the eastern and southern sides of the loop, facing inward, maintaining a similar enclosed style of configuration from the CCC camp era. (See map, Supplemental Information #2)

At the northern end of the loop is the roughly triangular, fenced maintenance area with all buildings and utilities located around the edge with a central interior area. In the yard, the Equipment Shed (#201) was destroyed by fire in 1951, the Maintenance Office, (#9) was moved from Bear Gulch in 1974, and the Storage Shed (#517) was moved from the West District in 1975. All other developments within the maintenance yard appear to have occurred around the edges, maintaining the original configuration of the yard.

Despite the structural changes in Bear Gulch and the Chalone Creek area, the general cluster arrangement of the district is still evident and reflects an appearance consistent with the early years of the development and the work of the CCC at the monument. The majority of the administrative structures continue in their arrangement along the Bear Gulch Creek and the structures in Condor Gulch and the Chalone Creek area retain their enclosed arrangements all within the topographic restraints of the Pinnacles landforms.

Cluster arrangement retains integrity and is a contributing landscape characteristic of the Pinnacles East

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Entrance District.

Cluster Arrangement #1: "Panorama of CCC Camp. View of CCC Camp on future campgrounds site," looking west. (in Report, Bell to Chief Architect, May 1934: 3)

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Spatial Organization

For the purposes of the CLI, spatial organization is defined as the three dimensional organization of physical forms and visual associations in the landscape, including the articulation of ground, vertical, and overhead planes that define and create spaces.

The steeply rolling countryside of the Gabilan Range surrounds the Pinnacles National Monument and includes, within the monument, areas of rocky crags, caves, pillars, and steep canyons eroded from volcanic material. These landforms encompass the steep canyon walls which line both Bear Gulch and the Chalone Creek wash.

The two axes of Chalone and Bear Creeks run northwest to southeast and west to east, respectively, and form the tangents along which the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District developed. The steeply sloped walls of these gulches necessitated development on the relatively narrow and level creekside areas which include Bear Gulch, Condor Gulch, and the Chalone Creek area. Within these, the Bear Gulch axis was the primary organizational feature for the development of park administration, Condor Gulch was an early utility area, and the Chalone Creek area was the primary location for CCC camp development, the maintenance area, and the later picnic/residential area. (See map, Supplemental Information #1)

All major park developments and uses continue to be found in these arrangements along the canyon floors in their original locations. Spatial organization has not changed following the period of significance and retains integrity as a contributing characteristic of the Pinnacles East Entrance District.

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Circulation

For the purposes of the CLI, circulation is defined as spaces, features, and applied material finishes which constitute systems of movement in a landscape. The primary circulation features of Pinnacles East Entrance District consist of the Bear Gulch Road, the Eastern Approach Road (Route 146), and the Chalone Creek Road. These three elements of the east entrance road system provide the framework for development on the eastern side of Pinnacles and are discussed in detail in the History section of this report. However, it should be noted that the loop terminus of the Chalone Creek Road in the Chalone picnic and housing area has been significantly altered and no longer retains integrity as an element of the Chalone Creek Road. Consisting of approximately 3.5 miles of paved surface, the current configurations of the East Entrance Road (Rt. 146), the Bear Gulch Road, the Condor Gulch Road, and the Chalone Creek Road almost entirely date to the early park period of 1923 to 1941. Along these primary corridors, however, are four additional circulation features that require further analysis: trails and trailheads, bridges, stone stairs, and parking lots.

Trails and Trailheads Currently the Moses Spring trailhead, Condor Gulch trailhead, High Peaks trailhead, Old Pinnacles trailhead, the South Wilderness trailhead, a portion of the Bench trail, and all of Bear Gulch trail are located within the district. (See photo, Circulation #2) The Moses Spring trailhead has been located at what is now the southeastern corner of the Moses Spring parking lot since before 1933, the date of the earliest available master plan, and work was being done on the trail in 1934. The Condor Gulch trailhead is currently located at the intersection of the Bear Gulch Road and the Condor Gulch Road, where it crosses a small footbridge. The trailhead has also been in this location since at least 1933, however it may have led directly onto Bear Gulch Road without crossing the creek. The High Peaks trailhead was constructed in its current general location from the former CCC camp in February of 1934. The Old Pinnacles trailhead is located across Chalone Creek at the High Peaks junction. This trailhead was originally located at the junction with the High Wilderness trail, but appears to have been extended down to its current location in 1974 when the Old Pinnacles Road was permanently converted to trail use only.

The Pinnacles Wilderness area was established in 1976 (Public Law 94-567), and the South Wilderness trail was constructed soon after. A portion of the Bench Trail from Bear Gulch Trail to the High Peaks trailhead existed in 1965, however the construction date of the portion from Bear Gulch Trail to the eastern park boundary is unknown. Park sources stated that the Bear Gulch Trail, the only trail entirely within the boundary of the Pinnacles East Entrance District, was constructed in 1977/78 by the YACC, however park planning documents show the trail as existing as early as 1965 (NM-PINN 3003J, 1965).

In front of the cabins in the administration area of Bear Gulch runs a partially paved path leading from the Visitor Center area to the Dormitory (Building #10). On January 14, 1937, “…a meandering path was staked through the cabin area, eliminating a previous road which extended past all the cabins, and prohibiting the entrance of any vehicle directly to the cabins. Vehicles now remain parked at the parking areas provided nearby.” (Report, McKown to Kittredge, January 1937: 2) Currently, this path is paved to the Ranger Office, where it then continues as a dirt road to the dormitory. The paved portion appears to be much wider than the unpaved “path” described in 1937.

Bridges The original Chalone Creek Bridge was completed in April of 1936 where Bear Gulch Road crosses Chalone Creek. Floods in 1998 destroyed the bridge which was rebuilt by the FHWA the following year.

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Log foot bridges in the Bear Gulch administration area were originally called for in 1936. The report states, “There is need for at least four of these small footbridges which should be built of logs with possibly small stone abutments. Stone steps can be used in connection with these footbridges.” (Report, Lange to Kittredge, January 31, 1936: 1) These sentiments were reiterated in a similar report in March of that year. By year’s end, at least one had been constructed with stone steps to cross Bear Gulch. By October, five rough-hewn split logs have been laid across the creek for passage from the parking area to the cabins. (Report, McKown to unknown, November 1937). Currently, no log bridges and nine wood and wood laminate foot bridges are found along the entire length of the Bear Gulch trail. These bridges were installed circa 1978. (Lisa Lee Smith, personal communication with author, April 6, 2001) (See photo, Circulation #3) Further, a foot bridge was formerly located in front of the Visitor’s Center, but was removed in the late 1970s when the area was reconfigured.

Stone Stairways Currently, stone stairways run from Bear Gulch Road to the Chief Ranger Residence (Building #2), and from the administration area path to the Dormitory (Building #10). The Chief Ranger Residence stairway was installed at least in part in April of 1934, and may have been altered following the period of significance. (See photo, Circulation #4) The stone stairway to the Dormitory may have been originally installed during the CCC period. However, this stairway was “improved” by the YACC in the 1970s and rebuilt by park staff in 1995. (Lisa Lee Smith, personal communication with author, April 6, 2001) Two other stairways located at the Bear Gulch and Moses Springs Comfort Stations have been replaced by a stone and concrete handicapped accessible ramp (1977) and poured concrete steps (late 1960s).

