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An Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument

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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific West Region: History Program Administrative History ! The Heart of the Gabilans An Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument Timothy Babalis Historian The Heart of the Gabilans: An Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument Late spring on the west side of Pinnacles. [photo by Timothy Babalis] The Heart of the Gabilans An Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument Timothy Babalis Historian National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 2009 Production Project Manager Paul C. Anagnostopoulos Copyeditor Richard Camp Composition Windfall Software Photographs Credit given with each caption Printer Government Printing Office The cover photo depicts Pinnacles National Monument from the west side in 1911, when the monument was managed by the General Land Office. It was taken by GLO Field Inspector A.J. Potter [NARA II]. Monogram to left of title is a National Park Service logo from the 1930s. It was used on a certificate of award given to Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees who successfully completed service at a National Park Service camp such as Pinnacles. [Reproduced from Paige, Civilian Conservation Corps.] Published by the United States National Park Service, Pacific West Regional Office, Seattle, Washington. Printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. Contents Acknowledgments .......................... xiii Introduction .............................1 One Schuyler Hain and the Creation of the Monument, 1891–1920 ...7 The Beginning of the Story ...................7 The Campaign for a Public Park ................ 12 The Establishment of the Pinnacles Forest Reserve (1906) ...... 14 The Antiquities Act of 1906 .................. 16 The Establishment of Pinnacles National Monument (1908) ..... 17 The Elimination of the Pinnacles Forest Reserve (1910) ....... 18 The West Side Road (1910) .................. 20 East Side Road Development ................. 22 Henry Melville and the Rootville Legacy ............. 27 The Struggle for Access ................... 34 A Second-Class Park ..................... 36 Two The Pinnacles Boys and Early Development, 1921–1925 .... 37 The Arrival of Herman Hermansen (1921) ............ 37 The Pinnacles Boys ..................... 40 Custodian Hermansen versus the Copper Mountain Mining Company . 44 The First Bear Gulch Entrance Road (1924) ........... 54 Early Development at Bear Gulch (1925) ............. 59 The Pinnacles National Park Association (1925) .......... 61 The PNPA’s Grand Picnic (May 1, 1925) ............. 67 Three Custodian Hawkins and Planned Development, 1925–1932 ... 73 The Transition from Hermansen ................ 73 Hawkins’ First Year ..................... 74 The Beginning of Master Planning at Pinnacles (1928) ....... 81 Buildings and Utilities .................... 83 Trails .......................... 85 Acquisition of New Lands .................. 92 The Great Fire of 1931 .................... 98 The Second Bear Gulch Entrance Road (1932) ..........101 Native American Artifacts Collection ..............110 Melville and His Consequences ................112 Contents Four Development During the Great Depression, 1933–1941 ....115 The Federal Government’s Response to the Great Depression .....116 The Civilian Conservation Corps ................117 The CCC at Pinnacles ....................120 The 1933–34 Winter Season: The Second Enrollment Period .....124 The Public Works Administration (PWA) ............126 The Civil Works Administration (CWA) .............127 Spring of 1934: The Second Enrollment Period (continued) .....128 The 1934 Summer Season: The Third Enrollment Period ......130 The 1934–35 Winter Season: The Fourth Enrollment Period .....131 The 1935 Summer Season: The Fifth Enrollment Period .......133 The 1935–36 Winter Season: The Sixth Enrollment Period ......135 The 1936 Summer Season: The Seventh Enrollment Period ......135 The 1936–37 Winter Season: The Eighth Enrollment Period .....137 The 1937–38 Winter Season: The Tenth Enrollment Period .....138 The 1938–39 Winter Season: The Twelfth Enrollment Period .....141 The 1939–40 Winter Season: The Fourteenth Enrollment Period . 142 The 1940–41 Winter Season: The Sixteenth Enrollment Period ....142 The 1941–42 Winter Season: The Eighteenth Enrollment Period . 