Parking Areas Four official parking areas are located within the district: Moses Springs (twenty cars), Bear Gulch Comfort Station (eight cars), south Visitor Center (twelve cars), and the Visitor Center (forty-four cars). (TIC file, NM-PIN 3003-J, 1965) At the end of the period of significance, the Moses Springs parking area was generally round in shape with an island of shrubs and an exposed portion of Bear Gulch Creek in the center. However, the 1959 master plan calls for a rectangular configuration that is later designated for removal in a 1965 planning map, indicating a six-year period of rectangular configuration. (TIC, PIN-3003-J, 1965) The current, round configuration appears to be a result of this 1965 planning initiative. (See photo, Circulation #5)

The parking area facing the Bear Gulch Comfort Station was also considerably reconfigured in the Mission 66 era. The 1933 through 1942 master plans show a much smaller area with a planted island facing Bear Gulch Road. This configuration was still extant in 1952, although it appears to have changed to its current configuration in 1960.

The twelve-car parking area to the south of the main Visitor Center parking area is entirely a construction of the Mission 66 era. It first appeared on planning documents as proposed in 1954, and as built in 1960.

The forty-four car parking area at the Visitor Center is located in the same general area as the original parking area associated with the Pinnacles Lodge. The initial configuration was staked out in 1934. However, when the lodge was removed in 1954, the area was opened for additional parking. The current configuration with an extended traffic island and two entrances along Bear Gulch Road was constructed by 1960.

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Although a number of the circulation features have lost integrity and are not contributing, Circulation as a whole retains integrity as a contributing landscape characteristic of the Pinnacles East Entrance District. The primary features, the Bear Gulch Road, the East Entrance Road (Route 146), the Condor Gulch Road, the Chalone Creek Road, various trailheads, and stone stairways all remain intact, providing the basis for circulation throughout the area.

Circulation #1: East Entrance Road with pylons, looking west. (PGSO, CLI digital file #DSCN0610, 2001)

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Circulation #2: Moses Springs trailhead with rockwork, looking southwest. (PGSO, CLI digital file #DSCN0544, 2001)

Circulation #3: Original log footbridge and contemporary footbridge. (In report, McKown to unknown, July 1937, and PGSO, CLI, PINN-N-0006-31, 2001)

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Circulation #4: Stone stairway to Chief Ranger Residence, original and contemporary, looking south. (In Report, Lange to Kittredge, May 1935, and PGSO, CLI, PINN-S-0002-7, 2001)

Circulation #5: Moses Spring parking area, looking west. (PGSO, CLI, PINN-N- 6-1/2/3, 2001)

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Characteristic Type Of LCS Structure IDLCS Structure Feature Contribution Name Number Number

Bear Gulch Road ContributingBear Gulch Road 057542 HS13

Bear Gulch administrative area Non-Contributing path

Bear Gulch parking area Non-Contributing

Bear Gulch Trail Non-Contributing

Chalone Creek Bridge Non-Contributing

Chalone Creek Road Contributing

Condor Gulch trailhead Contributing

Eastern Approach Road (Route Contributing 146)

High Peaks trailhead Contributing

Moses Spring Parking Area Contributing

Moses Spring trailhead Contributing

Old Pinnacles trailhead Non-Contributing

South Wilderness trailhead Non-Contributing

Stone Stair ContributingStone Stairs And Walks, 057535 HS6 Chief Ranger Residence

Stone stairway at Building #10 Non-Contributing

Two Visitor Center area parking Non-Contributing areas

Wood laminate foot bridges Non-Contributing

Condor Gulch Road Contributing

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Buildings And Structures

For purposes of the CLI, buildings are defined as elements primarily built for sheltering any form of human activity, whereas structures are functional elements constructed for purposes other than sheltering human activity. Engineering systems are considered structures and include both mechanical and structural systems. The CLI references the List of Classified Structures (LCS) and records buildings and structures as features of the landscape. The LCS Program is the National Park Service's inventory for buildings and structures. It provides details that are not typically found in the CLI and should be referenced for more definitive structure information.

The rustic style, as exemplified at Pinnacles, was summarized in Albert Good’s 1938 two-volume study, Park Structures and Facilities. “Successfully handled (rustic) is a style which, through the use of native materials in proper scale, and through the avoidance of rigid, straight lines, and over-sophistication, gives the feeling of having been executed by pioneer craftsmen with limited hand tools. It thus achieves sympathy with natural surroundings, and with the past”. (Good, 1938: 5) Buildings were intended to be constructed in agreement with their physical setting through sensitive use of native and planted vegetation and the application of natural colors.

Outstanding examples of the rustic style in the Pinnacles East Entrance District include the Visitor Center (Building #1), Chief Ranger Residence (Building #2), two Comfort Stations (Buildings #17 & #18), the Gas and Oil House (Building #200), and the Horse Barn (Building #202). NPS Landscape Architect John B. Wosky supervised the construction and masonry work of most of these structures.

BEAR GULCH AND CONDOR GULCH

Lost Buildings Pinnacles Lodge Camp Pinnacles Corporation was granted a license to operate within the monument in 1925. That year the Pinnacles Lodge was constructed in Bear Gulch, where the corporation began to provide tent camping facilities, serve meals, and host Saturday night dances. The Lodge was located at what is now the main parking lot at the Visitor Center. It was a wood frame building with a broad gabled roof, “ingeniously constructed so that its side walls could be removed to create a large dance floor.” (Oberg, 1979: 157-161) The Lodge was vacated in 1948 and bids for its removal were accepted in 1954. The Pinnacles Lodge was removed immediately.

Equipment Shed In 1934, the Equipment Shed in Condor Gulch was one of the first buildings constructed by the CCC. It burnt accidentally in 1955.

Old Gas House This wood-frame building was located in the center of what is now the Visitor Center parking lot. It’s construction date is unknown, and it was removed in 1936.

Existing Buildings Visitor Center (Building #1) Building #1 was completed in 1937. This structure is faced with green volcanic stone quarried from along Chalone Creek and has adapted to fulfill the evolving needs of park administration. Originally

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 3b) Page 7 of 31 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument designated the “Dwelling for Official Visitors,” it became the administrative headquarters in 1940. The structure was converted to its current use as the Visitor Center after a 1974-76 remodeling. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #1)

Buildings #4, #5, #6, #7, #8, #9, #10, #13, #14 have similar origin histories. From 1932 to 1933 the park service built five large and five small one-room cabins, in Bear Gulch with money form the Civil Works Administration, National Industrial Recovery Act (N.I.R.A.) to house workers employed by the road building efforts. During 1936-37, the CCC shifted the cabins to break their straight lines, provide more space between cabins, and allow a better fit with the topography. The CCC also constructed stone water tables around the buildings in 1934, extending from the ground up to the window line. The cabins were renovated with additional plumbing and electricity for visitor accommodations. The cabins were used by the concessioner until the lodge closed in 1948.

Ranger Office (Building #4) Building #4 was completed in 1933 and remodeled in 1937, 1954, and 1957. In 1969, the building was adapted for use as the Operations Office. In 1975, it was remodeled for use as the monument’s Ranger Office. In the same year alterations were made to the porch which included a new wooden roof covered with asbestos shingles and wood supports.

Conference Room (Building #5) Building #5 was completed in 1933 and modified in 1964 with the addition of concrete front steps. The building housed office space in 1974. A porch similar to that found on the Ranger Office was erected in 1977. In the mid-1980s a concrete handicapped access walk with a stone embankment was added to the front by the YACC. The building now functions as a conference room.

Superintendent’s Office (Building #6) Building #6 was completed in 1933 and combined with Building #11 in 1957 and used as a residence. The interior was remodeled in 1974 for use as an Administrative Office. In 1977 a porch similar to those found on the Ranger Office and Conference Room was added. The structure later became the Superintendent’s Office.

Administrative Office (Building #7) Building #7 was completed in 1933 and combined with Building #12 in 1957 to be used as a residence. The west portion of the two buildings retains the stone veneer added by the CCC. A porch similar to those on Buildings #4, #5, and #6 was added in 1977. In 1991 the interior was remodeled and modernized to be used as offices for the Chief Ranger and Interpretation.

Maintenance Office (Building #8) Building #8 was completed in 1933 and remodeled in 1957, converted for use as the Boys Dorm. In 1977 it was remodeled again, including new asbestos roofing, concrete entrance steps and a projecting roof over the entrance and became known as the Girls Dorm. The structure, with one bath, was then used as a residence/dormitory for up to four persons. It is currently the Chief of Maintenance Office.

Dormitory (Building #10) Building #10 was built in 1933 and called the Honeymoon Cabin while operated by the concessionaire because of its location uphill from the other cabins and furthest from the Pinnacles Lodge. Under the CCC program, showers and a toilet were added in 1936-37. In 1957 it was wired for commercial electricity and converted for use as the Girls Dorm. In 1975 the interior was remodeled. The structure became known as the Boys Dorm in 1978. It is still used for short term housing.

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Museum Archives (Building #13) Building #13 was built in 1933 and converted to guest cabins in conjunction with the Pinnacles Lodge. Under the CCC program, showers and a toilet were added in 1936-37. In 1957, the building was wired for commercial electricity and converted to an employee residence. The sewer and water connections were cut off from the structure in 1963 and 1966, respectively, after which time the building was used as a storage facility. Building #13 became the Interpretive Laboratory or 'Naturalist's Shack' in 1969. The structure still serves a similar purpose as well as providing storage space for the monument’s natural history collection and park archives.

Administrative Office (Building #14) Building #14 was converted to men’s and women’s shower rooms for the use of the concessioner guests until their cabins were improved in 1936-37 with the addition of bathrooms. In 1957 the building was wired for use as a laundry facility (east half) and storeroom (west half). The shower facilities were removed at this time. In 1978, the building underwent extensive remodeling to house the administrative functions still located here. A twelve foot by twelve foot addition was constructed to provide additional laundry space and employee storage. A twelve by thirteen-foot addition was added to the west side to increase office space. A four-foot-wide concrete walkway with stone veneer embankment was constructed along the entire front façade of the structure by the YACC.

Bear Gulch Comfort Station (Building #17) The Bear Gulch Comfort Station was built of frame construction with rock veneer exterior in 1931. In 1957, it was wired for commercial power. In 1977, an access ramp and steps were added to the front of the building by the YACC. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #2)

Superintendent’s Residence (Building #19) In 1941, the CCC started construction of the Superintendent’s Residence. Due to funding and personnel cutbacks, it was not completed until 1949 by NPS staff. In 1951, a brick porch and stone steps were constructed to replace temporary wooden stairs at the rear entrance to the residence. The building was not occupied until 1952. In that same year, the Granite Construction Company of Watsonville built a driveway to the residence. Over the next forty-eight years routine maintenance and modernization were completed in the interior. In 1990, a new wood deck was added to the east side of the residence.

Woodshed (Building #20) The woodshed for the Superintendent’s Residence was constructed circa 1949 to house a power plant for the house. After the residence was wired for commercial electricity in 1957, the twenty-eight square foot structure was converted for its current use as a woodshed. In 1990, the shed was moved from the east side of the residence to just east of the newly completed deck.

Gas and Oil House (Building #200) The Gas and Oil House was constructed during the 1934-1935 season. The rock-faced building is located in the Condor Gulch area and has been used as a fire cache since the removal of the pumps in 1971.

Horse Barn (Building #202) The CCC built a rock-faced Horse Barn in Condor Gulch in 1935-36 with an attached corral. The corral was removed at an unknown date, and the building is now used for storage.

Resource Office (Building #207)

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This converted doublewide trailer is currently used as the Resource Office. It was most likely installed at this location in 1977/78 as a residence and was later converted into office space in 1981. (Larry Whalon, personal communication with author, September 10, 2001)

MOSES SPRINGS Lost Buildings Shed (Building #24) A shed, located adjacent to the Chief Ranger Residence was built in 1935 and housed the electric generator. After the arrival of commercial power the building was used as a wood shed and for storage. This building was removed sometime after 1967.

Existing Buildings Moses Springs Comfort Station (Building #18) The Moses Springs Comfort Station was built at the beginning of a period of major development at the monument and is one of the first two structures erected at Pinnacles. It was built in 1927 of frame construction and rock veneer was added about 1930. A concrete stairway was added by the CCC in 1934-35. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #3)

Chief Ranger Residence (Building #2) The Chief Ranger Residence was completed by the NPS in 1929. The CCC expanded the two-room cabin to its current size, adding two bedrooms and a bathroom in 1937-38. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #4)

Garage (Building #23) A single stall, unheated garage for the Chief Ranger Residence was constructed by the CCC in 1934. It was sited to the south of the Chief Ranger Residence to replace an “emergency garage and woodshed” that had become “unsightly.” The building is too narrow for modern cars and has been used for storage and as a woodshed in recent decades.

CHALONE CREEK AREA

Lost Buildings and Structures Chalone Creek Bridge The Chalone Creek Bridge, was constructed from funds provided by the Public Works Administration during 1934-36. The bridge was constructed as a straight span of thirty feet with a reinforced concrete deck, stone faced reinforced concrete abutments, iron band railings, and masonry wing walls of natural weathered stones. The masonry used was “a hard gray granite” found in Chalone Creek Valley. Stone for the bridge was cut by the CCC enrollees under the direction of experienced Italian stone masons. The bridge was washed out in the flood of 1998, and replaced in 1999.

CCC Camp Pinnacles On March 31, 1941 CCC Camp Pinnacles was closed. By 1943, some of the former camp quarters were rehabilitated to house seasonal fire crews. In 1945, the National Park Service had begun to dismantle some of the unoccupied buildings and by 1950 seven buildings were put up for public auction. The remaining camp structures continued to be used for park housing. In 1946 and 1949, camp buildings continued to be rehabilitated for seasonal park staff. By 1962, all of the remaining CCC camp structures had been removed from the campground area.

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Today, four CCC buildings remain standing and are part of the Chalone Creek maintenance area. The Maintenance Shop (Building #300) and the Tack Room (Building #301) are original to the site. Two Storage Sheds (Building #305 and 306) were built in 1937 as powder and cap magazines, and moved to the maintenance area in 1977 to be used for feed and paint storage. The Storage Shed (Building #517) was moved to the maintenance area from Juniper Canyon in 1975.

Existing Buildings Significant subtractions and additions of buildings and structures have occurred within the Chalone Creek area. Only individual structures within the maintenance yard remain from the period of significance.