143 The Legacy of the CCC ...................144 Five War and Mission 66, 1942–1966 ..............147 World War II (1942–1945) ..................147 The End of Hawkins’ Long Reign at Pinnacles ...........155 The End of the Lodge ....................155 Postwar Development ....................157 Developments in Fire Management ...............160 Changing Priorities (1954–1955) ................161 Mining Interlude (1955) ...................163 Mission 66 (1956–1966) ...................164 Mission 66 Infrastructure ...................167 Interpretation under Mission 66 ................168 Mission 66 and Acquisition of Private Inholdings .........171 The Root Homestead is Finally Acquired (1958) ..........174 The Bacon Ranch Resort ...................177 West Side Enthusiasm ....................178 Initial Construction under Mission 66 ..............179 The Accelerated Public Works Program (1963–1964) ........180 Developing the Chaparral Area (1964–1966) ...........182 Another Cross-Monument Road ................186 vi Contents Six Managing Resources, 1960s–1980s .............189 Natural Resources .....................190 Cultural Resources .....................216 A Final Note: Visitor and Resource Protection ...........225 Seven Planning for the Future, 1966–1998 ............229 The 1965 Plan Unravels ...................230 The 1976 Master Plan ....................235 The Development Concept Plans ................237 Development and Growth after Mission 66 ............241 1998: A Dramatic and Decisive Year ..............245 Conclusion: Pinnacles in the Twenty-First Century .............251 Natural Resources .....................252 Cultural Resources .....................257 Interpretation .......................259 Planning and Development ..................259 App. A List of Custodians and Superintendents ...........263 App. B Legislative History ...................265 Bibliography ............................277 Index ...............................287 vii List of Figures Map 1. Pinnacles National Monument. xiv Map 2. Detail of principal park features. xv Figure 1. Bacon boys posed in front of the Bear Gulch Caves in 1888. 10 Figure 2. Bacon family members and other local homesteaders picknicking on the east side of the Pinnacles, ca. 1890. 12 Figure 3. View of Pinnacles from the west side in 1911 showing homestead of Harrison Lyons. 22 Figure 4. Looking up Bear Gulch from Sandy Creek in 1910, from the approximate location of present Peaks View Lookout. 23 Figure 5. Photo of Henry Melville’s tour bus, early 1920s. 29 Figure 6. Henry Melville’s cabin on the west side of Pinnacles, where Ernest Bauman and later Olive Rivers resided. 30 Figure 7. View looking up Bear Gulch toward the Monolith from the Moses Spring Trail, 1922. 48 Figure 8. View of Pinnacles from the west side showing relative position of Henry Melville’s claim. 48 Figure 9. The turnoff to Pinnacles National Monument from the unpaved county road in the 1920s. 56 Figure 10. Photo of Park Service Director Stephen Mather with the Pinnacles Boys in 1924. 57 Figure 11. View looking east down original Bear Gulch Entrance Road, ca. 1930. 59 Figure 12. Ranger Marcott leaping the “Chasm of Death” during one of his guided walks, ca. 1926. 75 Figure 13. Auto camping at Pinnacles during the 1920s. 77 Figure 14. View of Lodge from above, looking east from top of Bear Gulch Caves. 79 Figure 15. View to the east of the original Bear Gulch lodge in 1934. 80 Figure 16. Lodge operators’ cabins, looking east from lodge porch. 81 Figure 17. Moses Spring in 1929. 87 Figure 18. Stairs on surviving segment of original Hermansen trail in upper Bear Gulch. 88 Figure 19. Local men working on High Peaks Trail, ca. 1932, with recently completed tunnel in background. 93 Figure 20. View looking north across Chalone Creek six months after the 1931 fire. 101 List of Figures Figure 21. View looking west up Bear Gulch toward the High Peaks in 1929. 103 Figure 22. The men principally responsible for the new entrance road, posing on groundbreaking day, October 20, 1932. 107 Figure 23. Formal ceremonies on groundbreaking day for the new entrance road, October 20, 1932. 108 Figure 24. Laborers village in Bear Gulch, 1933. 109 Figure 25. View from above looking east down Bear Gulch in early 1933. 109 Figure 26. Local laborers working on the new Bear Gulch entrance road in 1932. 110
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