Maintenance Office (Building #9) Building #9 was constructed in 1932 in Bear Gulch to house laborers working on park roads. It was constructed in a similar manner and style as residences 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 14. The building was later converted to a guest cabin in conjunction with the Pinnacles Lodge. Under the CCC program, showers and a toilet were added in 1936-37. A rock veneer was added in 1934 and removed in 1974. The building was moved from the Bear Gulch to the Chalone maintenance area at an unknown date and placed on a concrete foundation. It was equipped with a modern restroom and an asbestos shingle roof, and converted for use as an office/employee comfort station. In 1990, a new composition roof was installed, the exterior was painted and the concrete porch was covered with a wooden roof with wooden supports. Until the date when the building was moved to the Chalone maintenance area can be determined, this building should be considered contributing.

Residence (Buildings #101 and #102) This duplex was constructed in the Chalone area in 1990. The prefabricated frame structure rests on a concrete foundation.

Residence (Building #203) Building #203, used for employee housing, was originally placed in Condor Gulch in 1967. It was later moved to the current site of Building #207 in Bear Gulch, and was then moved to the Chalone area in 1976. The 550-square-foot 1962 trailer was transferred from the Bureau of Reclamation. The buildings sits on a concrete pad.

Residence Trailer (Building #204) Building #204, a double-wide 1962 pre-fabricated building, was transferred to Condor Gulch from the Bureau of Reclamation in 1968. In the 1980s, the residence was transferred to the Chalone Creek area. The building sits on a concrete pad.

Residence Trailer (Building #205) Building #205 was purchased in 1972 for employee housing. The 1,320-square-foot mobile home was moved from Condor Gulch to a concrete pad at the Chalone Creek area in 1980s.

Residence Trailer (Building #206) Building #206 is a 1963 Skyliner mobile home. The trailer was transferred to Pinnacles from Saguaro National Monument in 1977. The trailer was originally located in Bear Gulch at the former location of Building #203 and was moved to the Chalone Creek area in the 1980s and sited between Buildings #204 and #205.

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Maintenance Shop (Building #300) The Maintenance Shop, was built by the CCC in 1938 as part of the complex.

Storage Shed and Warehouse (Building #301) The Storage Shed and Warehouse, was built by the CCC in 1934. It was used as a truck and car garage.

Tack Room (Building #302) This building was used as a paint and storage shed in 1934 and may have originated from the old CCC camp. Beginning in the late 1970s the building began to be used the Tack Room.

Powder House (Building #305) The Powder House was constructed by the CCC in 1936 and was designed to store explosives and dynamite. In 1942, the structure was moved from the former CCC camp to the maintenance area, placed on a new concrete pad, and remodeled for use as a feed storage house. It is currently used for paint storage.

Storage Shed (Building #306) This former cap house was built by the CCC in 1936 at the former CCC camp and later moved to the Chalone Creek maintenance area. It has been modified for use as storage of maintenance supplies and equipment. Until the date when the building was moved to the maintenance area can be determined, this building should be considered contributing.

Comfort Station (Building #309 / #500) Linn Construction Co. of Merced, California was contracted to build a comfort station in the Chalone Creek Campground in 1961. The building was constructed that year as part of the Mission 66 program at Pinnacles. The structure’s interior was remodeled to accommodate handicapped persons in 1977, making it the first structure in the monument to be made wheelchair accessible.

Storage Shed (Building #517) The Storage Shed was built by the NPS in 1966 to house a generator in Juniper Canyon. In 1975 the shed was moved to the Chalone Creek area.

Control Building (#312) The Control Building was moved from the Chalone floodplain area to its current location in the Chalone Creek area 1999.

ENTRANCE East Entrance Pylons The East Entrance Pylons were constructed by the CCC in 1935. The pylons, located on either side of the entrance road near its junction with Route 146, were made of volcanic green stone which was quarried from along Chalone Creek. Raised deco-styled metal lettering welcoming visitors were located on the taller of the two pylons. In 1960 the deco lettering was replaced with white metal letters that say “Welcome to Pinnacles National Monument” and a wood NPS arrowhead plaque. Two other pylons, constructed either by park staff or CALTRANS in the 1970s, were constructed at the current eastern park boundary at the intersection with Route 146. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #5)

Checking Station (Building #25) A Checking Station (#25/600) was built in 1953 on skids along the east entrance road. The building was

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 3b) Page 12 of 31 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument permanently installed in the center of the east entrance road, one-quarter of a mile inside the east boundary, in 1954. This building was subsequently replaced with the current checking station of similar construction in 1990.

YACC Area Two structures, the Primary Well (#315), the Secondary Well (#313) in the vicinity of the YACC area near the park entrance were constructed in the 1980s and 1990s.

ROCKWORK Rockwork within the district dates primarily from two periods: the CCC era and the 1970s-1990s. Although a number of CCC era examples are extant, some of this rockwork has lost its integrity due to damage incurred through floods, alterations, and/or replacement. Remaining examples of CCC rockwork are discussed below. The contemporary examples, primarily constructed between 1970 and 1996 by the YACC and park maintenance staff, are skillfully executed structures but are not historic and will not be discussed here. For the locations and construction dates of historic and non-historic masonry structures, see Supplemental Information, Map #2.

Tree Wells Approximately five tree wells are visible at the base of the entrance road slope along the Bear Gulch trail. These were constructed in 1933 of drylaid masonry excavated from road cuts. Several of these have collapsed. Further tree wells remain at unknown locations along the Old Pinnacles Trail. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #6)

Retaining Walls Retaining walls, both contemporary and historic, are found throughout the East Entrance District. They retain soils on both the upslope and downslope sides of the road corridors, retain soils behind the administration buildings in Bear Gulch, and stabilize creek beds. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #7)

Six retaining walls, each approximately fifteen feet long, are located on the upslope side of the entrance road between the Chalone Creek Bridge and Bear Gulch. These were hand-constructed of drylaid masonry in 1933 at steep road fill sections. Other retaining walls (revetments) were identified in monthly construction reports on the downslope side of the road; these walls have not been located but should be considered contributing to the district upon identification. (It is possible that a number of these walls along lower Chalone Creek were washed out by the floods of 1998.)

A single retaining wall along the western side of the Condor Gulch terminus was constructed by the CCC of drylaid masonry in 1934. Five other retaining walls in Condor Gulch, including those found around the comfort station, were built between 1975 and 1996. (Lisa Lee Smith, personal communication with author, April 6, 2001)

Four retaining walls are found along the eastern side of the road between the Chief Ranger Residence driveway and the Moses Springs parking area. These drylaid walls range from approximately 20 to140 feet long. Their construction date is unknown, however their placement at the foot of a slope associated with one of the first structures in the monument as well as immediately alongside the road suggest construction between 1930-1940. A single large concrete mortared retaining wall behind the Rangers Residence was constructed in 1934 in conjunction with the building of the above garage and woodshed.

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A final single retaining wall approximately 180 feet long and three feet high lines Bear Creek as it runs to the east of the Visitor Center parking lot. This wall was completed in March of 1934. (See photo, History #1)

Gaurdwall A single masonry gaurdwall was constructed in 1936 along the Bear Gulch portion of the entrance road. Located on a steep slope midway between the Chalone Creek Bridge and Bear Gulch, this eighty-foot long wall has a crenellated top and recessed pointing. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #8)

Creek Crossings Two major creek crossings with significant masonry walls occur in the immediate vicinity of the Visitor Center. The first structure carries the Bear Creek from the eastern edge of the parking lot to a point in front of the Visitor Center through corrugated metal culverts. This portion was constructed in 1984 to eliminate an Arizona crossing at this location following a flood in the early 1980s. All stonework associated with it appears to have been built at this time.

A second creek crossing carries the road over Bear Creek though a major concrete lined and stone veneered box culvert with wingwalls. This structure is located under the road between the main parking area and the smaller parking area to the south. The construction history of this structure is unclear and a precise construction date is unavailable. No mention of it appears in available CCC or NPS reports from the CCC era, however a 1962 planning map for the parking area (TIC, 3113, 1962) identifies the box culvert and associated walls to the east as “Stone Bridge-CCC”. Wingwalls currently existing on the west side of the culvert, of a different masonry pattern, are not on this 1962 map and appear to have been added in the 1960s. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #9)

Headwalls and Culverts Galvanized corrugated steel culverts and stone masonry headwalls are associated with all road segments throughout the Pinnacles East Entrance District. Most of these were installed during road construction efforts of the mid-1930s and appear to remain largely intact (the two headwalls at the Condor Gulch Horse Barn, not associated with road construction, were installed in January of 1936). Originally, six eighteen-inch and one twenty-four-inch corrugated galvanized iron culverts were installed and two concrete intakes (drop inlets) were constructed and covered with cast iron grates. Approximately 200 feet of four-inch terra cotta drain tiles also were placed along the top of slopes. (Report, Roberts to Kittridge, April 15, 1932) While headwall dimensions vary in relation to culvert diameter, the majority of headwalls are approximately four feet by four feet by eighteen inches and feature flush pointing and squared edges.

Two headwalls deserve special mention. A single twenty-four inch culvert was installed directly across the creek from the Visitor Center with a headwall constructed of large, native boulders to imitate a natural rock outcrop instead a masonry headwall. This was done to minimize the visual impact of the headwall seen from the then cabin area. (Report, McKown to unknown, May12-13, 1937) Another headwall, located on the Bear Gulch Road between the upper parking area and the Chief Ranger Residence driveway, is constructed as a catch basin approximately two feet deep. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #10)

Currently within the district, thirty-six culverts are extant with forty-one masonry headwalls; five culverts have no headwalls. All original terra cotta drain tiles appear to have been removed or covered with asphalt.

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Buildings and structures within the district have undergone significant changes during and following the period of significance; namely the removal of the CCC Camp Pinnacles and the shifting of the Bear Gulch buildings. However, the majority of early NPS buildings in and around Bear Gulch and the maintenance area have been retained in their original configuration. Consequently, the changes do not constitute an overall loss of integrity for the Buildings and Structures landscape characteristic. Buildings and structures retain integrity as a contributing landscape characteristic to the Pinnacles East Entrance District.

Buildings and Structures #1: Bear Gulch Visitor Center, looking east. (PGSO, CLI digital file #DSCN0612, 2001)

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Buildings and Structures #2: Bear Gulch Comfort Station with stair and ramp additions, looking west. (PGSO, LCS #PI-1-19, 1994)

Buildings and Structures #3: Moses Spring comfort station, looking north. (PGSO, CLI, PINN-S-0002-1, 2001)

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Buildings and Structures #4: Chief Ranger Residence from rear, looking northeast. (PGSO,CLI, PINN-S-0002-9, 2001)

Buildings and Structures #5: Historic and contemporary comparison of entrance pylons, looking southwest. (PINN archives, #P-4-3, 1938, and PGSO, CLI, PINN-S-0003-25, 2001)

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Buildings and Structures #6: Historic and contemporary comparison of representative masonry tree wells. (PINN archives, #33R86, and PGSO, CLI, PINN-N-0005-01, 2001)

Buildings and Structures #7: Drylaid stone masonry wall along Bear Gulch Road, looking north. (PGSO, CLI, PINN- N-0004-25, 2001)

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Buildings and Structures #8: Historic and contemporary comparison of stone gaurdwall along Bear Gulch Road, looking west. (PINN archives, photo #34R137, 1934, and PGSO, CLI, PINN-N-0004-30, 2001)

Buildings and Structures #9: Poured concrete and stone veneered box culvert with wingwalls, under Bear Gulch Road, looking west. (PGSO, CLI, PINN-S-0002-15, 2001)

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Buildings and Structures #10: Headwall/Catchbasin on Bear Gulch Road. (PGSO, CLI, PINN-S-0002-12, 2001)

Characteristic Type Of LCS Structure IDLCS Structure Feature Contribution Name Number Number

Maintenance Office (Building #8) ContributingMaintenance Shop 057544 300

Visitor Center (Building #1) ContributingVisitor Center 007547 001

Administrative Office (Building Non-Contributing #14)

Administrative Office (Building Non-ContributingAdministration Office 57553 008 #7)

Bear Gulch Comfort Station ContributingBear Gulch Comfort Station 007391 017 (Building #17)

Box culvert with wingwalls Contributing

Chalone Creek Bridge Non-Contributing

Checking Station (Building #25) Non-Contributing

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Chief Ranger Residence ContributingChief Ranger's Residence 007390 002 (Building #2)

Comfort Station (Building #309 / Non-Contributing #500)

Conference Room (Building #5) ContributingConference Room 57548 005

Control Building (#312) Non-Contributing

Dormitory (Building #10) ContributingResidence/Dorm 57550 010 "honeymoon Cabin"

Entrance Pylons ContributingEast Entrance Pylon 014031 HS2

Garage (Building #23) ContributingOne Car Garage 057533 023

Gas and Oil House (Building ContributingGas And Oil House 007393 200 #200)

Guardwall Contributing

Horse Barn (Building #202) ContributingHorse Barn 007394 202

Maintenance Office (Building #9) ContributingResidence/Dorm 008 57549 (Maintenance Office)

Maintenance Shop (Building ContributingMaintenance Shop 057544 300 #300)

Masonry Culverts and Headwalls Contributing

Moses Springs Comfort Station ContributingMoses Spring Comfort 007392 018 (Building #18) Station

Museum Archives (Building #13) ContributingInterpretive Laboratory 57551 013

Powder House (Building #305) Non-Contributing

Ranger Office (Building #4) ContributingRanger Office 57547 004

Residence (Building #203) Non-Contributing

Residence (Buildings #101 and Non-Contributing #102)

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Residence Trailer (Building #204) Non-Contributing

Residence Trailer (Building #205) Non-Contributing

Residence Trailer (Building #206) Non-Contributing

Resource Office (Building #207) Non-Contributing

Retaining Walls ContributingRetaining Wall, Chief Ranger 057534 HS5 Residence

Storage Shed (Building #306) Contributing

Storage Shed (Building #517) Non-Contributing

Storage Shed and Warehouse ContributingTruck And Car Garage 057545 301 (Building #301)

Superintendent’s Office (Building Non-ContributingSuperintendent’s Office 57552 006 #6)

Superintendent’s Residence Contributing (Building #19)

Tack Room (Building #302) ContributingTack Room 057546 302

Tree Wells Contributing

Visitor Center culverts Non-Contributing

Woodshed (Building #20) Non-Contributing

Primary Well (#315) Non-Contributing

Secondary Well (#313) Non-Contributing

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Land Use

For the purposes of the CLI, land use is defined as the principal activities in the landscape that have formed, shaped, or organized the landscape as a result of human activity. From 1923 to 1941, land uses within the Pinnacles East Entrance District had five primary elements: 1) CCC Camp Pinnacles 2) residential housing 3) monument administration, 4) monument maintenance, and 5) visitor/recreational services. These elements, like most of the development at Pinnacles, were focussed along the valley bottoms along Bear Creek, Chalone Creek, and in Condor Gulch.

CCC Camp Pinnacles The CCC efforts at Pinnacles were organized out of the Chalone Creek area from 1933 to 1941. The camp functioned as a living/recreational area while work schedules were carried out throughout the monument. The camp itself consisted of four barracks, recreation/mess hall, executive officers quarters, two lavatories, dryer, cooler, equipment shed, garage, and a machine shop. Associated with the camp and life there was a recreational reservoir/dam constructed in Chalone Creek at an unknown location below the current Chalone Creek Bridge. The camp was removed in parts between 1943 and 1962. For additional information concerning CCC Camp Pinnacles, refer to the “Chalone CCC Camp (Chalone Picnic Area)” CLI Level I Report, 2000.

Approximately one quarter mile north of the camp location, along the former Old Pinnacles Road, is a quarry formerly used for construction projects primarily associated with the road construction efforts.

Residential Housing The tent cabins originally built in Bear Gulch to house workers employed by the road construction efforts in 1932/33 were in use as such until 1936/37 when they were converted to guest cabins for the Pinnacles Lodge. Following the closing of Pinnacles Lodge in 1948, the cabins were used in some cases as park employee housing, a function which has been eliminated there with the exception of the Dormitory (Building #10). The Chief Ranger Residence continues to function as originally intended, and the Superintendent’s Residence, begun at the end of the period of significance, still functions as such. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #1)

Following the dismantling of the CCC Camp Pinnacles, the Chalone Creek area remained without housing until “temporary” residential trailers began to be installed in the 1970s. Currently the southern and eastern edges of the former camp are used for both temporary and permanent employee housing.

Monument Administration Monument Administration efforts have been located in the Bear Gulch / Moses Springs area since the construction of the Rangers Residence in 1929, the first NPS building in the monument. The Chief Ranger Residence, combined with the earlier Pinnacles Lodge, and the series of tent cabins constructed in 1933/34 established Bear Gulch as the administrative area of the monument. In 1940, the “Dwelling for Official Visitors” was converted into monument administration headquarters. This same building was later converted in 1974/76, along with a number of other Bear Gulch building use alterations from residential to administrative, to the monument visitor center. This central area continues to be used for monument administrative purposes. (See photo, Buildings and Structures #1)

Monument Maintenance Condor Gulch and the Chalone Creek area maintenance yard, the two primary locations for monument maintenance facilities, have existed in the same locations since their inception in the 1930s. Both of these areas were established to support NPS and CCC efforts in the early to mid-1930s. Condor Gulch

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 3b) Page 23 of 31 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument was established in 1934 as a monument maintenance facility with the construction of the Horse Barn and Gas and Oil House. The Horse Barn, originally constructed with an adjoining corral, is now used for storage. The Gas and Oil House, originally built with gasoline pumps adjoining, is now used as a fire cache.

The Chalone Creek area maintenance yard was originally used to support both the NPS and CCC maintenance and construction efforts in the 1930s. Despite the removal of the CCC in 1941, and the subsequent dismantling of the camp, the maintenance yard continued to be used and augmented. This yard continues to be the primary maintenance facility for the monument. (See photo, Land Use #2)

Visitor / Recreational Services Prior to the establishment of Pinnacles and continuing into the early years of the monument, local residents used Bear Gulch for picnicking, camping, and hiking. In 1925, with the opening of the Pinnacles Lodge, the visitor use element of the monument was formalized; this arrangement lasted until 1948 when the Lodge closed. (See photo, History #1) In the intervening years, comfort stations were built in 1927 and 1931 at Moses Springs and Bear Gulch respectively, and the picnic area between Condor Gulch and Moses Springs was established by 1933. These structures and uses, combined with site grading efforts, the construction of parking lots, and the location of Bear Gulch and Moses Springs at the terminus of the newly constructed road, established the area as the center for visitor services in the monument, a function it continues to hold. However, with the advent of the Mission 66 program, attention again was focused on the Chalone Creek area for potential visitor services development. By 1960 a campground had been established on the former camp area, fulfilling early NPS plans for the site. Camping was eliminated in the 1980s and the site today is exclusively used as a picnic area.

Of the five land uses found within the Pinnacles East Entrance District, monument administration, monument maintenance, and visitor/recreational services both date from the period of significance and retain integrity. Although land uses have been modified and in some cases their locations have changed, the primary elements remain. Land use within the Pinnacles East Entrance District retains integrity as a contributing landscape characteristic.

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Land Use #1: Cabins in Bear Gulch originally built to house road workers, looking northeast. (PINN archives, in Report, Carpenter to Chief Architect, April, 1933: 11)

Land Use #2: Chalone Creek maintenance area, looking north. (PGSO, CLI, PINN-N-0002-3/4, 2000)

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Small Scale Features

For the purposes of the CLI, small-scale features are the elements which provide detail and diversity for both functional needs and aesthetic concerns in the landscape. Within the Pinnacles East Entrance District, small scale features have been heavily altered following the period of significance.

LOST Boulder Barriers During construction of the road system in East Pinnacles, boulder barriers were placed throughout the area to serve as both safety and traffic control elements. The “Final Report on Construction of Entrance Road” from 1933 describes a road cut that served as the source of these boulders, “they being placed at intervals of ten feet or more throughout the length of the road.” (Report, Roberts to Kittredge, 1933: 13) The 1933 Master Plan for the monument describes boulder barriers along the entire southern and western ends of the former parking lot configuration, this was repeated in the 1936 and 1940 Master Plans with the addition of a barrier at a turnout in Condor Gulch. However, all of the above appear to have been removed by 1952. Currently, boulder barriers exist for fifty feet on the eastern edge of the Bear Gulch Road across from the administration area and surrounding the Moses Springs parking lot. These were installed at an unknown date following the period of significance. (See photo, Small Scale Features #1)

Fireplaces Five stone fireplaces (barbecues) were built in the Bear Gulch picnic area in 1934, and by 1940 eight were in place. These stone and brick fireplaces used bars and metal screen coverings for support of cooking utensils. All original fireplaces in Bear Gulch have been replaced following the period of significance, and those found in the Chalone Creek area date from 1981. (See photo, Small Scale Features #2)

Drinking Fountains The CCC installed three drinking fountains in the Bear Gulch Picnic and Pinnacles Lodge areas in 1935. One was constructed of a monolithic piece of stone and the other two were of stone masonry construction. By 1936, one was added in Condor Gulch and by 1940 all of the above were in place. In 1959 eight drinking fountains existed in Bear Gulch, these had stone pedestals added to them in 1961. Currently three non-historic drinking fountains exist in the Bear Gulch area; one at each comfort station, and one at the Visitor Center. (See photo, Small Scale Features #3)

EXISTING (CONTRIBITING) Curbing

Experimental examples of asphalt curbing were installed at the guard wall on the Bear Gulch Road in 1934. The extant curb remains from this project.

EXISTING (NON-CONTRIBUTING) A number of non-contributing small scale features have been added to the district following the period of significance and are not contributing. These are:

Interpretation and Directional Signs

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Contemporary interpretation and directional signs are located throughout the district. The largest, a stone interpretive wayside constructed in 1998, is located outside the Visitor Center.

Trash / Recycling Trash and recycling receptacles are located throughout the district. Those found outside of the Bear Gulch comfort station are located on a concrete pad approximately two by three feet wide.

Gates / Fences Two swing gates are found at the entrances to Moses Springs and Condor Gulch, and both wooden and chain link fences are found in the Chalone Creek area. All of these are contemporary and do not contribute to the district.

Fire Hydrants Fire hydrants and hose boxes are located throughout the Pinnacles East Entrance District. These contemporary additions are not as numerous or in original locations as those installed during the period of significance.

Propane Tanks Four propane tanks are also located throughout the district. Additional examples may be associated with residence trailers in the Chalone Creek area.

Electrical Modern electrical utilities are located throughout the district. Electrical boxes are located adjacent to the Oil and Gas House in Condor Gulch and the Resource Office in Bear Gulch, and a large cluster of electrical utilities is found at the Chalone Creek area.

Phone A pay phone is situated in front of the Visitor Center.

Flag Pole The current Visitor Center flagpole was installed in the 1980s, replacing an earlier one.

Cash Box A wooden cash box is located at the Visitor Center to collect park donations.

Bench A single bench is located outside the Visitor Center in Bear Gulch.

Mailbox A single mailbox is located between at the Visitor Center.

Hot Tub In 2000, a hot tub was added to the west side of the Chief Ranger Residence.

Flammable Materials A flammable materials storage box is located in the Chalone Creek area maintenance yard.

Gasoline Gasoline pumps are located in the Chalone Creek area maintenance yard.

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Due to the removal of the majority of original small scale features within the Pinnacles East Entrance District, combined with the addition of a large number of contemporary elements, small scale features no longer retains integrity as a contributing landscape characteristic of the district.

Small Scale Features #1: Boulder barriers along Bear Gulch Road, looking northeast. (PINN archives, #33R85, 1933)

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Small Scale Features #2: Stone fireplace (barbeque). (In Report, Bell to Kittredge, May, 1934)

Small Scale Features #3:Comparison of historic and contemporary drinking fountains. (In Reports, Lange to Chief Architect, May 1937 and January 1936, and PGSO, CLI, DSCN0541, 2000)

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Characteristic Type Of LCS Structure IDLCS Structure Feature Contribution Name Number Number

Bear Gulch Road Curbing Contributing

Signage Non-Contributing

Trashbins Non-Contributing

Gates Non-Contributing

Fire Hydrants Non-Contributing

Propane Tanks Non-Contributing

Electrical Utilities Non-Contributing

Phones Non-Contributing

Flag Pole Non-Contributing

Cash Box Non-Contributing

Bench Non-Contributing

Mailbox Non-Contributing

Hot Tub Non-Contributing

Flammable materials storage box Non-Contributing

Gasoline pumps Non-Contributing

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Archeological Sites

For the purposes of the CLI, archeology consists of the location of ruins, traces, or deposited artifacts in the landscape and are evidenced by the presence of either surface or substance features. The CLI takes every precaution not to disclose the location of sensitive archeological sites to preserve the resources.

Terrain inventory surveys have been made at Pinnacles for documentation of prehistoric activities of the Mutsun or Chalone peoples. Several bedrock mortar, rock shelter, and lithic scatter sites have been documented in the Chalone Creek Archeological Sites District located in the western portion of the monument. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1978. Only two small bedrock mortar archeological sites are identified within the eastern monument area which pre- date the period of significance and are connected to peoples unassociated with park development and the CCC.

Within Condor Gulch, a single concrete foundation pad remains from the Equipment Shed that burned in 1955 and is the primary historic archeological resource within the district. This single feature identifies the location and layout of the lost structure.

Archeology retains integrity as a contributing landscape feature of the Pinnacles East Entrance District.

Characteristic Type Of LCS Structure IDLCS Structure Feature Contribution Name Number Number

Equipment Shed Foundation Contributing

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Management Information

Descriptive And Geographic Information

Historic Name(s): Pinnacles The Pinnacles Current Name(s): Pinnacles Management Unit: Tract Numbers: State and County: San Benito County, CA Size (acres): 797.00 Boundary UTM Boundary UTM(s):Source Type Datum ZoneEasting Northing GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10663679 4040196 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10664167 4040189 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10665585 4039512 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10664167 4039451 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10663675 4038963 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10662586 4038963 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10662586 4038339 Corrected GPS-Differentially Point NAD 27 10665604 4038335 Corrected GIS File Name: S:\claims\PINNGIS\beargul.apr GIS File Description: This is the root directory for the Pinnacles East Entrance Historic District existing conditions maps. It is located on the PGSO server in Oakland, CA.

National Register Information

National Register Documentation: No Documentation Explanatory Narrative: The Pinnacles East Entrance District has not been nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. However, the district boundary overlaps with those of two draft National Register nominations: the draft Chalone Creek bridge nomination (1993, feature destroyed in 1998), and

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the draft Historic and Architectural Resources of Pinnacles National Monument, California nomination (Unrau, 1993). National Register Eligibility: Undetermined

Explanatory Narrative:

Date of Eligibility Determination:

National Register Classification: District Significance Level: Local Contributing/Individual: Individual

Significance Criteria: C -- Inventory Unit embodies distinctive characteristics of type/period/method of construction; or represents work of master; or possesses high artistic values; or represents significant/distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction A -- Inventory Unit is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history

Period Of Significance Time Period: 1923 - 1941 Historic Context Theme: Creating Social Institutions and Movements Historic Context Subtheme: Social and Humanitarian Movements Historic Context Facet: Poverty Relief And Urban Social Reform

Time Period: 1923 - 1941 Historic Context Theme: Transforming the Environment Historic Context Subtheme: Conservation of Natural Resources Historic Context Facet: Origin And Development Of The National Park Service

Time Period: 1923 - 1941 Historic Context Theme: Expressing Cultural Values Historic Context Subtheme: Landscape Architecture Historic Context Facet: The 1930's: Era Of Public Works

Time Period: 1923 - 1941 Historic Context Theme: Expressing Cultural Values Historic Context Subtheme: Architecture Historic Context Facet: Rustic Architecture

Area Of Significance: Category: Architecture Priority: 1

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Category: Landscape Architecture Priority: 2 Category: Social History Priority: 3

National Historic Landmark Information

National Historic Landmark Status: No

World Heritage Site Information

World Heritage Site Status: No

Cultural Landscape Type and Use

Cultural Landscape Type: Historic Designed Landscape Current and Historic Use/Function: Use/Function Category: Government Use/Function: Government-Other Detailed Use/Function: Government-Other Type Of Use/Function: Both Current And Historic

Use/Function Category: Landscape Use/Function: Leisure-Passive (Park) Detailed Use/Function: Leisure-Passive (Park) Type Of Use/Function: Both Current And Historic

Use/Function Category: Recreation/Culture Use/Function: Outdoor Recreation Detailed Use/Function: Outdoor Recreation Type Of Use/Function: Both Current And Historic

Use/Function Category: Transportation Use/Function: Road-Related Detailed Use/Function: NPS Class I Principal Road Type Of Use/Function: Both Current And Historic

Ethnographic Information

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Ethnographic Survey Conducted: No Survey Conducted

Adjacent Lands Information

Do Adjacent Lands Contribute? No Adjacent Lands Description:

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General Management Information

Management Category: May Be Preserved Or Maintained Management Category Date: 7/17/2002 Explanatory Narrative: The Pinnacles East Entrance District meets National Register criteria and continues its traditional use or function. However, the district does not specifically relate to the park’s legislated significance and therefore falls under category C.

Condition Assessment And Impacts The criteria for determining the condition of landscapes is consistent with the Resource Management Plan Guideline definitions (1994) and is decided with the concurrence of park management. Cultural landscape conditions are defined as follows:

Good: indicates the landscape shows no clear evidence of major negative disturbance and deterioration by natural and/or human forces. The landscape's cultural and natural values are as well preserved as can be expected under the given environmental conditions. No immediate corrective action is required to maintain its current condition.

Fair: indicates the landscape shows clear evidence of minor disturbances and deterioration by natural and/or human forces, and some degree of corrective action is needed within 3-5 years to prevent further harm to its cultural and/or natural values. If left to continue without the appropriate corrective action, the cumulative effect of the deterioration of many of the character-defining elements will cause the landscape to degrade to a poor condition.

Poor: indicates the landscape shows clear evidence of major disturbance and rapid deterioration by natural and/or human forces. Immediate corrective action is required to protect and preserve the remaining historical and natural values.

Undetermined: Not enough information available to make an evaluation.

Condition Assessment: Fair Assessment Date: 01/03/2002 Date Recorded: 01/04/2002 Park Management Concurrence: Yes Concurrence Date: 7/17/2002 Level Of Impact Severity: Moderate

Stabilization Measures: Impact:

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Type of Impact: Flooding Internal/External: Both Internal and External Description: Seasonal flooding has been a resource issue on a number of occasions in Pinnacles, with the most recent significant event occurring in 1998. Lost were the Chalone Creek Bridge and CCC-era stonework and culverts immediately adjacent to the Visitor Center. Type of Impact: Inappropriate Maintenance Internal/External: Internal Description: Contemporary stone work of excellent quality is found within the historic district, particularly in Bear Gulch. However, the extent to which historic fabric has been altered is often obscured; a method of identification for contemporary stonework should be established. Type of Impact: Operations On Site Internal/External: Internal Description: Following major flooding events in the park, particularly those of 1977 and 1998, infrastructure and flood mitigation efforts have negatively impacted the cultural landscape. Of particular note are the stone slope armoring on the western side of the road berm at Chalone and the concrete and stone slope armoring on the southern edge of the Moses Springs parking lot. While it is recognized that immediate actions are often needed in these situations, corrective measures should be done in consultation with PGSO staff to determine impacts on historic features. Type of Impact: Neglect Internal/External: Internal Description: Tree wells along the Bear Gulch trail have begun to cave in and in some places have completely collapsed. Stabilization efforts should be implemented to insure the longevity of these features.

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Agreements, Legal Interest, and Access Management Agreement: None

Explanatory Narrative:

NPS Legal Interest: Fee Simple Explanatory Narrative:

Public Access: Unrestricted

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Treatment

Approved Treatment: Undetermined Approved Treatment Document: Document Date: Explanatory Narrative: No treatment has been officially designated for the historic district, however, the 1983 Natural and Cultural Resources Management Plan defines “stabilization” efforts for historic sites throughout the park, and the 1993 Development Concept Plan defines "rehabilitation" as the treatment for a number of buildings and structures in the park.

Approved Treatment Completed:

Approved Treatment Cost

LCS Structure Approved Treatment Cost: $122,000 Landscape Approved Treatment Cost: Cost Date: October 22, 1993 Level of Estimate: C - Similar Facilities Cost Estimator: Support Office Explanatory Description: The above figure was derived from the "Ultimate" costs associated with the LCS for a number of buildings and structures within the proposed historic district.

Stabilization Costs

LCS Structure Stabilization Cost: $183,600 Landscape Stabilization Costs: Cost Date: October 22, 1993 Level Of Estimate: C - Similar Facilities Cost Estimator: Support Office Explanatory Description: The above figure was derived from the "Interim" costs associated with the LCS for a number of buildings and structures within the proposed historic district.

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Documentation Assessment and Checklist

Documentation Assessment: Poor

Documentation: Document: Administrative History Year Of Document: 1979 Adequate Documentation: No Explanatory Narrative: Document contains general park development information with little specifics in regard to road and othe NPS developments.

Document: Resource Management Plan Year Of Document: 1983 Adequate Documentation: No Explanatory Narrative: Almost no mention is made of historic resources within the historic district.

Document: Development Concept Plan Year Of Document: 1993 Adequate Documentation: No Explanatory Narrative: While a number of historic structures in Bear Gulch are mentioned and planned for, most other historic resources in the proposed historic district are not mentioned.

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Appendix

Bibliography

Citations: Citation Author: Oberg, Reta R. Citation Title: Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument Year of Publication: 1979 Publisher: National Park Service Source Name: PGSO Citation Type: Narrative Citation Location: PGSO

Citation Author: McClelland, Linda Flint Citation Title: Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service Year of Publication: 1993 Publisher: U. S. Department of the Interior Source Name: PGSO Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: PGSO

Citation Title: Superintendent's Monthly and Yearly Reports Source Name: Pinnacles National Monument Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: Pinnacles National Monument

Citation Title: Reports to Chief Architect etc. Source Name: Pinnacles National Monument Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: Pinnacles National Monument

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Citation Author: Leatherman, Tom Citation Title: A Checklist of Plants Year of Publication: 1996 Publisher: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association Source Name: PGSO Citation Type: Narrative Citation Location: PGSO

Citation Title: Pinnacles Guide Year of Publication: 1994 Source Name: PGSO Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: PGSO

Citation Author: Meyer, R.W. Citation Title: Potential Hazards From Flood in Part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley Drainage Basins, Pinnacles National Monument (Abstract), California Year of Publication: 1995 Source Name: http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getabstract?OFR95426) Citation Type: Narrative Citation Location: Internet

Citation Title: 1933 Pinnacles National Monument Master Plan Year of Publication: 1933 Source Name: DSC/TIC Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: Denver Service Center and PGSO

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Citation Title: Sunset Magazine Year of Publication: 1903 Publisher: Southern Pacific Co. Source Name: Oberg, 1979 Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative

Citation Title: 1940 Pinnacles National Monument Master Plans Year of Publication: 1941 Source Name: DSC/TIC Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative

Citation Title: 1942 Pinnacles National Monument Master Plan Year of Publication: 1942 Source Name: DSC/TIC Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: Denver Service Center and PGSO

Citation Title: 1959 Pinnacles National Monument Master Plan Year of Publication: 1959 Source Name: DSC/TIC Citation Type: Both Graphic And Narrative Citation Location: Denver Service Center and PGSO

Citation Author: Unrau, Harlan Citation Title: draft Historic and Architectural Resources of Pinnacles National Monument, California Source Name: PGSO Citation Type: Narrative

Cultural Landscapes Inventory (Part 4) Page 12 of 13 Pinnacles East Entrance District Pinnacles National Monument

Supplemental Information

Title: Supplemental Information #1 - General Site Map Description:

Title: Supplemental Information #2 - Buildings and Structures Map Description:

Title: Supplemental Information #3 - Small Scale Features Map Description:

Title: Supplemental Information #4 - 1940 Planting Plan Description:

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